/ B U L L E T 1 N OF THE * «• mKon,i Mirt,um 0 UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. VOL. X XIII, 1 9 O 3 . Part I_ GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner. Issued July 29, 1905. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1 9 0 5. I QL h'Jo* : H3 J&L J cl I f/s/rti THE AQUATIC RESOURCES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. DAVID STARR JORDAN AND BARTON WARREN EVER MANN. Part I.— THE SHORE FISHES. in LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. COLORED PLATES. PLATE I. Facing page. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) . 574 Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 2'.) inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. PLATE II. Synodus varius (Laeepede) . Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 10 inches long, collected at the Hawaiian Islands by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. PLATE III. Parexoccetus brachypterus (Solander) . ,r>74 Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 7 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. PLATE IV. Holotrachys lima (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 574 Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. PLATE V. Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) . 574 Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 8 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. PLATE VI. Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann . 574 Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50629, K.S.N.M., a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. PLATE VII. Flammeo scythrops Jordan & Evermann — : . . . 574 Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 5063 . I .S.N.M., a specimen 9.25 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. PLATE VIII. Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal) . . - . 574 Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 15 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. Holocentrus leo Cuvier & Valenciennes on the plate. PLATE IX. Holocentrus xantherythrus Jordan & Evermann . 574 Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50635, U.S.N.M.a specimen 6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. V VI BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. PLATE X. Facing page. Holocentrus diadema (Lacepede) . 574 Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen G.l inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. PLATE XI. Holocentrus ensifer Jordan t Station 3874, between Maui and Lanai islands, by the Albatross in 1902. 14. Fig. 1. Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder . 98 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50868, U.S.N.M., a specimen 26.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. 14. Fig. 2. Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder . 98 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50869, U.S.N.M., a specimen 36 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. 15. Fig. 1. Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder . 98 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50866, U.S.N.M., a specimen 29 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. 15. Fig. 2. Gymnothorax berndti Snyder . . 98 Drawing by R. L. Hudson from the type, No. 50867, U.S.N.M., a specimen 35 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. IB. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede) . 98 Drawing by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen 35 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 17. Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Riippell) . 98 Drawing by ('. B. Hudson from a specimen 23 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. Type of Gymnothorax thalassopterus Jenkins. IS. Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan & Evermann . 102 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50618, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. ID. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl ) . 104 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 27.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 20. Echidna zebra (Shaw) . 106 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from a specimen collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 21. Echidna zonophsea Jordan & Evermann . 109 Drawing by A. II. Baldwin from the type, No. 50621, U.S.N.M., a specimen 21 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 22. Scuticaria tigrina ( Lesson) . 112 Drawing by ('. B. Hudson from a specimen 10 inches long collected at the Hawaiian Islands by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIII Facing page. PI. 23. Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann . 119 Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50626, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 6 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 24. Exonautes gilberti Snyder . . 134 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type. No. 50872, U.S.N.M., a specimen 10.2 inches long, col lected between Stations 3799 and 3800 by Albatross in 1902. 25. Cypsilurus atrisignis Jenkins . . . 136 Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50713, U.S.N.M., a specimen 13.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889. 26. Myripristis symme.ricLS Jordan & Evermann . 151 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50632, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.5 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 27. Myripristis argyromus Jordan & Evermann . 154 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50631, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1902. 28. Holocentrus ensifer Jordan & Evermann . 165 Drawing byC. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50637, U.S.N.M., a specimen 6.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 29. Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . . . 178 Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 17 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 30. Decapterus sanctae-helenae (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . . 136 Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type of I>. canon aides Jenkins, No. 5 846, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. A. B. Wood in 1899. 31. Carangus elacate Jordan & Evermann . 190 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50638. U.S.N.M., a specimen 27 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 32. Carangus helvolus (Forster) . 196 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 15 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. 33. Fig. 1. Carangus cheilio Snyder . 196 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50873, U.S.N.M., a specimen 28.5 inches long, col¬ lected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. 33. Fig. 2. Carangoides ajax Snyder . 200 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50874, U.S.N.M., a specimen 39 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. 34. Fig. 1. Collybus drachme Snyder . 203 Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50875. U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.5 inches long, collected at Station 1176, offNiihau Island, by the Albatross in 1902. 34. Fig. 2. Amia erythrinus (Snyder) . 203 Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50876, U.S.N.M., a specimen 1.9 inches long, collected in Puako Bay, Hawaii, by the Albatross in 1902. 35. Mionorus waikiki (Jordan & Evermann) . 1 . 210 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type. No. 50640, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 2.2 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 36. Amia snyderi (Jordan & Evermann) . 214 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type. No. 50640, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 37. Ariomma lurida Jordan & Snyder . 218 Drawing by VV. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 51400, U.S.N.M., a specimen 7.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by E. L. Berndt in 1902. F. C. B. 1903— i I XIV BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Facing page. PI. 38. Etelis evurus Jordan & Evermann . 242 Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50662, U.S.N.M., a specimen 12.5 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 39. Upeneus arge Jordan & Evermann . 264 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. .50667, U.S.N.M., a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 40. Abudefduf sindonis (Jordan & Evermann) . 272 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50669, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.75 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 41. Thalassoma aneitense (( limther) . .* . 304 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. 42. Fig. 1. Cirrhilabrus jordani Snyder . 316 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50876, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.15 inches long, collected at Station 3876, between Maui and Lanai islands, by the Albatross in 1902. 42. Fig. 2. Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder . 316 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50879, U.S.N.M., a specimen 10 inches long, collected in Puako Bay, Hawaii, by the Albatross in 1902. 43. Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan & Evermann . 317 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. .50678, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.25 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 44. Callyodon dubius (Bennett) . 350 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 6.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. 45. Callyodon bennetti (Cuvier &. Valenciennes) . 352 Drawing by Kako Morita from a specimen 5.16 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. T. D. Wood in 1898. 46. Fig. 1. Chsetodon corallicola Snyder . . . 374 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50880, LT.S.N.M.,a specimen 2.6 inches long, collected at Station 4032, off Diamond Head, Oahu Island, by the Albatross in 1902. 46. Fig. 2. Holacanthus fisheri Snyder . 374 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50881, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3 inches long, collected at Station 4032, off Diamond Head, Oahu Island, by the Albatross in 1902. 47. Hepatus umbra (Jenkins) . . . 387 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, a specimen 7.2 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jor¬ dan and Evermann in 1901. 48. Stephanolepis pricei Snyder . 421 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50882, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2.5 inches long, collected at Station 4021, vicinity of Kaui Island, by the Albatross in 1902. 49. Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann . 425 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50820, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 50. Canthigaster psegma (Jordan & Evermann) . 434 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50885, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.75 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 51. Ostracion oahuensis Jordan & Evermann . 443 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50668, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 52. Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder . 444 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 8440, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 4 inches long, collected off Laysan Island by Max Schlemnier in 1902. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV Facing page. PI. 53. Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder . 414 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type. No. 8440, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 4.15 inches long, collected at Laysan Island by Max Schlemmer in 1902. 54. Cheilodactylus vittatus Garrett . 447 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 5.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. Julius Rosenstern. 55. Merinthe macrocephalus (Sauvage) . 461 Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from a specimen 10.75 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 56. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa (Bloch & Schneider) . 468 Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. Type of Scorpxnop'sis catocala Jordan it Evermann. 57. Gobiomorphus eugenius (Jordan & Evermann) . 483 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50674, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 58. Gnatholepis knighti Jordan & Evermann . 488 Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from the type, No. 50653, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2.25 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 59. Gobiopterus farcimen Jordan & Evermann . 482 Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from the type, No. 50654, N.S.N.M., a specimen 1.1 inches long, col¬ lected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 60. Vitraria clarescens Jordan & Evermann . 486 Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50655, U.S.N.M., a specimen 12 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 61. Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan & Evermann . 505 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50656, U.S.N.M., a specimen 7.6 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan arid Evermann in 1901. 62. Engyprosopon arenicola Jordan & Evermann . 515 Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50658, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2.5 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901. 63. Antennarius laysanius Jordan < arrived at Owhyhee (Hawaii) August 15, 1819, and later visited Maui, Oahu, and perhaps other islands of the group. Whether the corvette Phyxicienne. which accompanied the TJranie on the voyage round the world, visited the Hawaiian Islands is not evident from the narrative. It appears, however, that the officers of the V ran it took the more active interest in making scientific observa¬ tions and collections. In the Zoology of the voyage of the Vranie and Physicienne Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard published (1824) an account of the collections obtained. The fishes were collected chiefly in the Pacific and Indian oceans, and the total number of species recorded is 112, of which 22 were from the Hawaiian Islands. Of these 22 species, 21 were described as new. In the following list the type locality in each case is the “Sandwich Islands" unless otherwise stated. Species described as new are indicated by italics. Fishes recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by Quoy and Gaimard. Nominal species. Tetraodon lacrymatiis _ Ba listes angulos us . Balistes sandwich ini sis. . . Saurus variegatus . Saurus gracilis . Sala rias gibbifron s . .lul is gaimard a . Julis balleatns . Julis duperrey . J ulis geoffroy . Julis axillaris . Cheilio auratus . Anampses curin' <' . Cheilinus sinuosus . Gomphosus tricolor « . Gomphosus pectoralis _ Xyriehthys led use . Mullus multi fasciat us _ Chaetodon m Maris . ( 'htetodou lunulatus . G 1 y phi sod on abdom in < dis Pomaeentrus nigricans. . . Page. Plate and figure. 204 210 214 223 224 PI. 48, fig. 3 . 253 265 267 268 270 PI. 56, fig. 3 . 272 274 276 278 280 282 2S4 PI. 65, fig. 1 . 330 PI. 59' fig. 1 . 380 381 PI. 62, fig. 6 . 390 399 Present identification. Tetraodon lacrymatiis. Canthidermis maculatus. Cantherines sandwichiensis. Synodus varius. Saurida gracilis. Alticus gibbifrons. Julis gaimard. Stethojulis albovittata. Thalassoma duperrey. Macropharyngt >don geoffroy. Stethojulis axillaris. Cheilio inermis. Anampses cuvier. Cheilinus trilobatus. Gomphosus tricolor. Gomphosus varius. Cymolutes lecluse. Pseudupeneus multifasciatus. Chsetodon miliaris. Chaetodon lunula. Abudefduf abdominalis. Pomaeentrus jenkinsi. « Type locality, Maui. The voyage of II. M. S. Blonde to the Sandwich Islands was made in the years 1S24-25. under the command of Capt. the Right Hon. Lord Byron, for the purpose of conveying to the islands the bodies of King Kamehameha 1 1 and his Queen, both of whom had died within a week (the queen on July 8, the king on July 14, 1824), while on a visit to England. The Blond , sailed from Spithead on September 29, and on May 3, 1825, came in sight of the island of Hawaii. After a stay of about ten weeks at the islands, during which Hilo. Honolulu, and various other places were visited, the vessel left for home July 18. During tin' time spent at Honolulu some collecting was done by John Trembly, esq., R. N., who accompanied the expedition. The fishes obtained were presented FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 5 to the Zoological Society of London and were described by Edward Turner Bennett (1828) in the Zoological Journal. Eleven species are recorded from the Hawaiian Islands, all of them being described as new. Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by II. M. S. Blonde in 1825. Nominal species. Length of type, in inches. Tage. Present identification. Blennius sordidus . 4 34 Blennius sordidus. Blennius marmoratus . 4 35 Altieus marmoratus. •lulis flavo-vittatus . 3.5 36 Julis flavovittatus. Julis Green ovii . 3 37 Julis greenovii. Seams dubius . 4.5 37 Callyodon dubius. CirrhP,es maculosus . 3.5 38 Cirrhitus marmoratus. Cirrhites fasciatus . i 39 Paracirrhites cinctus. Seorptena asperella . 2 40 Sebastapistes asperella. Acanthurus flavescens . 8 40 Zebrasoma flavescens. Acanthurus strigosus . 4 41 ctenochsetus strigosus. Chsetodon Fremblii . 5 42 Chsetodon fremblii. In Zoological Miscellany, 1831-1842, John Edward Gray described three new species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands, basing the descriptions upon specimens in the British Museum. The species are as follows: Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands described by John Edward Gray. Nominal species. Page. Present identification. 33 33 33 Chietodon quadrimaculatus. Cuvier and Valenciennes in their Histoire Naturelles des Poissons, Volumes I-XXII, 1828-1849, record 18 species from the Hawaiian Islands, 13 of which are described as new. Their specimens were from the collections made by the Uranic. The list is as follows: Nominal species. Volume. Page. Year. Present identification. II 1828 Cephalopholis argus. Pseudupeneus bi fasciatus. Pseudupeneus multi fasciatus. III 468 1829 III 468 1829 VII 102 1831 1835 X X 208 Hepatus matoides. 229 1835 X 259 1835 XIII 455 1839 Julis eydouxii. XIV 52 1839 XIV 63 1839 Iniistius pavoninus. XIV 96 1839 XIV 270 1839 Callyodon bennetti. XIV 283 1839 XIV 295 1839 XVIII 437 1846 XIX 105 1846 Cypsiluras simus. Chanos chanos. Chanos cyprineUa . XIX 198 1846 « Quoted from Quoy and Gaimard, who recorded it from Guam only. ^Onarourow (Honolulu). The next collection of fishes made at the Hawaiian Islands was obtained by H. M. S. Blossom during her voyage to the Pacific Ocean and Bering Straits in 1825-1828, in command of Capt. Frederick William Beech®, R. N., F. R. S., etc. 6 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. There were on board Lieut. Edward Belcher, Surg. Alexander Collie, and George T. Lay, naturalist. The Blossom, left England May 19, I 825. for the Pacific by way of Cape Horn, and arrived at Woahoo (Oahu), Sandwich Islands, May 19, 1826. She left llonoruru (Honolulu) May 31 for Oneehow (Niihau). where she arrived the next day, remaining at these places only long enough to restock with water and provisions and to trade with the natives. She sailed on June 2 for the north, leaving Mr. Lay, however, at Honolulu, where he remained until the return of the vessel January 26, 1827. On March 4, 1827, the Blossom took final leave of the Hawaiian Islands. During this voyage natural history observations were made by Mr. Lay and Dr. Collie, the latter performing the duties of naturalist during tin* illness of Mr. Lay. Lieutenant Belcher rendered valuable assistance in caring for the collections. Dur¬ ing Mr. Lay’s sojourn of a little less than a year at Honolulu, he was ill much of the time, and his observations and notes are therefore not as full as he doubtless otherwise would have made them. It is stated, however, that many species of fishes were observed at Oahu, and that Dr. Collie “here continued his experiments on the Juvcn ti, and extended his anatomical observations to a fish which is kept and reared in the Taro ponds, and esteemed very highly by the natives, especially the belly part, soaked in salt and water and eaten raw. Its native name is Ava, and it seems tc be nearly allied to, if not identical with, the Butlrinus glosspdonta Cuv.”° Mr. Lay lisi. 1 many species at Honolulu, and has left a number of notes, some of which arc very intt L'~ Ti most of them, however, are general, and the species referred to are not identifiable. The fishes collected during the voyage of the Blossom were reported on by Lay and Bennett in the “Zoology of Captain Becchey’s Voyage.” (Lay and Bennett 1839.) The total number of species recorded is 26, only 4 of which are credited to the Hawaiian Islands. These are from Oahu and all are described as new. The drawings illustrating the report are by William Smyth, mate, and Richard Belcher. Following is the list of species: Nominal species. Page. Plate and figure. Present identification. PI. XVIII, fig. 2 . Novaculichthys taeniurus. Hemirhamphus depaupcratus. Leiuranus semicinetus. H em i r h am p h us depa upera tux . Ophisurus xemicinctus . 66 66 PI. XX, fig. 4 . Monacanthus spilosoma . 70 PI. XXII, fig. 1 . Stephanolepis spilosom us. The French corvette Bonitt visited the Hawaiian Islands and collected fishes there in 1837. The vessel was under command of L. Vail Ian t, with M. Kydoux, surgeon- major; L. Souleyet, assistant surgeon, and Henri Marie Ducrotay do Blaanville were intrusted with directing the work in zoology and reporting thereon. M. Souleyet, as assistant to M. Eydoux, assisted also in zoology, and when, near the termination of the voyage, M. Eydoux accepted- a position as physician at Martinique, Souleyet continued the work and duties previously performed by M. Eydoux.. M. Gaudi- ehaud (pharma fien-professeur) joined the expedition for researches in natural history, Evidently the awa, Chanos chanos. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. ( and M. Henri Gervais, aid-naturalist to M. de Blainville, assisted Souleyet in the determinations and descriptions of the mammals and birds. The Bonite left Toulon February 6, 1836, to carry French consular agents to Chile, the Philippines, and elsewhere, and arrived at the bay of Karakakooa, Hawaii, October 1, 1837. She remained until October 6, and then proceeded to Honolulu, where she arrived October 8 and remained until November 24, when sue sailed for Manila. During the time spent among the Hawaiian Islands 15 species of hshes were collected, 9 of which were described as new by Evdoux and Souleyet (1842) in the zoology of the voyage of the Bonite. Fishes collected at the Hawaiian Islands by the French corvette Bonite in 1831. Nominal species. ( ’hsetodon miliaris Caranx pinnulatus . Caranx stellatus . Acanthurus humeralis Mugil chaptalii . Mugil cepnalotus . . Gobius stamineus . Chironectes reticulatus Chironectes leprosus . . . Scarus formosus . Chanos cyprinella . Saurus limbatus . Conger marffinatus - Mursena valenciennii . . Tetraodon stellatus — Vol. Page. Plate and figure. Present identification. I 163 PI. 2, fig. 2 . Chsetodon miliaris. I 165 PI. 3, fig. 1 . Decap t e rus sanctse-h e 1 eiue . 1 167 PI. 3, fig. 2 . Carangus melampygus. I 169 PI. 2, fig. 3 . Hepatus olivaceus. I 171 PI. 4. fig. 1 . Chaenomugil chaptalii. I 175 PI. 4, fig. 4 . Mugil cephalus. I 179 PI. 5, fig. 5 . Awaous stamineus. I 186 pi. a, fig. 2 . Antennarius bigibbus. I 187 PI. 5, fig. 3 . Antennarius leprosus. I 191 PI. 6, fig. 3 . Callvodon formosus. I 196 PI. 7. fig. 1 . Chanos chanos. 1 199 Traehinocephalus myops. I 201 PI. 9. fig. 1 . Leptocephalus marginal us. I 207 PI. 8, fig. 1 . < i v mn of hora x u ndu lat us. I 212 PI. 10, fig. 2 . Tetraodon hispidus (?). In the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History at the meeting of October 25, 1858, Agassiz established the new genus (ioninhatix for a new skate from the Hawaiian Islands, which he called Gon-idnxtix meleagriKM= Stoamdon nan nan). In the various volumes of Gunther’s Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum (Volumes I-VHI, 1859-1870) 45 species are recorded from the Hawaiian Islands, as follows: Fishes in the British Museum recorded from the Hawaiian Islands. Nominal species. Volume. Page. Present identification. I 119 Cephalopholis argus. Chfetodon quadrimaculatus. II 13 11 15 II 16 Chtetodon fremblii. II 19 Chsetodon humeralis." II 3i II 43 II 73 II 74 II 436 Carangus melampygus. II 493 III 93 Sicydium stimpsoni. Lentipes concolor. Antennarius leprosus. Antennarius bigibbus. III 96 III 194 III 199 III 220 III 226 Hvpsoblennius brevipinnis. III 248 III 327 Hepatus sandvicensis. III 34‘2 III 342 III 346 Hepatus dussumieri. Dascvllus albisella. IV 13 IV 34 Pomacentrus jenkinsi. Abudefduf abdominalis. IV 38 ), a Both valid species, but they came from the coast of Mexicc b Hilo. Hawaii. 8 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Fishes in the British Museum recorded from the Hawaiian Islands — Continued. Nominal species. Volume. Page. Present identification. IV 105 Lepidaplois albotatniatiu Cheilinus bimaculatus. Anampses cuvier. Macropharyngodon geofiroyii. Iniistius pavoninus. Gomphosus tricolor. Jul is gaimard. Jill is greenovii. IV 131 136 IV IV 145 IV 175 IV 194 IV 200 IV 204 IV 205 IV 207 Gymolutes lecluse. Callyodon dubius. Saurida gracilis. Belone platyura. IV V 399 VI 236 VI 280 VIII 110 Gymnothorax undulatus. Eurymyctera acutirostris. VIII VIII 219 VIII 227 Melichthys radula. Stephanolepis spilosomus. Diodon holacanthus. VIII 243 VIII 307 In 1860 Dr. Theo. Gill, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, described 2 new species from the Hawaiian Islands, from specimens collected by William Stimpson in a fresh water stream at Hilo: Nominal species. Page. Present identification. 101 Sicydium stimpsoni. Lentipes concolor. 102 In the same volume Dr. Charles C. Abbott described 4 new species from the Hawaiian Islands, the specimens having been collected by Dr. J. K. Townsend, who presented them to the museum of the Philadelphia Academy: Nominal species. Page. Present identification. 476 M y rich t hys magn i ficus. Eurymyctera acutirostris. G ymnt >t borax undu lat us. G y m nothora x eurostus. 476 477 478 Three species from the Hawaiian Islands, one of them being described as new, were recorded by Doctor Gill in 1862 in the same Proceedings, from specimens collected by Rev. W. H. Pease: Nominal species. Page. Present identification. 107 107 122 Paracirrhites arcatus. Pa rac i rrhites ci nctus . Cirrhitus marmoratus. In his catalogue of fishes of Lower California (1862), in a foot-note on page 149, Dr. Gill describes Dascyllus albisella from specimens collected by Rev. W. H. Pease at the Sandwich Islands. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 9 Andrew Garrett, in the Proceedings of the California Academy for 1863, described 3 new species from the Hawaiian Islands, as follows: Nominal species. Page. Present identification. 63 64 Antennarius leprosus. Chsetodon punctatofasciatus. 65 The next yea r. in the same Proceedings, Mr. Garrett described 5 additional species: Nominal species. Page. Present identification. 103 Cheilodactylus vittatus. 105 105 Sebastopsis parvipinnis. Lepidaplois modestus. Antennarius commersoni. 107 Several collections, made at various times by different individuals in the Lesser Antilles, were reported upon by Dr. Edward D. Cope (1870), and scattered through this paper, in footnotes, arc descriptions of many species from different parts of the world. Two of them were collected about 1835 by Dr. John K. Townsend at the Sandwich Islands, and one, Tetrodon florealis (Spheroide# florealid),vn& described as new. Cantherines mndvicensis also is recorded from this place. In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1871, page 663, Dr. Albert Gunther records Peristetkus engyceras ( - Pcrlstcd ion tmjyceras) from tlie Hawaiian Islands. Gunther’s ** Fischc der Siidsee,” the most important of the earlier papers on the fish fauna of the Hawaiian Islands, was published in 1873-1881.“ Although never completed, it contains descriptions or mention of no fewer than 139 species of fishes, 78 of which are credited to the Hawaiian Islands. In the following tabular state¬ ment are given the name and our identification of each species recorded in this work by Gunther from the Hawaiian Islands, with page and plate reference. New genera and new species are indicated by italics. “According to tlie Zoological Record, the dates upon which the various parts of this work appeared are as follows: Band I. Heft I, pp. 1-24, Pis. I-XX . 1873 Hefts II and III, pp. 25-96, Pis. XXI-LX . 1874 Heft IV, pp. 97-128, Pis. LXI-LXXXIII . 1875 Band It. Heft V, pp. 129-168, Pis. LXXXIV-C . . . 1876 Heft VI, pp. 169-216, Pis. CI-CXIX . 1877 Heft VII, pp. 217-256, Pis. CXX-CXL . 1881 10 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands recorded, in G anther’s Fische der Siidsee. Nominal species. Page. Plate and figure. Present identification. Apogon frenatus . Apogon maculiferus . . Doles marginatus . . ( ’luetodon setifer . . Chaetodon ornatissimus . Chaetodon fremblii . Chaetodon humeralisc . . Chaetodon lunula . Chaetodon multicinctns . . Chaetodon lineolatus . . Chaetodon miliaris . . Chaetodon strigatus . . ( 'helmo longirostris . . Holacanthus areuatus . . Holacanthus bispinosus . . Holacanthus bicolor . llpeneus trifasciatus . . Sphaerodon grandoculis . I'mielepterus fuscus . Cirrhitus forsteri . Cirrhitus maculatus . Cirrhitus cinctus . . Chilodactylus vittatus . . Scorpaena parvipinnis . Scorpaena cookii . Scorpaena asperella . . Taenianotus garretti . . Micropus unipinna . . M ieropus maculatus . Myripristis murdjan . Myripristis ( Holotrachys) lima. H olocen tru m d i ad cm a . Holocentrum microstoma . Holocentrum erythraeum . . Gempylus serpens . . Acanthurus triostegus . Acanthurus guttatus . . Acanthurus nigros . Acanthurus dussumieri . . Acanthurus olivaceus . . Acanthurus strigosus . . Acanthurus flavescens . . Naseus unicornis . . Naseus lituratus . Caranx sanctae-helenae . Caranx crumenophthalmus . .. Caranx ferdau . Caranx gallus . Caranx ciliaris . . Seriola dumerilii . Zancluscornutus . . Coryphaena equisetis . . Malacanthus ncedtii . Antennariuscommersonii . Antennarius bigibbus . Dactylopterus orientalis . Gobius geni vittatus . Gobius albopunctatus . Sicydium stimpsoni" . . Sicydium albotxniatwn . . Len tipes con color a . Blennius sordidus . . Blennius brevipinnisc . Sal arias marmoratus . Salarias gibbifrons . Mugil dobula . . Aulostoma chinense . . Glyphidodon saxatilis . Dascyllus trimaculatus . Dascyllus albisella . Cossyphis bilunulatus . Cossyphis modest us b . . Labroides dimidiatUs . Chilinus bimaculatus b . Anampses cuvieri . Anampses godejfroi/i . Stethojulis axiilans . Stethojulis albovittata . 19 20 24 36 38 39 40 42 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 51 59 67 68 69 71 73 75 78 SO 83 86 86 92 93 97 98 99 106 108 109 110 112 113 116 116 118 124 130 131 134 135 135 136 142 147 160 163 165 169 170 172 183 183 184 193 194 205 214 221 229 236 240 241 243 246 251 252 254 256 XIX, A XX, C . XXVI, B XXX, B . XXIX, B XXXIII ... XXXIV, B XXXIV, A XXXV, A . XXXII, c . LVI, C . XXXIX, B .... XLI V, B and C XLIX, A .... LI. A . LI I. A and B LI, B . LI I, D . LV . LVI I, C. LX I and LX 1 1 LXIII, A . LX IV, B.. LXIII, B . LX VIII, B LX IX, A LXXII LX XIX, B and C LX XVI . LXXVIII . LX XXI I . LX XX VI I and LX XX VI 1 1 .. LXXXIX . XC. A . XCII . XCIII. A . XCVIII, B . Cl 1 1. B; CVI, B . CV. B . CX,C. CX, A CX , 1) CXIII, D CXVI, B . CXIV, C . CXX. A . CXXIII, B and C CXX VI. . (XXX . CXXIX.B . ( XXXVI, A CXL . (’XXXVI, C CXLI, B .... Amia snyderi. Amia maculifera. Kuhlia malo. Chaetodon setifer. Chaetodon ornatissimus. Chaetodon fremblii. Chaetodon humeralis.c Chaetodon lunula. Chaetodon punctatofasciatus. Chaetodon lineolatus. Chaetodon miliaris. M ic roc a nt h us strigat us. Foreipiger longirostris. H olacan th us a rcuatus. H olacan t h us bispi nosus. Holacanthus bicolor. Pseudupeneusoiultifasciatus. Monotaxis grandoculis. Kyphosus fuscus. Pa racirr bites forsteri. Cirrhitus marmoratus. Paracirrhites cinctus. Cheilodactylus vittatus. Sebast opsis pa r v i pi n n is. Sebastopsis cacopsis. Sebastapistes asperella. Taenianotus garretti. Caracanthus unipinna. Caracanthus maculatus. Myripristis murdjan. Holotrachys lima. Holocentrus diadema. Holocentrus microstomus. Holocentrus erythraeus. Gempylus serpens. Hepatus sandvicensis. Hepatus guttatus. Hepatus elongatus. Hepatus dussumieri. Hepatus olivaceus. Ctenochaetus strigosus. Zebra’soma flavescens. Acanthurus unicornis. Callicanthus lituratus. Decapterus pinnulatus. Trachurops crumenophthalma. Carangoides ferdau. Alectis ciliaris. Alectis ciliaris. Seriola purpurascens. Zanclus canescens. Coryphaena equisetis. Malacanthus parvipinnis. Antennarius commersonii. Antennarius bigibbus. Cephalacanthus orientalis. Avvaous genivittatus. Mapo fuscus. Sicydium stimpsoni. Sicydium albotaeniatum. Len tipes concolor. Blennius sordidus. Hypsoblennius brevipinnis.c Alticus marmoratus. A lticus gibbifrons. Mugil cephalus. A u lostom us va len t i n i . A bud e f d u f a b d om i n a 1 is. Dascyllus albisella. Dascyllus albisella. Lepidaplois albotaeniatus. Lepidaplois modestus. Labroides dimidiatus. Cheilinus bimaculatus. Anampses cuvier. Anampses godeffroyi. Stethojulis axillaris. Stethojulis albovittata. « Hilo, Hawaii. b Honolulu. ^ Not from Hawaii but from Mexico. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 11 Iii 1875 Vaillant and Sauvage published descriptions of 19 species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands which they regarded as new. The specimens upon which the descriptions were based formed a portion of a collection comprising 180 species, obtained, presumably at Honolulu, by M. Ballieu, at that time French consul to the Hawaiian Islands. The descriptions are, for the most part, unsatisfactory, and cer¬ tain identification of several of the species seems impossible. Of the 19 species described from the Hawaiian Islands 3 are credited to Sauvage, the others to Valliant and Sauvage. Fishes described from the Hawaiian Islands by Vaillant and Sauvage in 1875. Scorptena ballieui . Cottus fllamentosws . Gly phisodon imparipenn is . Gobius homocyanu8 . Eleotris sundmcensis . Salarias zebra . Mugil triehilus . Congrogadus maryinatus . Brotula multicirrata . Acanth u rus viryatus . Malaeanthus parvipinuix . Novacula (Novacula) microlepis. Julis ballieui . . Coris (Hemicoris) venusta . . Coris (Hemicoris) ball ni . Coris ( Hemicoris) rost i . Tetraodon (Anosmius) janlhinus. Tetraodon (Anosmius) coronatus. Pcecilophis tritor . . Nominal species. Page. Present identification. 278 279 I 279 280 280 281 281 282 282 283 283 284 284 I 285 285 236 | 286 ! 286 287 Sebastapistes ballieui. Gymnocanthus intermedius. « Abudefduf imparipenn is. Mapo fuscus. Eleotris sandwicensis. Scartichthys zebra. Chtenomugil chaptali. Congrogadus marginatus. Brotula multicirrata. Zebrasoma flavescens. Malaeanthus parvipinnis. Cymolutes leeluse. Thalassoma ballieui. Coris venusta. Coris ballieui. Coris rosea. Canthigaster janthinus. Canthigaster valentini. Echidna leihala. « A Japanese species not seen in Hawaii. The V. S. S. Portsmouth, Commander Joseph S. Skerrett commanding, while engaged in a survey of the islands of the North Pacific Ocean, visited the Hawaiian and Fanning islands in 1873-74, and considerable collections of fishes were made by the medical officers on board- — Surg. William II. Jones, U. S. Navy, and Passed Asst. Surg. Thomas H. Streets, U. S. Navy. These collections were reported upon by Dr. Streets (Streets, 1877), who states that the fish fauna of Honolulu Harbor is very well represented in the collection, but that inadequate means for the preservation of specimens while at the Fanning Islands prevented the making of extensive collections at that group. Thirty -six species are recorded from the Fanning group and 38 from the Hawaiian Islands, nearly all from the harbor at Honolulu or at other places on Oahu Island. Of these 38 species one (Acanthv rus trios teg us sandvicemis) is described as a new subspecies. Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by V. S. S. Portsmouth in 1873-74 ■ Nominal species. Page. Locality. Present identification. 56 Tetraodon hispidus. Melichthys radula. . do . 57 57 Platophrys pantherinus. Fresh water streams, Oahu. . . 58 Asterropteryx semipunetatus. Sicydium stimpsoni. 59 Fresh water streams, Oahu. . . 59 60 Gnatholepis knighti. Mapo fuscus. Sebastapistes gibbosa. Pseudocheilinus octotwniu. 60 62 Pseudocheilinus hexatsenia . 63 12 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by U. S. S. Portsmouth in 1878-74 — Continued. Nominal species. Page. Stethojulis axillaris . Cheilio inermis . Julis melanoptera . Glyphidodon saxatilis . Aeanthurus triostegus, var. sandvia nsis Acant-hurus bloehi . Naseus unicornis . Traehurops raauritianus . Carangus melampygus . Carangus chrysos — : . Chorinemus sanctipetri . Upenens trifasciatus . Fpeneoides yittatus . Moronopsis marginatus . Apogon auritus . Priacanthus carolinus . Cirrhites forsteri . Mugil cephalotus . Aulostoma chineuse . Fistularia serrata . Belone plaiyura . Exoccetus speculiger . Exoccetus brachypterus . Saurida nebulosa . Albula conorhvnchus . Munena undulata . 65 65 66 66 67 6S 68 6S 69 TO 70 71 71 71 £ 73 73 74 I 74 ! 75 ' 75 * 1 75 76 76 Locality. Present identification. Honolulu. Oahu. _ do . _ do . - do . Honolulu Harbor, Oahu . _ do . . Honolulu, Oahu . Honolulu Harbor, Oahu . Honolulu, Oahu . _ do . - do . _ do . . do . Waialua, Oahu . Honolulu, Oahu . Honolulu Harbor . Honolulu, Oahu . Honolulu Harbor . Honolulu, Oahu . Honolulu Harbor . . do . Hawaiian Islands . . do . . Honolulu, Oahu . . do . Coral reefs, Honolulu. Oahu.. Stethojulis axillaris. Cheilio inermis. Thalassoma duperrey. Abudefduf abdominalis. Hepatus sandvicensis. Hepatus guntheri. Aeanthurus unicornis. Traehurops cnimenopthalma. Carangus melampygus. Carangus erysos. Scomberoides sancti-petri. Pseud upeneus multifasciatus. I'peneus arge. Kuhlia malo. Foa brachygramma. Priacanthus cruentatus. Paracirrhites forsteri. Mugil cephalus. Aulostomus valentini. Fistularia serrata. Belone platyum. Exoccetus volitans. Parexocoetus brachypterus. Saurida gracilis. Albula vulpes. Gymnothorax undulatus. Steindackner (1S76) in his Icktkyologische Beitrage (V) records as new two species from the Hawaiian Islands, J foronojtsis argenteus var. sandvicensis (— Kuhlia maid), and Ajerlon micr<>d«n ( = Apsilus mu-radon). Three years later (1879) the same author, in his "■ Uber einige Scariden a us Poly nesien." describes Scants ( Searm)persjncU-latm (= Callyodon p< rspieillatus) from the same islands. The Challenger, during her memorable voyage, stayed a fortnight at Honolulu and live days at Hilo, at which places 27 species of fishes were secured. These were recorded by Dr. Gunther (1880), in liis report on the shore fishes of the voyage of the Challenger. The list is as follows: Fishes collected at the Haicaiian Islands by H. M. S. Challenger. Nominal species. Zyga?na malleus . Pules marginatus . Scorpasna nuchalis . Cirrhites arcatus . Cirrhitichthys maculatus . Caranx crumenopthalmus _ Caranx hippos . Aeanthurus bloehi . Cpeneus trifasciatus . Polynemus sexfilis . Gobius stamineus . Gobius sandvicensis . Eleotris fusca . Sicydium nigrescent . Len tipes coricolor . Lentipes seminudus . Mugil dobula . . . Dascyllus albisella . J ulis* obscura . Rhomboidichthyspantherinus Chanos salmoneus . Albula conorhvnchus . I Mura?na Jiavo-marginata . Muraena’(?) sp. . . .' . Doryicht h vs plcu rotxn m . Balistes biiniva . Volume. Page. I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI 59 I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI... 50 I.pt. VI... 59 I.pt. VI... 60 I.pt. VI... 60 I.pt. VI... 60 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 61 I.pt. VI... 62 I.pt. VI... 62 Plate and figure. Locality. Present identification. . Honolulu . . HiloandHon- I olulu. . Honolulu . . ' . do . . do . . do . . Hilo . . Honolulu . . do . . Hilo . . Honolulu . . 1 . do . . do . XXVI, C . do . . Hawaii . . Honolulu . . Hilo . . Honolulu . XXVI. figs. A and B . do . . do . . do . . Hilo . . Honolulu . . do . XXVI. fig. D . do . . do . Sphyrna zygtena. Kuhlia malo. Sebastapistes nuchalis. Paracirrhites arcatus. Cirrhitus marmoratus. Traehurops cnimenopthalma. Carangus forsteri. Hepatus guntheri. Pseudupeneus multifasciatus. Polydactylus sexfilis. A waous stamineus. Mapo fuscus. Eleotris sand wicensis. Sicydium stimpsoni. Lentipes concolor. Lentipes seminudus. Mugil cephalus. Dascyllus albisella. Thalassoma ballieui. Platophrys panthennus. Chanos chanos. Albula vulpes. Gvmnothorax flavimarginatus. (?) Doryrhamphus pleurotfenia. Melichthys radii la. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 13 Steindachner, in 1878, described one new species, Myxus (Kromyxus) sclateri ( = 'C/t;ehom,ugil chapiali) from the Hawaiian Islands, and Garman (1880) described Tri/gov lata (=Dasyafts lata) from the same place, the specimen having been col¬ lected by Andrew Garrett. Two years later Smith and Swain (1882) published in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum a report on a collection of tishes from Johnston Island. This collection was made in 1880 by the captain of a vessel belong¬ ing to the North Pacific Guano Company at the instance of Dr. Jordan, who supplied the vessel with a can . of alcohol for preserving the specimens. The collec¬ tion contained 27 nominal species, 5 of which were described as new by Smith and Swain. The list is as follows: Fishes collected at Johnston Island by a vessel of the Xorth Pacific Guano Company in 1880. Nominal species. Page. Present identification. Ophichthys (Pisodontophis) sti/purus Gymnomursena tignini . Aulostomus chinensis . Polynemus knru . Scombroides sancti-petri . Caranx gymnostethoides . . Holocentrus leo . Holocentrus erythrams . Kuhlia tseniuni . Upeneus crassilabris . Upeneus velifer . Upeneus (Mulloides) vanicolensis ... Upeneus ( Mulloides) prcorbitalis . Chilinus digrammus . Scarus perspieillatus . Julis verticnlis . .1 ulis clepsyd rails . Harpe bilunulata . Chaetodon setifer . Acanthurus triostegus . Na«eus lituratus . Balistes aculeatus . Balistes buniva . Ostracion punctatum . Tetrodon meleagris . Diodon hystrix . Platophrys mancus . 120 121 121 122 124 125 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 136 137 138 139 139 140 140 141 141 142 Myrichtliys stypurus. Scuticaria tigrina. Aulostomus valent ini. Poly dart y lus sex filis. Scorn ben tides sancti-petri. Carangoides gymnostethoides. Holocentrus spinifer. Holocentrus erythneus. Kuhlia taeniura. Pseud upeneus c rassi 1 ahri s . Pseudupeneus multifasciatus. Mulloides vanicolensis. Mulloides prcorbitalis. Gheilinus hexagon at us. Callyodon perspieillatus. Thaiassoma ballieui. Thalassoma duperrev. Lepidaplois albotaeniatus. Chadodon setifer. Hepatus sandvicensis. ! Callicanthus lituratus. Balistapus aculeatus. , Melichthys radula. | Ostracion lentiginosum. Tetraodon lacrymatus. Diodon hystrix. Platophrys mancus. Steindachner, in 1887. raised to specific rank Uforonopdi* argentem mndvicensi* (— Kuhlia rnalo ), from these islands; and in 1893 he described .1 fgritpristis pilhra.cii from Honolulu. Jenkins (1895), in the Proceedings of the California Academy, described as new Rumania nialuu , from a specimen forwarded to Stanford Univer¬ sity by Mr. Charles R. Wilson, of Honolulu, the fish having been captured at Pearl Harbor January 25, 1N92. by Mr. Hiel Kapu. The next important contribution to our knowledge of the ichthyology of the Hawaiian Islands is the paper by Gilbert and Cramer (1897). While engaged in surveying a cable route between California and Honolulu in December, 1891, the AXbatro** made eight hauls with tie1 beam trawl in Kaiwi Channel. Of the 28 species (by error given as 26 in the introduction to the report), 23 were thought to lie new by Gilbert and Cramer. Three new genera also were based upon this collection. 14 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Fishes collected at the Hawaiian Islands by the Albatross in 1891. Nominal species. Promyllantor alcocki . Congermursena xqitorea _ Chlorophthalraus proridens Diaphus urolavnpus . Diaphus ch rysorh yn ch us . M yctophum fibulatum . Dasyscopelus pristUepis . N eoscopelus macrolepidot us . Argyripnus ephippiatus . Polyipnus spinosus . Melanostoma argyreum . . . Sternoptyx diaphana . Sc orpae n a re mi per a . Peristedion hians . Cedorhynchus parallelus. . . (Aelortiynchus gladius _ (Jcelocephalus acipen, serin ns Macrourus ectenes . Macrourus propinqnus _ Macrourus holocenti'us _ Macrourus gibber . H ymenocephalus antrmus . . . T rachonurus sent ipellis . (’halinura ctenomelas . ( )ptonurus athei'odon Malacocephalus lauvis . Pelecanichthys crumenatis Malthopsis mitriger Page. Present identification. 47724 Promyllantor alcocki. 476% ) Congrellus aequoreus. I J77ic; Chlorophthalmus proridens. Diaphus urolampus. Diaphus chrysorhynchus. Myctoplium fibulatum. Dasyscopelus pristilepis. Neoscopelus alcocki. Argyripuus ephippiatus. Polyipnus nuttingii. Synagrops argyrea. Sternoptyx diaphana. Setarches remiger. Peristedion hians. Ccelorhynchus parallelus. Ccelorhynchus gladius. Mateocephalus acipenserinus. Macrourus ectenes. Macrourus propinquus. Macrourus holocentrus. Macrourus gibber. H ymenocephalus antrseus. ' Trachonurus sentipellis. 47704 Chalinura ctenomelas. Opt on unis atherodon. Malacocephalus lievis. | 48738 Pelecanichthys crumenalis. 47700 ; Malthopsis mitriger. In 1896 ;ind 1897 Dr. Schauinsland, director of the Bremen Museum, during- a voyage in the Pacific Ocean, made collections of fishes at various places. He obtained about 160 species, 1 17 of which were from the Hawaiian Islands* (Oahu and Laysan). the collections were reported upon by Dr. Franz Steindachner (1900), who described 9 of the species from the Hawaiian Islands as new. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 15 Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by T)r. Sehauimland in 1896 and 1S97. Nominal species. Kuhlia malo . Priacanthushamrur . Apogon (Pristiapogon) frenatus . Apogon maculiferus . A prion virescens . Mulloides ptliigeri . Mulloides erythrinus . Mulloides auriflamma . Parupeneus cyclostomus . Parupenens pleurostigma . Parupeneus aispilurus . Parupeneus trifasciatus . Upeneoides taeniopterus . Sphaerodon grandoculis . Chaetodon auriga . Chaetodon fremblii . Chaetodon quadrimaculatus . Chaetodon lunula . Chaetodon lineolatus . Chaetodon miliaris . Chelmo (Forcipiger) longirostris . Zanclus cornutus . Pimelepterus fuscus . Cirrhites ( Amblycirrhites) arcatus . Cirrhites forsteri . Cirrhites (Cirrhitichthys) maculatus ... Cirrhites cinctus . . . . . Chilodactylus vittatus . Scorpaena gibbosa . Holoeentrum argenteum . Holocentrum diadema . M.vripristis murdjan . Myripristis (Holotrachis) lima . Polynemus sexfilis . Acanthurus dussumieri . Acanthurus flavescens . Acanthurus olivaceus . Acanthurus lineolatus . Acanthurus triostegus . Acan t h u rus achilles . Acanthurus bipunctatus . Acanthurus (Hurpurus) liypselopterus. . Acanthurus (Ctenodon) strigosus . Naseus unicornis . Naseus litturatus . Caranx i Hypocaranx) speciosus . Caranx ignobilis . ( ’aranx (Solar i a Hi n is . Caranx crumenophthalmus . Caranx ferdau . Decapterus sanctae-helense . Chonnemus moadetta . Chorinemus sancti-petri . Percis schauinxlandii . Malacanthus hcedtii . Antennarius commersonii . Dactylopterus orientalis . Salarias edentulus . Sphyraena agam . My xus pacijicus . . . Mugil dobula . Aulostoma chinense . Heliastes ovalis . Glyphidodon saxatilis . Glyphidodon (Paraglyphidodon) melas. Dascyllus trimaculatus . Harpe bilunulata . Chilmus radiatus . Chilinus bimaculatus . Stethojulis albovittata . Novacula vanicolensis . Novacula (Iniistius) pavo . Novacula (Iniistius) nigra . Novacula (Iniistius) tetrazona . ,i ulis duperrei . Julia umbrostigma . Julis purpureus . Julia ruppellii . Julis obscura . Gomphosus tricolor . Gomphosus variua . Chilio inermis . Cons multicolor . Coris pulcherrima . Page. Plate and figure. Locality. 483 484 484 484 484 485 485 485 48G 486 486 486 487 487 488 488 489 489 489 489 489 489 489 490 490 490 490 490 491 492 492 492 492 492 493 Laysanand Honolulu 111,4... Laysan and Honolulu Honolulu and Laysan Honolulu and Laysan Honolulu and Laysan Honolulu and Laysan . do . Honolulu and Laysan . do . . do . 493 493 493 493 493 494 494 494 495 495 495 495 495 . do . Honoluluand Laysan. IV, 1 . . . Honolulu and Laysan. Oahu. Pearl Harbor.. Honoluluand Laysan . 495 495 495 496 496 497 497 498 . do . ...do ... Ill, 5 ... ....do . 499 500 500 501 502 502 502 502 503 503 504 504 504 504 505 Laysan . Honolulu and Laysan Honolulu and Laysan . do . . do . iv/i . . do . ....do . 505 506 506 506 506 506 506 507 507 507 507 . .1.. . Honolulu and Laysan . do . '..... Honolulu and Laysan ...do . V, 2 . Honolulu and Laysan Honolulu . Present identification. Kuhlia malo. Priacanthus meeki. Amia snyderi. Amia maculifera. Amia virescens. Mulloides pflugeri. Mulloides erythrinus. Mulloides auriflamma. Pseudupeneus chryserydros. Pseudupeneus pleurostigma. Pseudupeneus fraterculus. Pseudupeneus multifasciatus. Upeneus taeniopterus. Monotaxis grandoculis. Chaetodon setifer. Chaetodon fremblii. Chaetodon quadrimaculatus. Chaetodon lunula. Chaetodon lineolatus. Chaetodon miliaris. Forcipiger longirostris. Zanclus eanescens. Kvphosus fuscus. Paracirrhites arcatus. Paracirrhites forsteri. Cirrhitus marmoratus. Paracirrhites cinctus. Chilodac tylus vi tt atus. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa. H olocen t r us sc y t h rops. Holocentrus diadema. Myripristis murdjan. Holotrachys lima. Polydactylus sexfilis. Hepatus dussumieri. Zebrasoma flavescens. Hepatus olivaceus. Hepatus atramentatus. Hepatus sandvicensis. Hepatus achilles. Hepatus elongatus. Zebrasoma veliferum. Ctenochsetus strigosus. Acanthurus unicornis. Callicanthus lituratus. Caranx speciosus. Carangus ignobilis. Carangus affinis. T ra c h u rops cr um enop h th al ma. Carangoiaes ferdau. Decapterus pinnulatus. Scomberoides tolooparah. Scomberoides sancti-petri. Osurus schauinslandi. Malacanthus parvipinnis. Antennarius commersonii. Cephalacanthus orientalis. Salarias edentulus. Sphyraena commersonii. My xus pacificus. Mugil cephalus. Aulostomus valentini. Chromis ovalis. A bud e f d u f a bd ominal is. Abudefduf sordidus. Dascyllus albisella. Lepidaplois albotaniatus. Cheilinus diagrammus. Cheilinus bimaculatus. Stethojulis albovittata. N ovacul i ch th y s tten i u rus. Iniistius pavoiiinus. Iniistius niger. Iniistius pavoninus. T ha lassoma d u perrey . Thalassoma umbrostigma. Thalassoma purpureum. Thalassoma fuscum. Thalassoma ballieui. Gomphosus tricolor. Gomphosus varius. Cheilio inermis. Coris venusta. Julis pulcherrima. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 16 Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by Dr. Schauinsland in 1896 and 1897 — Continued. Nominal species. Page. Plate and figure. Locality. Present identification. < 'oris aryenteo- striata . (’oris schauinsland ii . Pseud oscarus trosehelii . Pseudoscarus bataviensis . Pseudoscarus sumbawensis . Callyodon genistratus . Callyodon spinidens . Platophrys pavo . Platophrys pantherinus . H em i r ha m pirns pacific us . Belone annulata . . Belone platyura . Exoccetus brachypterus . Exoccetus bahiensis . Exoccetus neglectus . Synodus varius . Albula glossodonta . El ops saurus . Chanos chanos . (longer marginatus . Mimena flavimarginata . Murtena laysana . Balistes vidua . Balistes aculeatus . Balistes rectangulus . Balistes (Melanichthys) buniva _ Balistes (Para balistes) ringens . Balistes (Linrus) aureolus . Monacanthus spilosoma . Monacanthus pardalis . Ostracion punctatus . Ostracion diaphanus . Tetrodon margaritatus . Tetrodon caudofasciatus . Diodon maeulatus . Carcharias (Prionodon) gangeticus Galeus vulgaris . Aetobatis narinari . 507 508 III, 1 ... V, 1 . Honolulu . ....do . 508 508 509 509 509 510 511 511 512 512 512 512 513 513 513 514 514 514 Lay sail . Honolulu . Laysan . Honolulu . Laysan . Honolulu . . do . Laysan . Honolulu . Laysan . Honolulu and Laysan Honolulu . . do . Honolulu and Laysan Honolulu . . . do . . do . I Laysan . 515 510 517 517 517 517 517 517 517 517 517 518 518 518 519 519 519 VI, 1,2.. Ill, 3. Laysan . Honolulu . Laysan . Honolulu . Honoluluand Laysan. Laysan . . . . do . _ do . Honolulu . . do . Laysan and Hawaii... Laysan . _ do . 1 . _ do . _ do . _ do . _ do . (’oris rosea. (’oris ballieui. Callyodon troscheli. Callyodon bataviensis. Callyodon cry throdon. Cryptotom us sp. Cryptotomus sp. Platophrys sp. Platophrys pantherinus. Hyporhamphus paci ficus. Tylosurus giganteus. Belone platyura. Parexoccetus brachypterus. Cypsilurus bahiensis. Cypsilurus simus. Synodus varius. Albula vulpes. Elops saurus. Chanos chanos. Leptocephalus marginatus. Gy m nothorax steindachneri, part. Gymnothorax laysan us. Balistes vidua. Balistapus aculeatus. Balistapus rectangulus. Melichthys radula. Melichthys radula. Canthidermis aureolus. Stephanolepis spilosomus. Cantherines sandwichiensis. Ostracion lentiginosum. Lactoria galeodon. Canthigaster jactator. Canthigaster bitaniatus. Diodon holacanthus. Carcharias nesiotes. Galeus japonicus. Stoasodon narinari. in A number of fishes wore obtained by the distinguished ornithologists, Dr. John K. Townsend and Mr. Thomas Nuttall, during a trip to the Hawaiian Islands in 1835, and by Dr. Townsend alone in 1836. Later, Dr. William II. Jones. U. S. Navy, collected some specimens, and later still (October and November, 1893) Dr. Benja¬ min Sharp made a small collection at Honolulu. All of these collections found their way to the Philadelphia Academy and were reported upon by Mr. Henry W. Fowler (1900). Of a total of 101 species, 0 were regarded as new and 8 were too badly preserved for positive identification. The list is as follows: Fishes recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by Henry IF. Fowler in 1900. Nominal species. Page. Plate and figure. Present, identification. 494 XVIII, 3.. XVIII, 1. . Myrichthys magnificus. Gymnothorax eurostus. Eurymyctera acutirostris. Gymnothorax undulatus. Gymnothorax undulatus. Gymnothorax laysan us. 494 494 XVIII 5 XVIII, 6.. 494 494 XVIII, 1.. XVIII, 2.. 496 Elops saurus. Anchovia purpurea. Synodus varius. 497 XIX, 1 497 XIX, 2.... 498 Centrobranchus chaerocephalus. Hemiramphus depauperatus. Parexoccetus brachypterus. 499 XIX, 3 . .. 500 500 Aulostomus ehinensis . 500 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 17 Fishes recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by Henri/ IF. Fowler in 1900 — Continued. Nominal species. Mugil kelaartii . Sphyraena commersonii . Polydactylus pfeifferi . Myfipristis murdjan . Ilolocenteus diadema . Holocentrus diploxiphus . Trachurops crumenophthalmus Caranx latns . Kulia malo . Epinephelus fuscoguttatus . Aprion microlepis . Sparosomns unicolor . Cirrhites forsteri . Tetradrachmum trimaculatum . Eupomacentrus nigricans . Abudefduf sordidus . Abudefduf sexfasciatus . Abudefduf limbatus . Anampses cieruleopunctatus - Anampses cuvieri . Stethojulis albovittata . Stethojulis axillaris . Macropharyngodon geoffroyi. . . Hemipteronotus copci . Thalassoma aneitensis . Thalassoma hebraica . Thalassoma purpurea . Gomphosus tricolor . Gomphosus varius . Coris gaimardi . Coris aygula . Coris flavovittata . Cheilio inermis . Scartichtbys auritus . Cryptotomus sand wicensis . Scarus oviceps . Forcipiger longirostris . Chaetodon miliaris . Chaetodon setifer . Chaetodon biocellatus . Chaetodon unimaculatus . Chaetodon quadrimaculatus .... Chaetodon omatissimus . Chaetodon tau-nigrum . Zanclus cornutus . Monoceros unicornis . Teuthis triostegus . Teuthis guttatus . Teuthis annularis . Teuthis achilles . Balistapus bursa . Balistapus rectangulus . Canthidermis oculatus . Cantherines sandwichiensis — Monacanthus spilosoma . Spheroides florealis . Ranzania makua . Sebastopsis guamensis . Sebasta pistes strongia . Scorpaenopsis diabolus . Caracanthus maculatus . Cephalacanthus orientals . Eleotris fnscus . Gobius albopunctatus . Gobius papuensis . Awaous genivittatus . Awaous crassilabris . Remora albescens . Petroskirtes iilamentosus . . Salarias edentulus . Salarias gibbifrons . Salarias variolosus . Salarias brevis . Brotula townsendi . Antennarius commersonii . Page. Plate and figure. Present identification. 500 Mugil cephalus. Sphyraena commersonii. Polydactylus sexfilis. 501 501 501 501 501 Holocentrus diploxiphus. Trachurops crumenophthaln Carangus forsteri. 501 501 502 502 Epinephelus quernus. Apsilus microdon. Monotaxis grandoculis? 502 502 502 503 Dascyllus albisella Pomacentrus jenkinsi. 503 504 504 504 A bud ef duf im i >ari pi nnis.« Anampses cuvier. 506 508 508 508 Stethojulis albovittata. Stethojulis axillaris. Macropharyngodon geoffroy Hemipteronotus copei. 508 510 XX, 1 . 510 Thalassoma duperrey. Thalassoma purpureum. Gomphosus tricolor. Gomphosus varius. Julis gaimard. Coris aygula.rt .Julis eydouxii. 510 510 5)0 510 510 511 511 511 Scartichthys sauritus.a 512 512 'Callyodon oviceps/* Forcipiger longirostris. 512 512 512 512 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus. Chaetodon omatissimus. 513 513 513 513 Zanclus canescens. 513 513 513 Hepatus sandvicensis. Hepatus guttatus. Hepatus matoides. Hepatus achilles. 513 514 514 Balistapus rectangulus. Canthidermis angulosus. 514 514 514 514 514 XX, 4 . Spheroides florealis. Sebastopsis kelloggi. Sebasta pistes gibbosa. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa. 515 XX, 5 . Cepha lacant bus orien talis. 517 Mapo fuscus. 517 517 Awaous genivittatus. Petroscirtes sp.« 517 517 518 Alticus gibbifrons. 518 518 519 XX, 3 . Brotula multicirrata. Antennarius commersonii. a Probably not Hawaiian. F. C. B. 1903—2 18 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. By far the most important studies of the fishes of the Hawaiian Islands that had been made previous to the present investigations were those carried on by Dr. Oliver Peebles Jenkins. In the summer of 1889, Dr. Jenkins, then professor of biology in De Pauw University, now professor of physiology in Stanford University, fitted out an expedition to make collections of the fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. He was accompanied by Mr. George C. Price, now associate professor of zoology in Stanford University, and Mr. Oscar Vaught, then students of l)e Pauw University. The expenses of the expedition were shared by De Pauw University, Indiana University, and Dr. Jenkins himself, the former institution paying the major part. Several weeks were spent at Honolulu by I>r. Jenkins and his students, and a brief trip was made to Hilo. The collection obtained was vastly larger than any previously made, and contained no fewer than 140 genera and 238 species, of which 7 genera and 78 species have been described by Dr. Jenkins as new. While engaged in studying his own large collection, several smaller lots of Hawaiian fishes came into Doctor Jenkins's hands, viz: Sixteen species of shore fishes obtained at Honolulu by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in 1891 while making the Hawaiian cable survey; 18 species secured by Dr. Jordan at Honolulu in 1896, when the Albatross stopped at that place while on the fur-seal investigation; a small collection made at Honolulu in 1898 by Dr. Thomas I). Wood, then of Stanford University; another small collection obtained by Dr. Wood in 1899; a single example of Ransania mahua sent to Stan¬ ford University by Mr. C. B. Wilson, of Honolulu; a few species obtained at Hono¬ lulu by Dr. Jordan and Mr. John O. Snyder when returning from their expedition to Japan in 1900; and lastly, a small collection made in 1900 at various places among the Hawaiian Islands by Mr. Richard C. McGregor. These, added to the collections made by Dr. Jenkins, make a total of 147 genera and 254 species, of which 7 genera and 94 species were thought by Dr. Jenkins to be new. Besides the 94 species regarded as new, 62 other species were for the first time recorded from the Hawaiian Islands, making a total of 155 species added to the fish fauna, which up to that time consisted of but 99 known species. Four papers have resulted from Dr. Jenkins’s studies of these collections — three preliminary (1895, 1900, and 1901), and a final paper (1903), giving a full account of all the species represented. Following is a list of the new species and new genera described in these various papers: New specie* of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands , in various collections, reported on by Dr. 0. 1\ Jenkins. Nominal species. Page and figure. Type number. 1895. L. S. Jr. V. M. 1900. 40, fig. 1 . 0130 . 47, fig. 2 . 0131 . 48, fig. 3 . 0132 . 48’ fig. 4 . . . 12141 . . . 49, fig. 5 . . 0133..., 51, fig. 6 ... 51, tig. 7 . 0138 . 52, fig. 8 . 0029 . 53, fig. 9 . 5984 . 53, fig. 10 . 0135 . 54, fig. 11 . 0137 . 5990 . 50, tig. 13 . 0134... 57, fig. 11 . 6136 . 58, fig. 15 . 12142 . Hearns brunneus . 59, fig. Hi . 6139 . Presen t Men tificati on . Ranzania makua. Macroplmryngodon geoffroy. Halichceres ornatissimus. Halichceres lao. Jill is lepomis. Coris venusta. ( 'oris rosea. Thalassoma duperrey. N o vacul i c h t h y s w< >< >d i . Do. Hemipteronotus urabrilatns. Iniistius pavoninus. Iniistius niger. Chei linns hexagonatus. Anarapses evennanni. Calotomus irradians. Callyodon brunneus. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 19 New species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands, in various collections, etc. — Continued. Normal species. Page and figure. Type number. Present identification. 1900. L. S. Jr. U. M. Scams gilberti . Searus paluca . Scar us a hula . Searus miniatus . Pseudoscams jordani . Pseudoeheilinus octotaenia . 1901. Sphyrsena helleri . Sphyrsena snodgrassi . Anthias fuscipinnis . Aphareus flavivultus . Eupomacentrus marginatus . Chromis velox . Chaetodon mantelliger . Chaetodon sphenospilus . Ostracion camurum . Ovoides latifrons . Tropidich thys jacta tor . Eumycterias bitaeniatus . Scorpienopsis cacopsis . Parapercis pterostigma . Brotula margiualis . 59, fig. 17 GO, fig. IS 61, fig. 19 62, fig. 20 63, fig. 21 64, fig. 22 387, fig. 1 388, fig. 2 . 389, fig. 3 . 390, fig. 4 . 391, fig. 5 . 393, fig. 6 . 394, fig. 7 . 395, fig. 8 . 396, fig. 9 . 398, fig. 10 . 399, fig. 11 . 400, fig. 12 . 401, figs. 13 and 14 . 402, fig. 15 . 403, fig. 16 . I 6140 . 6141 . 6142 . 1 12144 . 12143 . 6122 . U. S. N. M. 49692 . 49693 . 49695 . 49691 . 49700 . 49698 . I 49699 . | 49705 . . 49697 . I 49696 . | 49703 . 49702 . 49690 . 49701 . 19694 . Callyodon gilberti. Callyodon paluca. Callyodon ahula. Callyodon miniatus. Callyodon jordani. Pseudoeheilinus octotania. Sphyrsena helleri. Sphyrsena commersonii. Pseudanthias fuseipinnis. A p h a reus fl a v i v u 1 1 u s . Pomaeentrus jenkinsi. Chromis ovalis. Chaetodon miliaris. Clisetodon unimaculatus. Ostracion sebae. Tetraodon lacrymatus. Canthigaster jacta tor. Canthigaster bitseniatus. Scorpaenopsis cacopsis. Osurus schauinslandii. Brotula margiualis. 1903. Dasyatis hawaiensis . Dasyatis sciera . Congrellus bowersi . Microdonophis maegregori . Muraena lampra . Muraena kauila . Gymnothorax leucostictus . . Gymnorhorax graeilicauda . Gymnothorax tlialassopterus . . 420, PI. I . 421, PI. I . 422, fig. 1 . 422, fig. 2 . 423, fig. 3 . 424, fig. 4 . 425, fig. 5 . 426, fig. 6 . 427, PI. II 50689 . 50721 . 50680 . 50684 . 50681 . 50679 . 50619 . Dasyatis hawaiiensis. Dasyatis sciera. Congrellus bowersi. Microdonophis maegregori. Muraena kailuse. Muraena kailuse. Gymnothorax leucostictus. Gymnothorax graeilicauda. Gymnothorax flavimargina- tus. Gymnothorax leucacme . Gymnothorax ereodes . Echidna leihala . Echidna vincta . Echidna obscura . Echidna psalion . Cypsilurus atrisignis . Myripristis sealei . Seriola sparna . Decapterus canonoides . Carangus hippoides . Carangus rhabdotus . Carangus politus . Fowleria brachygrammus . Apogon menesemus . Priacanthus meeki . Eteliscus marshi . Pseudupeneus porphyreus . Chromis elaphrus . Calotomus cyclurus . Calotomus snyderi . Scaridea zonarcha . Scaridea balia . Teuthis leucopareius . Teuthis umbra . Teuthis giintheri . Acantburus incipiens . Cal li can thus metoposophron . Tropidich thys oahuensis . Tropidichthys epilamprus . Lactoria galeodon . Diodon nudifrons . Cirrhitoidea bimacula . Sebastopsis kelloggi . Sebastapistcs corallicola . Sebastapistes coniorta . Sebastapistcs galactacma . Dendrochirus chloreus . Eviota epiphanes . Chlamydes laticeps . Gobionellus lonchotus . Enypnias oligolepis . Tripterygion atriceps . Salarias cypho . Salarias saltans . Salarias rutilus . Aspidontus brunneolus . 427, fig. 7 . . . 428, fig. 8 . . . 428, fig. 9 . . . 429, fig. 10 . . 430, fig. 11 .. 431, fig. 12 .. 436, Pi. Ill . 439, fig. 13 . . 442, fig. 14 . . 442, PI. IV.. 443, fig. 15 . . 444, fig. 16 .. 445, fig. 17 . . 447, fig. 18.. 449, fig. 19 . . 450, fig. 20 . . 452, fig. 21 . 454, fig. 22 . 457, fig. 23 . 465, fig. 24 . 467, fig. 25 . 468, fig. 26 . 469, fig. 27 . 476, fig. 28 . 477 . 477, fig. 29 . 480, fig. 30 . 481, fig. 31 . 485, fig. 32 . 485, fig. 33 . 487, fig. 34 . 488, fig. 35 . 489, fig. 36 . 492, fig. 37 . 493, fig. 38 . 495, fig. 39 . 496, fig. 40 . 498, fig. 41 . 501, fig. 42 . 503, fig. 43 . 503, fig. 44 . 504, fig. 45 . 505, fig. 46 . 506, fig. 47 . 508, fig. 48 . 509, fig. 49 . 510, fig. 50 . 50682 . ! 50843 . 50844 . | 50687 . 1 50686 . 50685 . 50713 . | 50708 . 1 50845 . 50846 . 50710 . 50711 . 50709 . 50699 . 50700 . J 50847 . 50714 . 50705 . 50703 . 50849 . 50850 . 50851 . 50852 . 50712 . 50841 . . 50842 . 50707 . 50706 . 50690 . 50853 . 50717 . 50854 . 50702 . 50694 . 50691 . 50693 . 50692 . 50701 . 50720 . 50716 . 50698 . 50715 . 50719 . 50697 . 50696 . 50695 . 50718 . Gymnothorax petelli. Gymnothorax ereodes. Echidna leihala. Echidna zonata. Echidna obscura. Echidna psalion. Cypsilurus atrisignis. Myripristis sealei. Seriola sparna. Decapterus pinnulatus. Carangus ignobilis. Carangus rhabdotus. Carangus politus. Foa brachygramma. Amia menesemus. Priacanthus meeki. Etelis marshi. Pseudupeneus porphyreus. Chromis elaphrus. Calotomus cyclurus. Calotomus snyderi. Scaridea zonarcha. Scaridea balia. Hepatus leucopareius. Hepatus umbra. Hepatus guntheri. Acantburus incipiens. Callieanthus metoposophron. Canthigaster oahuensis. Canthigaster epi lamprus. Lactoria galeodon. Diodon nudifrons. Cirrhitoidea bimacula. Sebastopsis kelloggi. Sebastapistes corallicola. Sebastapistes coniorta. Sebastapistes galactacma. Dendrochirus chloreus. Eviota epiphanes. Chlamydes laticeps. Oxyurichthys lonchotus. Enypnias oligolepis. Enneapterygius atriceps. Scartiehthys zebra. Alticus gibbifrons. Alticus gibbifrons. Enchelyurus ater. 20 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. In 1901 Mr. Alvin Seale, curator of fishes in the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, at Honolulu, published a short paper on Hawaiian lishes. This paper contains descriptions of 7 species, 6 of which were regarded as new. The list follows: Nominal species. Page. Figure. Type number, Bishop Museum. Identification. 3 1 9 481 Epincphelus quernus. Novaculichthys woodi. Apsilus brighami. 611 3 625 9 4 664 11 13 5 Scorp.i nopsis cacopsis. Stephanolepis n lbopunc tatus. Thalassoma purpureum. 6 667 15 681 INVESTIGATIONS BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION IN 1901-2. The foregoing is a brief summary of the ichthyological work that had been done on the Hawaiian fauna previous to 1901. In that year the U. S. Fish Commission undertook a somewhat comprehensive investigation and study of the aquatic resources of the Islands. The plan adopted contemplated field investigations extending over two seasons, the first (1901) to be devoted to the shore fishes and the fresh- water species, and the second (1902) to be given primarily to the deeper water fauna. The general direction of all the investigations was placed in the hands of the present writers, and the first field party arrived at Honolulu June 5, 1901. This party consisted of Dr. David Starr Jordan, president of Stanford University; Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, ichthyologist of the U. S. Fish Commission; Mr. Edmund L. Goldsborough and Mr. John N. Cobb, of the U. S. Fish Commission; Mr. Albertus H. Baldwin and Capt. Charles B. Hudson, artists; Mr. Michitaro Sindo, of. Stanford University; Master Knight Starr Jordan, volunteer assistant, and Dr. William H. Ashmead, of the U. S. National Museum. Mr. Cobb was assigned to the study of the statistics and methods of the fisheries; Messrs. Baldwin and Hudson gave their time to securing paintings in life colors of such species as could be obtained and kept alive in aquariums long enough to be painted. Dr. Ashmead directed his efforts to making collections of insects in the interest of the U. S. National Museum. On July 17 Dr. O. P. Jenkins joined the party at Honolulu and remained until September. Most of the collecting was done at Honolulu, though visits were made to Hilo. Lahaina (Maui Island), Kailua, Molokai, and other places. The excellent market at Honolulu, through the market inspector, Mr. E. Louis Berndt, furnished the richest and largest part of the collection, while great numbers of specimens were obtained by ourselves in shallow water and on the coral reefs about Honolulu and Waikiki; also at Moana Lua, Waianae, Waialua, Waimea, and Heeia. Kailua and Honuapo, Hawaii, which were visited by Messrs. Jordan, Goldsborough, and Sindo, also afforded excellent collecting. In March, 1902, the Fish Commission steamer Albatross was sent to the Hawaiian Islands to continue the investigations by paying special attention to the deeper-water fauna. The vessel was in command of Capt. Chauncey Thomas, U. S. Navy, and the scientific staff consisted of Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, Stanford University; Dr. Charles FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 21 C. Nutting, University of Iowa; Mr. Fred. M. Chamberlain, assistant naturalist, and Mr. A. B. Alexander, fishery expert, steamer Albatross; Prof. John O. Snyder and Mr. Walter K. Fisher, Stanford University. The Albatross devoted the entire spring and summer to the investigations, running many lines of dredgings, develop¬ ing fishing banks about the islands, and collecting in favorable localities, including Laysan, Bird, and Necker islands, some 800 miles to the northwest. The vessel returned to San Francisco September 1. The collections made during the investigations carried on during these two sea¬ sons are doubtless the largest and most important ever made in the Pacific. They embrace many thousand specimens of fishes and even greater numbers of crustaceans, mollusks, and other invertebrates. The various groups have been assigned to special¬ ists for study, and a number of reports have already been received. The early pub¬ lication of all in the Bulletin of this Commission is contemplated. Those so far issued include a general report by the present writers (1902), a statistical report by John N. Cobb (1902), two papers giving descriptions of new genera and species (1903) by the present writers, a report on the shore fishes collected by the Albatross , by John O. Snyder (1901), several papers on the birds of Laysan Island, by Walter K. Fisher (1903) and Dr. C. C. Nutting (1903), and a short paper by Jordan and Snyder (1904) on a small collection Sent in by Mr. Max Schlemmer, from Laysan Island; also a short paper by Henry W. Fowler (1901), containing references to a number of Hawaiian fishes and descriptions of a few species thought by him to be new. The preparation of the final report on the immense collection of fishes has involved an enormous amount of work, including a critical examination and study of all literature pertaining directly or indirectly to the ichthyology of the Pacific. Not only were the thousands of specimens of the Hawaiian collections examined critically and the characters of eacli carefully determined and tabulated, but advantage was taken of the possession of the very large collection of fishes made in Samoa in 1902 by Doctor Jordan. The study of that collection has thrown much light on many questions previously obscure and has contributed greatly toward a proper understanding of the Hawaiian fish-fauna. Similar use was made of the very exten¬ sive collections made by Jordan and Snyder in Japan in 1900. In the examination of the specimens and in various matters connected with the preparation of this report, the writers have been assisted greatly by Messrs. Edmund Lee Goldsborough and Clarence Hamilton Kennedy of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, and by Mr. Henry Weed Fowler of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. Mr. Fowler and Mr. Goldsborough spent several months at,. Stanford University making comparative measurements of specimens. Mr. Kennedy and Mr. Golds¬ borough rendered valuable assistance in verifying descriptions and references in synonymy. Dr. William Converse Kendall and Mr. Thomas E. B. Pope of the Bureau of Fisheries also assisted in the verification of descriptions and the prepara¬ tion of tables. To all these gentlemen we take pleasure in expressing our indebted¬ ness. And we wish again to express our deep obligations to Mr. E. Louis Berndt, the efficient inspector of the fish market at Honolulu, for his keen interest in our work. His knowledge of the fishes of the region enabled him to add many species to our collections which we otherwise would not have secured. 22 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Iii the first, paper published by the present writers in 1903 are given descriptions of 57 new species and (! new genera, as follows: Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands previoajly described by the present writers. Carcharias phorcys. Anthias kelloggi. Seams jenkinsi. Microdonophis fowled. Apt )gon i c h th ys waikiki. Scarus lauia. Mursena kailuse. Apogon snyderi. Scar us borborus. Gymnothorax vinolentus ( -Knchely- Fowlcria, new genus. Teuthis atramentatus. nassa vinolentus) . Priacanthus alalaua. Pachynathus nycteris. Gymnothorax steindachneri. Bowersia, new genus. Lagocep halus ocea n i c us. Gymnothorax goldsboroughi. Bowersia violcscens. Ostracion oahuensis. Gymnothorax hilonis. Bowersia ulaula. Pterois splicx. Echidna zonophpea. Etelis evurus. Scorpsenopsis catocala. Rhinoscopelus oeeanicus. Sectator aziireus. Dendrochirus liudsoni. Hippocampus fisheri. Mulloides llammeus. Quisquilius, new genus. Hippocampus hilonis. Pseud upeneus chrysonemus. Quisquilius eugenius. Atherina insularum. Upe neus arge. Gnatholepis knighti. Myripristis berndti. Abudefduf sindonis. Gobiopterus farcimen. Myripristis chryscres. Pomacentrus jenkinsi. Vitraria, new genus. M y ripristis argy romus. Lepidaplois strophode.s. Vitraria clarescens. Myripristis symmetricus. Verriculus, new genus. Osurus, new genus. Flammeo scythrops. Vcrriculus sanguineus. Jordanicus umbratilis. Holocentrus xantherythrus. Pseud och eilinus e van id us. Engyprosopon hawaiiensis. Holocentrus ensifer. Hemipteronotus baldwini. Engyprosopon arenicola. Carangus elacate. 1‘ikea aurora. Xyrichthys niveilatus. An ten na rius d rom bus. In a paper by Jordan and Fowler on Japanese fishes (1902) the present writers describe as new Autigonia steindacluu ri , basing the description on specimens taken at Hilo, Hawaii. In 1903 (.Iordan and Kvermann 1903a) one new genus ( Iracundus ) and two new species ( Trojndickthys psegnm and Iracundus signifer) were described. Snyder (1904) gives a list of 227 shore species obtained by the Albatross among the Hawaiian Islands during the investigations of 1902. Of these, 25 species and 2 genera were thought by him to be new. The new names are as follows: Veternio, new genus ol Leptocephalidce. Gvmnothorax berndti. Collybus, new genus of Bramidse. Carcharias insularum. Carcharias n estates. Veternio verrens. Spbagebranchus flavicaudus. Callechelys luteus. Moringua hawaiiensis. Gymnothorax nuttingi. G y m no t h orax m uc i f e r . Gymnothorax xanthostomus. Gymnothorax waialme. U rop tery gius 1 eueu rus. Exonautesgilberti. Carangus cheilio. Carangoides ajax. Collybus drachme. Apogon erythrinus. Cirrhilabrus jordani. Pseudojulis cerasina. Hemipteronotus jenkinsi. Ch ae tod i > n co ra 1 1 i co 1 a . Holacanthus lisheri. Stephanolepis pricei. Antennarius nexilis. Antennarius dueseus. A short paper by Jordan and Snyder (1904) lists the specimens received from Mr. Max Schlemmcr, Mr. E. L. Berndt, and Mr. II. W. Ilenshaw, recording 37 species, of which 4 ( Brachysomophis henshawi , Ariomma lurida , Icictoria schletnmeri , and Antennarius laysan i as) are described as new. In a later paper the same authors describe, also as new, Am la evermanni , from Honolulu. In a paper by Fowler (1904) are recorded 3 species of fishes collected by Dr. J. K. Townsend at the Hawaiian Islands many years ago and now contained in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, one of them ( Holocentrus graeilispinis) being described as new. Mention is also made of a number of other Hawaiian species, examples of which were donated to the Philadelphia Academy by the Fish Commis¬ sion, all duplicate specimens of species upon which the present writers had not yet reported. FISHES OF HAM' AIIAN ISLANDS. 23 LIST OF SPECIES OF FISHES DESCRIBED AN NEW FROM THE HAWAIIAN INLANDS. Iii the present report on the fishes of the Hawaiian Islands we have included not only the Hawaiian Islands proper, but Laysan and the other small islands known as the Leeward Islands, which extend some sou miles northwestward from the main group; we also include Johnston Island, lying about the same distance southwest from Hawaii. The region thus limited constitutes a definite faunistic unit, the species being largely distinct from those of the South Seas. Following is a list in chronologic order of all the nominal species of fishes that have been described from the Hawaiian Islands. In this tabular statement are given (1) the name under which each species was described and the authority for it, (2) the present identification. (3) the type locality, and (1) the year when the description was published. Names not now tenable are in italics. From this table it appears that a total of 355 species have been described from Hawaiian type localities. Of this number 78 are now regarded as synonyms, which leaves 277 tenable species orig¬ inally described from the Hawaiian Islands. Adding to these 168 species known to occur at those islands, but originally described from elsewhere, a total of 447 species is obtained, constituting the known fish-fauna of that group, exclusive of the deep-sea fishes described by Doctor Gilbert in Section ii of this work. Complete list of fishes described as new from the Hawaiian Islands. Nominal species. Present identification. Chsetodon longirostris Broussonet . Salarias gibbifrons Quoy & Gaimard . Tetraodon lacrymatus Quoy & Gaimard . Balistes sandwichensis Quoy & Gaimard — •. . . . Chsetodon miliaris Quoy A: Gaimard . Xyrichthys lecluse Quoy A: Gaimard . Cheilinus sinuosus Quoy & Gaimard . Julis gaimard Quoy As Gaimard . Julis duperrey Quoy & Gaimard . Anampses cuvier Quoy & Gaimard . Gomphosus tricolor Quoy & Gaimard . Gomphosus pectoral is Quov & Gaimard . Julis geoffroy Quoy & Gaimard . Julis oalteatus Quoy & Gaimard . Julis axillaris Quoy & Gaimard . . Mullus multifasciatus Quoy & Gaimard . Saurus varieaatus Quoy & Gaimard . Saurus gracilis Quoy & Gaimard . Chsetodon lunulatiis Quoy & Gaimard . Balistes angglosus Quoy & Gaimard . Glyphisodon abdominalis Quoy A: Gaimard . Pomacentrus nigricans Quoy & Gaimard . Acanthurus flavescens Bennett . Acanthurus strigosus Bennett . Blennius marmoratus Bennett . Blennius sordidus Bennett . Cirrhites/asciatws Bennett . Scams dubius Bennett . Scorpsena asperella Bennett . Serranus myriastcr Cuvier & Valenciennes . Cirrhites maculosus Bennett . Julis flavovittatus Bennett . Julis greenovii Bennett . Chsetodon fremblii Bennett . Chsetodon ornatus Gray . Chsetodon quadrimaculatus Gray . Holocanthus areuatus Gray . Acanthurus nigroris Cuvier /< brevipinnis) , and Anas dasycephalus Gunther are Mexican species wrongly credited to Hawaii by Dr. Giinther. ^ FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 25 Complete list of fishes described as new from the Hawaiian Islands — Continued. Nominal species. Present identification. Ophichthys stypurus Smith & Swain . Myrichthys stypurus . Upeneus preorbitalis Smith & Swain . Pseudupeneus preorhital is . Upeneus vclifer Smith & Swain . Pseudupeneus multifasciatus . Moronopsis sandviccnsis Steindac liner . Kuhlia malo . Branchiostoma pelagicum Gunther . Amphioxides pelagicus . Mvri prist is pillwaxi Steindachner . Ostichthys pilhvaxi . Ranzania makua Jenkins . Ranzania makua . Melanostoma argyreum Gilbert it Cramer . Malthopsis mitriger Gilbert it Cramer . Pelecanichthys cruinenalis Gilbert & Cramer . . . Peristedion hians Gilbert it Cramer . Congermuroena ;equorea Gilbert «t Cramer . Promyllantor alcocki Gilbert & Cramer . Chloropthalmus proridens Gilbert & Cramer — Diaphus urolampus Gilbert it Cramer . Diaphus chrysorhvnchus Gilbert it Cramer . Myctophum fibulatum Gilbert it Cramer . Dasyscopelus pristilepis Gilbert it Cramer . Argyripnus ephippiatus Gilbert ct Cramer . Scorptena remigera Gilbert ct Cramer . Ccelorhynchus gladius Gilbert ct Cramer . Cceloceplialus aeipenserinus Gilbert ct Cramer . . Macrourus ectenes Gilbert ct Cramer . Macrourus propinquus Gilbert ct Cramer . Macrourus holocentrus Gilbert ct Cramer . Macrourus gibber Gilbert ct Cramer . ^ Hymenocephalus antrseus Gilbert ct Cramer - Trachonurus sentipellis Gilbert ct Cramer . Chalinura etenomelas Gilbert it Cramer . Optonurus atherodon Gilbert ct Cramer . Brotula tovmsendi Fowler . Percis sehauinslandi Steindachner . ! Mulloides pfliigeri Steindachner . My xus pacifieus Steindachner . Ileliastes ovalis Steindachner . Novacula ( Iniistius) nigra Steindachner . Coris argeiitco-striatus Steindachner . Coris schaitinslandii Steindachner . Ilemirhamphus pacifieus Steindachner . Murcena laysana Steindachner . Lycodontis parvibrancfiicilis Fowler . Echidna zonata Fowler . Stolephorus purpureus Fowler . Synodus sharpi Fowler . Hemipteronotus copei Fowler . Macropharyngodon aquilolo Jenkins . . Halichceres i ridcxcens Jenkins . llaliehceres lao Jenkins . ('oris lepomis Jenkins . . Hemicoris remedins Jenkins . Hemicorix keleipionis Jenkins . . Thalassoma pyrrhovivcium Jenkins . Novaeulichthys woodi Jenkins . . Novaeulichthys entargyreus Jenkins . Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins . Iniistius leucozonus Jenkins . Iniistius vernier Jenkins . Cheilinus zonurus Jenkins . Anampses evermanni Jenkins . Calotomus irradians Jenkins . Scarus brunneus Jenkins . Searus gilberti Jenkins . Scarus paluca Jenkins . Scarus ahula Jenkins . Scarus miniatus Jenkins . Pseudosearus jordani Jenkins . Pseudocheilinus oetotamia Jenkins . Sphyrsena helleri Jenkins . Sphvraena snodgrassi Jenkins . Anthias fuscipinnis Jenkins . . . Synagrops argyrea . Malthopsis mitrigera . Pelecanichthys crumenalis . Peristedion hians . Congrellus aequoreus . Promyllantor alcocki . Chloropthalmus proridens . Diaphus urolampus . Diaphus chrysorhynchus . Myctophum fibulatum . Dasyscopelus pristilepis . Argyripnus ephippiatus . Setarches remiger . Ccelorhynchus gladius . Mateocephalus aeipenserinus . Macrourus ectenes . * Macrourus propinquus . Macrourus holocentrus . Macrourus gibber . 1 1 y menoceplialus antraeus . Trachonurus sentipellis . Chalinura etenomelas . Optonurus atherodon . I Brotula multicirrata . | Osurus sehauinslandi . I Mulloides pflugeri . [ My xus pacifieus . Chromis ovalis . Iniistius niger . Coris rosea . Coris ballieui . Hyporhampluis pacifieus . Gymnothorax laysanus . Gymnotborax laysanus . Echidna zonata . Anchovia purpurea . Synodus varius . . Hemipteronotus copei . Macropharyngodon geoflfroy . Halichceres omatissimus . Halichceres lao . Julis lepomis . Coris venusta . Coris rosea . Thalassoma duperrey . Novaeulichthys woodi . Novacul ich t h y s wood i . Hemipteronotus umbrilatus . Iniistius pavoninus . Iniistius niger . Cheilinus hexagonatus . Anampses evermanni . Calotomus irradians . Callyodon brunneus . Callyodon gilberti . . . Callyodon paluca . Callyodon ahula . Callyodon miniatus . Callyodon jordani . Pseudocheilinus octo taenia . Sphynena helleri . Sphyrsena commersonii . Pseudanthias fuscipinnis . Type locality. Year. Johnston Island . _ do . _ do . Sandwich Islands . Lat. 23° 3' N . Long. 156° 6' W . Honolulu . Pearl Harbor, near Hono¬ lulu. Albatross stations 3172 and 3476. A 1 ba t ross stations 3467, 3472, and 3476. Albatross stations 3472 and 3476. Albatrossstations3470, 3472, and 3476. Albatross station 3474 . Albatross station 3472 . Albatross stations 3475 and 3476. Albatross stations 3467 and 3472. Albatross station 286 (sur¬ face tow net). Albatross station 3467 . Albatross station 286 (sur¬ face tow net). Albatross station 3472 . Albatross station 3476 . Albatross station 3472 . Albatross station 3470 and 3476. Albatross station 3473 . Albatross station 3173 and 3475. Albatross stations 3171 and 3475. . do . Albatross stations34G7, 3470, 3471, and 3476. Albatross station 3474 . Albatross stations 3470 and 3472. Albatross stations 3470, 3471, 3474, 3475, and 3476. Sandwich Islands . Honolulu . . do . Lay san . Honolulu . . do . . do . . do . Lay san . Lay san Island . Sandwich Islands . . do . . do . . do . Oahu . Honolulu . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . 1SS2 1882 1882 1893 1895 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 19(H) 1900 1900 1900 19(H) 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1901 1901 1901 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION 2fi ( 'omph tc list of / is/irs described as new from the Hawaiian Islands — Continued. Nominal species. Present identification. Type locality. Year. Aphareus flavivultus Jenkins . Eupomacentrus marginatus Jenkins . Ohromis velox Jenkins . Chsetodon mantelliger Jenkins . Chsetodon sphenospilus Jenkins . Ostracion camurnm Jenkins . . Ovoides latifrons Jenkins . Tropidichthys jactator Jenkins . Eumycterias bitseniatus Jenkins . Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkins . Parapercis pterostigma Jen kins . Brotula marginalis Jenkins . Epinephelus quernus Seale . Novaculichthys tattoo Seale . Serranus brighumi Seale . Balistes fuscolineatus Seale . Monacanthus albopunctatus Seale . Thalassoma berendti Seale . Antigonia steindachneri Jordan & Evermann . . . Carcharias phorcys Jordan & Evermann . Mivrodonophis fowleri Jordan & Evermann _ Munena kailiue Jordan & Evermann . Gymnothorax vinolentus Jordan & Evermann .. Gy m not borax steindachneri Jordan A Evermann ( ; ymnothorax goldsboroughi Jordan & Evermann Gymnothorax nilpnis Jordan it Evermann . Echidna zonophaea Jordan it Evermann . Khinoscopelus oceanicus Jordan <& Evermann .. Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann . Hippocampus hilonis Jordan it Evermann . Atherina insularum Jordan it Evermann . Myri prist is bcrndti Jordan it Evermann . Myripristis chry seres Jordan & Evermann . Myripristis argyromus Jordan A Evermann . M yripristis symmetricus Jordan it Evermann . . . Klammep scythrops Jordan it Evermann . llolocentrusxantherythrusJordan it Evermann. Holocentrus ensifcr Jordan it Evermann . Carangus elecate Jordan it Evermann . I’ikea aurora Jordan it Evermann . Anthias kelloggi Jordan it Evermann . Apogonichthys waikiki Jordan it Evermann _ Apogon snyderi Jordan it Evermann . Priacanthus alalaua Jordan it Evermann . Bowersia violescens Jordan it Evermann . Bowersia ulaulaJorda.n & Evermann . Ktelis evurus Jordan it Evermann . Sectator azureus Jordan it Evermann . Mulloides flarameus Jordan it Evermann . Pseud upeneuschrysonem us Jordan it Evermann 1'peneus arge Jordan it Evermann . Glyphisodon sindonis Jordan it Evermann . Pomacentrus jenkinsi Jordan it Evermann . Lepidaplois strophodes Jordan & Evermann _ Verriculus sanguineus Jordan it Evermann . Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan it Evermann . Hcmipteronotus baldwini Jordan it Evermann . Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan it Evermann . Scarus jenkinsi Jordan it Evermann . Seams lauia Jordan it Evermann . Scarus barborus Jordan it Evermann . Teuthis atrimentatus Jordan it Evermann . Pachynathus nveteris Jordan it Evermann. . . . Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan it Evermann . . . ( Istracion oahuensis Jordan it Evermann . Pteroissphex Jordan it Evermann . Scorpaenopsis catocala Jordan it Evermann . Dendrochirus hudsoni Jordan it Evermann . Quisquilius eugenius Jordan it Evermann . Gnatholepis knighti Jordan it Evermann . Gobiopterus farcimen Jordan it Evermann . Vitraria clarescens Jordan & Evermann . Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan it Evermann . ' Engyprosopon liawaiiensis Jordan it Evermann. I Engyprosopon arenicola Jordan it Evermann... Antennarius drombus Jordan it Evermann . Tropidichthys psegma Jordan it Evermann . Iracundus sigmfer Jordan it Evermann . Dasyatis hawaiiensis Jenkins . I Dasyatis sciera Jenkins . Congrellus bovversi Jenkins . Microdonophis maegregori Jenkins . Mursena lampra Jenkins . I Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins . 1 Aphareus flavivultus . Pomacentrus jenkinsi . < 'hromis ovalis . Chsetodon miliaris . Chsetodon unimaculatus _ Ostracion sebse . Tetraodon lacrymatus . Canthigaster jactator . Canthigaster bitseniatus . Scorpeenopsis cacopsis . Osurus schauinslandii . Brotula marginalis . Epinephelus quernus . Novaculichthys vvoodi . Apsilus brighami . Balistes fuscolineatus . Cantherines albopunctatus. . Thalassoma purpureum . Antigonia steindachneri .... Carcharias phorcys . Microdonophis fowleri . Mursena kail use . E nchel y nassa v i n olen t us _ Gymnothorax steindachneri Gymnothorax goldsboroughi Gymnothorax hilonis . Echidna zonophsea . Khinoscopelus oceanicus _ Hippocampus fisheri . Hippocampus hilonis . Atherina insularum . Myripristis berndti . Myripristis chryseres . Myripristis argyromus . . Myripristis symmetricus . Flammeo scythrops . Holocentrus xantherythrus . . Holocentrus ensifer .". . Carangus elecate . Pikea aurora . Pseudanthias kelloggi . Mionorus waikiki... . A mia snyderi . Priacanthus alalaua . Bowersia violescens . Bowersia ulaula . Etelis evurus . Sectator azureus . Mulloides flammeus . Pseudupeneus chrysonemus. . Upeneus arge . Abudefduf sindonis . Pomacentrus jenkinsi . Lepidaplois strophodes . Verriculus sanguineus . Pseudocheilinus evanidus. . . . Hemipteronotus baldwini.. . Xyrichthys niveilatus . Callyodon jenkinsi . Callyodon iauia . Callyodon borborus . Hepatusatramentatus . Balistes nycteris . Lagocephalus oceanicus . Ostracion oahuensis . Pterois sphex . Scorpeenopsis gibbosa . Dendrochirus barberi . Gobiomorphus eugenius . Gnatholepis knighti . Gobiopterus farcimen . Vitraria clarescens . .Tordanicus umbratilis . Engyprosopon hawaiiensis.. . Engyprosopon arenicola . Antennarius drombus . Canthigaster psegma . Iracundus signifer . Dasyatis hawaiiensis . Dasyatis sciera . Congrellus bovversi . . Microdonophis maegregori . . . Mursena kailuee . Mureena kailuse . Gymnothorax leucostictus . . . Honolulu . - do . _ do . _ do . _ do . . do . . do . _ do . - do . _ do . . do . _ do . _ do . _ do . - do . _ do . _ do . . do . Kailua . ....do . _ do . Kailua, Hawaii . _ do . Honolulu . - do . Hilo . Honolulu . 137° 35' W.. 10° 57' N. Kailua . 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 Honolulu . _ do . Hilo . ....do . _ do . Honolulu . _ do . ....do . _ do . Hilo . Kailua . Waikiki, Oahu Island Honolulu . 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 do 1903 . do . Hilo . . do . Heeia, Oahu.. Kailua . Hilo . Honolulu . . do . . do . . do . Hilo . . do . . Honolulu . . do . . do . . Hilo . Honolulu . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . Waikiki, Oahu. . do . Hilo . _ do . . do . _ do . _ do . _ do . Waikiki . Honolulu . _ do . ....do . _ do . _ do . Laliaina, Maui Honolulu . _ do . _ do . 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 27 Complete list of fishes described as new from the Hawaiian Islands — Continued. Nominal .species. Present identification. Type locality. i Year. Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins . Gymnothorax tlialassoptcrus Jenkins . Gymnothorax leucacme Jenkins . Gymnothorax ercodes Jenkins . Echidna leihala Jenkins . Echidna viiicta Jenkins . Echidna obscura Jenkins . Echidna psalion Jenkins . Cypsilurus atrisignis Jenkins . Myripristis sealei Jenkins . Seriola sparna Jenkins . Decapterus canonoides Jenkins . Carangus hippoides Jenkins . Carangus rhabdotus Jenkins . Carangus politus Jenkins . Fowleria Drachygrammus Jenkins . Apogon menesemus Jenkins . Priacanthus meeki Jenkins . Eteliscus marshi Jenkins . Pseudupeneus porphyreus Jenkins . Chromis elaphrus Jenkins . Calotomus cyclurus Jenkins . Calotomus snyderi Jenkins . Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins . Scaridea balia Jenkins . Teuthis leucopareius Jenkins . . Teuthis umbra Jenkins . Teuthis guntheri Jenkins . Acanthurus incipiens Jenkins . Callicanthus metoposophron Jenkins . Tropidichthys oahuensis Jenkins . Tropidichthys epilamprus Jenkins . Lactoria gal codon Jenkins . Piodon nudifrons Jenkins . Cirrhitoidea bimacula Jenkins . Sebastopsis kelloggi Jenkins . Sebastapistes corallicola Jenkins . Sebastapistes coniorta Jenkins . Sebastapistes galactaema Jenkins . Dend roc h inis cliloreus Jenkins . Eviota epiphanes Jenkins . . Chlamydes laticeps Jenkins . Gobioriellus loncnot us Jenkins . Enypnias oligolepisJenkins . Triptervgion atriceps Jenkins . Salarias cypho Jenkins . Salarias saltans Jenkins . Salarias rutilus Jenkins . Aspidontus brunneolus Jenkins . Centrobranchus chcerocephalus Fowler . Carcharias insularum Snyder . Carcharias nesiotes Snyder . Veternio verrens Snyder . Sphagebranchus flavicaudus Snyder . Callechelys luteus Snyder . Moringua hawaiiensis Snyder . Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder . Gymnothorax berndti Snyder . . Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder . Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder . Gymnothorax waialuie Snyder . Uropterygius leucurus Snyder . Exonautes gilberti Snyder . Carangus elieilio Snyder . Carangoides ajax Snyder . Collybus dracnme Snyder . Apogon erythrinus Snyder . Pseudojulis cerasina Snyder . ! . Cirrhilabrus jordani Snyder . HemipteronotusyenArmsi Snyder . Cluetodon corallicola Snyder . Holacanthus fisheri Snyder . Stephanolepis pricei Snyder . Antennarius nexilis Snyder . Antennarius duescus Snyder . Brachysomophis henshawi Jordan & Snyder _ Ariomma lurida Jordan & Snyder . Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder . Antennarius laysanius Jordan & Snyder . Holocenthrus (/racilispinis Fowler . Apogon evermanni Jordan & Snyder . Gymnothorax gracilicauda _ Gymnothorax flavimarginat-us . Gymnothorax leucacme . Gymnothorax ercodes . Echidna leihala . Echidna zonata . Echidna obscura . Echidna psalion . . Cypsilurus atrisignis . Myripristis sealei . Seriola sparna . Decapterus pinnulatus . Carangus ignobilis . Carangus rhabdotus . Carangus politus . Foa brachygramma . Amia menesemus . Priacanthus meeki . Etelis marshi . Pseudupeneus porphyreus . Chromis elaphrus . . . . Calotomus cyclurus . Calotomus snyderi . Scaridea zonarcha . Scaridea balia . Hepatus leucopareius . Hepatus umbra . Hepatus guntheri . Acanthurus incipiens . Callicanthus metoposophron. . . Canthigaster oahuensis . Canthigaster epilamprus . Lactoria galeodon . Diodon nudifrons . Cirrhitoidea bi macula . Sebastopsis kelloggi . Sebastapistes corallicola . Sebastapistes coniorta . Sebastapistes galactaema . Dendrochirus chloreus . Eviota epiphanes . Chlamydes laticeps . Gobiichthysloncnotus . Kelloggella oligolepis . Enneapterygius atriceps . Alticus zebra . Alticus gibbifrons . Alticus gibbifrons . Enchelyurus ater . Centrobranchus choeroceplialus Carcharias insularum . Carcharias nesiotes . Veternio verrens . Sphagebranchus flavicaudus. . . Callechelys luteus . Moringua hawaiiensis . Gymnothorax nuttingi . Gymnothorax berndti . Gymnothorax mucifer . G y m n o t li ora x x an t hostom us _ Gymnothorax waialuae . Uropterygius leucurus . Exonautes gilberti . Carangus cheilio . Carangoides ajax . Collybus drachme . Amia erythrinus . Pseudojulis cerasina . . Cirrhilabrus jordani . Hemipteronotus baldwini . . Chfetodon corallicola . . Holacanthus fisheri . . Stephanolepis pricei . Antennarius nexilis . . Antennarius duescus . Brachysomophis henshawi . . Ariomma lurida . Lactoria schlemmeri . Antennarius laysanius . Holocentrus diploxiphus . Amia evermanni . Honolulu . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . I _ do . _ do . . do . I Kihei. Maui . Honolulu . . do . . do . . do . I . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . . do . - do . . do . . do . _ do . | _ do . I . do . Sandwich Islands . I OIT Diamond Head (4032), | Oahu Island. French Frigate Shoals . J Honolulu . 1 Albatross station 3871 . ; Albatross station 3821 ..... J Honolulu . _ do . . _ do . _ do . _ do . Waialua Bay. Oahu . Albatross station 3871 . Between stations 3799 and 3800. Honolulu . - do . Albatross station 4170 . . Puako Bay, Hawaii . Honolulu . Albatross station 3876 . Puako Bay, Ha waii . A 1 bat ross station 4032 , Oa h u . Albatross station 4032. oil' Diamond Head, Oahu. Albatross station 4021 . Honolulu . Albatross station 3872 . Honolulu . - do . Laysan Island . _ do . Honolulu . _ do . 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1901 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1901 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 1904 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY. In the following bibliography are brought together in chronologic sequence the titles of all publications containing descriptions of Hawaiian fishes or mention of fishes from those islands. We have included also the titles of certain papers dealing with groups other than fishes, in order that the record of the investigations carried on by the Fish Commission among the Hawaiian Islands may be complete. 1768-1779. Kippis, A. A Narrative of the Voyages around the World, performed by Captain James Cook. First Voyage, 1768-1771; Second Voyage, 1772-1775; Third Voyage, 1776-1779; in 2 volumes. 1782. Broussonet, Pierre Marie Auguste. Iehthyologia sistens Piscium descriptiones et ieones, London, 1782. Decas I; no pagination. 1824. Quoy, Jean Rene Constant et Gai.mard, Paul. Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Roi, execute stir les corvettes de S. M. l’Uranie et la Physicienne pendant les annees 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820, par M. Louis De Freycinet, Commandant de 1’ Expedition; Zoologie par MM. Quoy et Gaimard, Medecins de 1’ Expedition, pp. VIII+712; Chapter VIII, Fishes, pp. 183-401. Paris, 1824. 1828. Bennett, E. T. On some Fishes from the Sandwich Islands. ^Zoological Journal, Vol. IV, April, 1828, to May, 1829 (No. XIII, April-Julv, 1828), pp. 31-42. 1829. Cuvier, M. le B.ou et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Troisieme, pp. XXIV+368, pis. 41-71. Paris, 1829. 1830. Cuvier, M. le B.ou et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Cimjuieme, pp. XXIV + 374, pis. 100 to 140. Paris, 1830. 1831. Cuvier, M. le B.on et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Septi&me, pp. XXVIII + 399, pis. 170 to 208. Paris, 1831. 1835. Cuvier, M. le B. 0,1 et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Dixieme, pp. XIX + 360, pis. 280 to 306. Paris, 1835. 1839. Cuvier, M. le B.on et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Quatorzieme, lip. XX + 346, pis. 389 to 420. Paris, 1839. 1846. Cuvier, 31. le B.™ et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Dix-Huitieme, pp. XVIII + 380, pis. 520 to 553. Paris, 1846. 1831. Gray, John Edward. Descriptions of three new species of fish from the Sandwich Islands, in the British Museum. < Zoological Miscellany, 1831-1842, p. 33. 1839. Lay, G. T., and Bennett, E. T. The Zoology of Captain Beechev’s Voyage; compiled from the collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, the officers, and naturalist of the expedition during a voyage to the Pacific and Bering Straits, performed in His Majesty’s ship Blossom, under the command of Capt. F. W. Beechey, R. N., F. R. S., etc., in the years 1825, 1826, 1827, and 1828. Pp. I to XII -j- 1 to 180, colored plates I to XLV. Mammalia, by John Rich¬ ardson; Ornithology, hy N. A. Vigors; Fishes '(pp. 41 to 75, pis. XV to XXIII), by G. T. Lay and E. T. Bennett. London, 1839. 1841-1852. Eydoux, M., et Souleyet, L. Voyage autour du Monde, execute pendant les annees 1S36 et 1837 sur la Corvette la Bonite, Commandite par Capt. L. Vaillant; Zoologie par MM. Eydoux et Souleyet. Tome I, pp. 1-106, 1841; pp. 107-328, 1842. Tome II, pp. 1-664, 1852. Text, 2 vols., 8 vo.; Atlas, folio; Paris, 1841-1852. 1858. Agassiz, Louis. Proc. Boston Soc. Xat. Hist., VI, 1856-1859, p. 385. 1859-1870. Gunther, Albert. Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collections of the British Museum; Vol. I, pp. XXXII+524, 1859; Vol. II, pp. XXII +548, 1860; Vol. Ill, pp. XXVI 586, 1861; Vol. IV, pp. XXII+534, 1862; Vol. V, pp. XXII+455, 1864; Vol. VI, pp. XV+368, 1866; Vol. VII, pp. XX+512, 1868; and Vol. VIII, pp. XXV+549, 1870. 1860. Gill, Theo. Conspectus Piscium in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septent rionalem, C. Ringold et J. Rodgers ducibus, a Gulielmo Stimpson collectorum. Sicydianse. < Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1860, pp. 100-102. 1860. Abbott, Charles C. Description of new species of Apodal Fishes in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. avid Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren. Descriptions of a New Genus and two New Species of Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. <(Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXII, 1902 (July 9, 1903) , pp. 209 and 210. 1903. Jenkins, Oliver P. Report on Collections of Fishes made in the Hawaiian Islands, with Descriptions of New Species. Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXII, 1902 (September 23, 1903), pp. 417-511, pis. I-IV and figs. 1-50. 1903. Fisher, Walter K. Birds of Laysan and the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Group. ela.ss SELACHII. — The Sharks ciiiul Skates. This group includes among recent fishes, the sharks and rays, marine fishes, mostly of large size, abounding in all seas. ORDERS OF SELACHII REPRESENTED IN HAWAIIAN WATERS. a. Gill-openings 5; vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural arch and one centrum. It. Vertebne each with the internal calcareous lamellae radiating from the central ring; anal tin present. Aster ospondyli, B, p. 34. bb. Vertebrae with the internal calcareous lamellae not radiating, but arranged in one or more concentric circles or series around the central ring; no anal tin; palato-quad rate arch not articulated to the skull. c. Gill-openings lateral; dorsal fins 2 . Tectospondyli, C, p. 44. cc. Gilkopenings ventral; dorsal fins small and posterior, or wanting; body and pectorai fins forming a depressed disk. Batoidei, D, p. 4G. Order B. ASTE ROSPON D Y LI . The essential character of this order is the structure of the vertebrae. The calcareous lamella- within each vertebra radiate from the central ring. The group contains the great body of living sharks, including all of those with 5 gill-openings, 2 dorsals, and an anal tin. Suborder GALEI. — THE TRUE SHARKS. Asterospondylous sharks with the palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; gill- openings always 5 and always lateral; dorsal fins 2, well developed, each without spines. This suborder contains most of the living sharks. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 35 In the following key we give only those families known to be represented in Hawaiian waters: a. First dorsal fin over or behind the ventrals; spiracles present; no nictitating membrane . II. ScyUiorhinidx , p. 35. an. First dorsal fin inserted more or less in advance of the ventrals. b. Caudal fin not lunate, its upper lobe two or more times the length of the lower, with a notch below toward its tip; sides of tail not keeled. c. Tail moderately developed, forming less than one-third the total length; eyes with nictitating membrane. d. Dorsal fins without spines. e. Head normally formed . III. Carchariidx, p. 35. ee. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its sides . IV. Sphymidae, p. 41. cc. Tail exceedingly long, forming about one-half the total length; eyes without nictitating membrane. V. Alopiidx, p. 42. bb. Caudal fin lunate; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side; last gill-opening entirely in front of pectorals; teeth large and sharp; size large . VI. Iximnidx, p. 43. Family II. SCYLLIORHINID£. The Cat Sharks. Dorsal fins 2, botli rather small, without spines, the first more or less behind ventrals; anal fin present, usually before the second dorsal; caudal fin rather long, usually with a basal lobe; tail not keeled, and not bent upward. Spiracles present; no nictitating membrane; gill-openings small, the last one above the root of the pectorals. Mouth usually broad, with small teeth, several series being in junction; teeth each with a median cusp and 1 to 4 small cusps on each side; nostrils near mouth, sometimes confluent with it, sometimes provided with cirri. Mucous pores about head numerous, especially on lower side of snout. Egg eases large, quadrate, with prehensile tubes at angles. Genus 2. CATULUS Smith. As here understood, this genus is very close to the European genus Scylliorhinus, from which it is distinguished by the separate nasal valves. Gill has further divided the group into Catuhis, having the nasal valves provided with lobes or grooves, Holselurus having the nasal valves simple, and Cepha- loscyllium, which has a very broad head and the stomach inflatable. The latter group, with possibly Halidurus, is perhaps generically distinct. Catuhis differs from Pristiurus in having the scales on the upper edge of the tail not much, if at all, enlarged and usually not differentiated from the others. The prickles on the body are usually much coarser in Catuhis than in Scylliorkinus or Pristiurus. Species numerous, usually in rather deep water. The single species known from Hawaiian waters is described in Section II of this volume. Catulus Andrew Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1837, 85 ( Canicula ). Porodemui Smith, 1. c. ( africanus ). Holselurus Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1861. 407 ( burgeri ). Family III. CARCHARIID^. — The Typical Sharks; Manos. Sharks with 2 dorsal fins, the first short and high, entirely before the ventrals, the second comparatively small, opposite the anal; no spines; gill-openings moderate, the last above the base of the pectoral; tail more or less bent upward from base of caudal fin; sides of tail not keeled; eyes with nictitating membranes; head not hammer-shaped, the snout being longitudinally produced, as- usual among sharks; spiracles small or obsolete. Ovoviviparous. A large family found in all seas. The species are often closely related and difficult of determination. a. Carclmriinae: Spiracles present; teeth more or less depressed, with entire or serrate sharp edges. b. Root of tail without pit; caudal fin with a single notch . . . Galens, p. 35 bb. Root of tail with conspicuous pit above; caudal fin with a double notch . Galeocerdo, p. 36 aa. Spiracles obsolete; lower teeth narrower than the upper. c. First dorsal fin inserted posteriorly, nearer ventrals than pectorals . Prionace, p. 37 cc. First dorsal inserted anteriorly, nearer pectorals than ventrals. d. Teeth all serrate more or less, entire in the very young . Carcharias, p. 38 Genus 3. GALEUS Rafinesque. First dorsal opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals; mouth crescent-shaped with teeth alike in both jaws, oblique, notched and serrated; spiracles present, small; nictitating membrane present; no pit at base of caudal; caudal fin with a single notch. Tropical seas. 36 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Galeus Rafinesque, Caratteri Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 13, 1810; in part ( galeus , etc., although that species is not explicitly mentioned, the first species mentioned being a species of Pristiurus, P. melasloums). Galeovhinus Blainville, Bull. Sci. 1'iiilom. 1816, 121 ({/aleus). Galeus Cuvier, RCgne Animal. Ed. I, 127, 1817 (galeus). JSugaleus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 148 ((/aleus). 2. Galeus japonicus Muller & Henle. Fig. 2. Spiracles small; a short, labial fold on each jaw; second dorsal fin not much smaller than the first, and slightly in advance of the anal; length of caudal fin rather less than distance between the 2 dorsals (M filler & Henle). This species was not obtained by us, the only Hawaiian reference being that of Dr. Steindachner, based upon a single specimen more than 5 feet long, from Laysan. It is more likely to he the Japanese species, Galeus japonicus, than the Californian, Galeus zgoplervs. Neither of these differs much from the European Galeus galeus. Galeus japonicus Muller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 68, pi. 22, 1841, Japan; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 380, 1870 (copied); Bleeker, Nat. Verb. Kon. Ak. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879, 3 (name only); Jordan A Fowler, Proc. 1'. S. Nat, Mils., XXVI, 1903, 611 (Onomichi, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, Japan). Galeus vulgaris, Steindachner, Denks, Ak. Wiss. Wien 1900, 519 (Laysan); not of Cuvier. Genus 4. GALEOCERDO Muller & Henle. Month crescent-shaped; teeth alike in both jaws, large, oblique, coarsely serrated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin; spiracles present; caudal fin with a double notch; a pit on the tail above and below at base of caudal fin; first dorsal opposite the space between pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks found in most warm seas. Only one species known from Hawaiian or American waters. Galeocerdo M filler & Henle, Plagiostomen, 59, 1S38 ( tigriuus ). Borcogaleus Gill, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. X. Y., VII, 1861. 411 (arcttcus). 3. Galeocerdo tigrinus Muller & Henle. Tiger Shark. Head 7.25 in length; depth about 10; snout 3.33 in head; interorbital space 1.33; width of mouth at corners about 1.6; eye 5.66 in the interorbital space; space between nostrils 2. Body elongate, tapering to caudal; head very much broader than deep, depressed; eyes small, lateral, nearer snout than gill-opening; snout broad, short, rounded; mouth very broad, rounded; teeth numerous, rather large, compressed, with several basal cusps, and with edges more or less ser¬ rated ; a labial fold at corners of mouth ; nostrils large, inferior, about midway between tip of snout and eye; interorbital space very broad, flat; spiracles very small, behind eye; gill-openings large, poste¬ riorly above base of pectoral. Body very finely roughened. First dorsal beginning about first fourth of interspace between origin of pectoral and that of ventral; second dorsal small, a little nearer origin of first dorsal than tip of caudal; anal small, beginning behind origin of second dorsal; pectoral rather long; ventrals very much nearer anal than pectorals; caudal very long, lower lobe produced; caudal pfeduncle rather short. Color brown above, whitish or pale below, upper surface with blackish markings, mostly in the form of dark crossbars. This shark is known from the East Indies northward to Japan, whence Gunther recorded a small example. Jordan and Snyder also record it from Japan, having examined the dried skin of a young FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 37 male from Nagasaki. A good specimen was sent to us from Honolulu by Mr. K. L. Berndt. The species differs from G. maculatus of the Atlantic in having dark cross-bands instead of da.k brown spots on the upper surface. Galeoccrdo tigrinm Muller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 59, 1838, Pondicherry; Gunther, Cat., VII t, 378, 1870 (Japan); Dumeril, Elasmobranches, I, 393, 1870 (Pondicherry); Jordan A Fowler, Proc. lT. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1903, 012 (Nagasaki); Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., XXVII, 1904. 940 (Oahu). Galeoccrdo rayncri Macdonald A Barron, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1N68, 368, pi. 32, Australia. Genus 5. PRIONACE Cantor. Blue Sharks. Large sharks with the body and head slender; no spiracles; the teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult, those in the upper jaw broad, those below narrower, straight, and claviform; first dorsal large, inserted midway between axils of pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal much smaller, usually not larger than anal; embryo not attached to the uterus by a placenta. Species rather few; large, slender, swift, voracious sharks of the warm seas. The groups called Prionace, Ilypoprion, Aprionodon, and Scvliodon are usually placed as subgenera under Carcharhinus or Carcharim, as the group has been commonly called. Their retention as distinct genera is apparently justified on the ground of convenience. Prionodon Miiller A Henle, Plagiostomen, 35, 1841 {glaucus, etc.); name preoccupied. Prionace Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 399, 1850; substitute for Prionodon. Cynocephalus (Klein) Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1861, 400 ( glaucus ). 4. Prionace glauca (Linnteus). Fig. 3. Snout very long; nostrils rather nearer to mouth than to extremity of snout; no labial fold except a groove at angle of mouth; teeth of upper jaw oblique, scarcely constricted near base; lower teeth slender, triangular in young examples, lanceolate, with a broad base, in old ones; pectoral fin long, falciform, extending to dorsal, which is nearer ventrals than root of pectorals. Color light bluish gray above, paler below. A large shark of the warm seas, occasionally taken in Europe and on the coasts of Japan and Cali¬ fornia. A mounted specimen from off Misaki is in the Imperial Museum of Tokyo, and in the Imperial University is a photograph of a large specimen secured at the same place. A female, taken with a hand line at Albatross Station 3801, 28° 31/ N., 141° 47' W., contained 47 embryos, each meas¬ uring 15.3 inches in length. The following measurements of the adult were taken: Tip of snout to end of caudal lobe 274 cm., to dorsal fin HO; to eye 23; to first gill-opening 55; to pectoral 65; length of gill-area 18; height of first gill-slit 5; of second and third 7.5; of fourth 7; of fifth 5; length of pec¬ toral 62; base of pectoral 23; free edge of pectoral 56; axil to ventral 77; anterior margin of ventral 17.5; free margin of ventral 20.5; base of ventral 16.5; axil of ventral to front of anal 24; base of anal 13.5; anterior margin of anal 17; anal to caudal pit 22; base of dorsal 23; anterior margin of dorsal 30.5; free edge of dorsal 28; posterior edge of first dorsal to second dorsal 63.5; base of second dorsal 13; front margin of second dorsal 13.5; posterior end of second dorsal to caudal pit 21.5; upper lobe of caudal 58.5; spread of caudal 67; lower caudal lobe 37; girth at front of ventral 76; girth at front of pectorals 91. Whether this species is really identical with tire European P. glauca is uncertain. Squatus glaucus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 235, 1758, seas of Europe. Carcharias glaucus, Gunther, Cat., VIII, ,364, 1870 (England; St. Helena; Pondicherry; and Port Arthur, Australia). Prionace glauca, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 33, 1S96 (San Francisco; Monterey); Jordan & Fowler, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1903, 613 (Misaki); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901 1, 515 (Albatross Station 3801). 38 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genas 6. CARCHARIAS Rafinesque. Body rather robust, the head broad and depressed; mouth inferior, with the teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult, less so or entire in the young, those in the upper jaw broad or narrow, those below narrow, straight, and nearly erect; no spiracles; first dorsal large, placed not far. behind pectoral; pectoral falcate; second dorsal small. Embryos attached by placenta to the uterus. Species very numerous and difficult of separation. Voracious sharks of the warm seas. Carcharias Rafinesque, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 10. 1810 (in intention). Carcharhinus Blainville, Journ. Phys. 1816, 264 ( commcrsoni ) ; a name based on LacOpede’s figure of "Squalus carcharias; ” it apparently represents Carcharhinus lamia. Carcharias Cuvier, Rtigne Animal, Ed. 1, 125, 1817 ( carcharias ). Eidamia Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1861, 401 [lamia). Platypodon Gill, }. c., 401 ( menisorrah ). Tsogomphodvn Gill, 1. c., 401 ( oxyrhynchus ). Lamiopsis Gill, 1. c., 401 ( temmincki ). a. Tips of fins abruptly jet black. b. Head very broad and depressed; snout very broad, rounded, and appearing pointed when viewed laterally. mdanaplerus, p. 38. bb. Head elongate, somewhat narrow and depressed; snout long and narrowly pointed when viewed from above. phorcys , p. 39. aa. Tips of fins merely dusky. c. Snout less than one-third distance to first gill-opening . insular urn, p. 40. cc. Snout exceeding one-third distance to first gill-opening . nesiotcs, p. 40. 5. Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard. Plate 1. Head about 5.85 in length; depth about 7.67; width of head 1.25 in its length; depth of head nearly 2; snout about 3 in head; interorbital space 1.5; space between tip of snout and front of mouth 2.6; width of mouth 2; eye 5 in interorbital space; internasal space 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; caudal 3.5 in body; pectoral 5.5. Body elongate, rather robust, the trunk and tail compressed; head very broad and depressed; snout very broad, rounded, appearing pointed when viewed laterally; eyes small, their posterior margins about midway between tip of snout and first gill-opening; nictitating membrane well devel¬ oped; mouth large, very convex, so that the anterior margin of the mandible is below front rim of orbit; teeth in upper jaw broad, compressed, sharply pointed, the edges serrate anil with 4 or 5 basal cusps behind; teeth in mandible rather long, pointed, the compressed edges smooth, without any serratures; nostril with a small flap, inferior, about midway in length of snout; interorbital space very broad, more or less convex, especially in the center, behind which the top of the head rises more or less gradually to back of neck; gill-openings of moderate length, close together, the posterior above base of pectoral; peritoneum silvery. Body very finely roughened when stroked forward; first dorsal with its length about equal to depth of body, its origin midway between that of the second dorsal and tip of snout; origin of second dorsal nearer origin of first dorsal than tip of caudal; anal similar to second dorsal, and below it, the origins of the 2 fins at the same point; caudal rather long, with a notch near its tip; length of lower lobe 2.2 in entire length of fin; pectoral large, margin of fin nearly straight or only very slightly concave; ventrals small, their origin a little nearer origin of first dorsal than that of second, or nearly midway between; back in front of first dorsal slightly keeled, and between first and second dorsals with a shallow groove; base of caudal, above and below, with pit. Another example, a female, gave the following measurements, recorded in centimeters: Total length 156; tip of snout to dorsal 52; to eye 12.8; to first gill-opening 30.5; to pectoral 36.2; length of gill-area 7.7; height of first, second, third, and fourth gill-slits 6.3; fifth 5.6; anterior margin of pectoral 28; base of pectoral 10.8; posterior margin of pectoral 27.3; axil of pectoral to ventral 36.8; anterior margin of ventral 12; free margin of ventral 10; base of ventral 10; axil of ventral to front of anal 13.3; base of anal 8.3; anterior margin of anal 10; base of anal to caudal pit 9; base of dorsal 11; anterior margin of dorsal 19.5; free edge of dorsal 15.3; distance between dorsals 38; base of second dorsal 7.6; second dorsal to caudal pit 10; upper lobe of caudal 38; spread of caudal 35.5; lower lobe of caudal 19; width of mouth 17; preoral length of snout 9.5; girth behind pectorals 63.5; girth at front of ventrals 53. Bull. U. S.FC. 1903. Plate I Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard . Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. CM u < Q_ Carcharias phorcvs Jordan & Evermann. Type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 39 Color in life (field No. 03535), upper parts of body and head light brown, lower parts white; fins tipped with black; upper and lower borders of caudal also black. Another example, 4.5 feet long and similarly marked, was seen in the market of Honolulu. Color in alcohol, pale brown above, the lower portions white; a brown longitudinal band along side from below front of first dorsal backward over base of ventral; upper surface of pectorals and ventrals brown like the back; upper extremity of dorsal, broadly and abruptly blotched with black; margins of caudal narrowly black, the greater part or outer half of the lower lobe black; outer portion of anal black; lower tip of pectoral blackish, the upper edge or marginal portion also blackish or dusky, and the lower tip of ventrals broadly blackish. Description from a male 31 inches long taken at Honolulu. This shark is a common form throughout Polynesia. We have a number of examples from Honolulu, three of which were collected in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins. The species was also found at Samoa by Jordan and Kellogg. It. may be known at once by the inky black tips to its fins. Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de 1’tJranie, Zool., 194, pi. 43, figs. 1 and 2, 1824, Vaigiou Island; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 369, 1870 (South Africa; Amboyna); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 94, 1877 (Christmas and Washington islands); Snyder, Bull. IT. S. Fish Commission, XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 513 (Honolulu). Carcharias ( Prionodon ) melanopterus, Muller & Henle, Plagiost., 43, pi. 19, fig. 5, 1841 (teeth); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 519 (South Seas). Carcharias ( Prionace ) melanopterus , Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 400, 1850 (Straits of Malacca); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1901. 325 (Thornton Island). f Carcharias (Prionodon) hcnlei Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., IV, 507, 1853. Batavia. f Carcharias ( Prionodon ) brachyrhynchos Bleeker, Enum. Sp. Arch. Ind., 206, 1859. East Indies. 6. Carcharias phorcys Jordan & Evermann. Plate 2. Head 4.8 in length; depth 6.5; width of head 1.75 in its length; depth of head 1.8; snout about 2.2 in head; interorbital space 2.2; space between tip of snout and front of mouth 2.5; width of mouth 2.5; eye 6 in interobital space; internasal space 1.8; least depth of caudal peduncle a little over 4.8; caudal 3.5 in body; pectoral 5.75. Body elongate, rather robust, the tail compressed; head elongate, somewhat narrow and depressed, snout long and narrowly pointed when viewed above, the tip rounded; eyes small, their posterior margins about midway between tip of snout and first gill-opening; nictitating membrane well devel¬ oped; mouth large, very convex, the. anterior margin of mandible below front rim of orbit; teeth in upper jaw narrow, with broad basis, not notched, compressed, serrate, and with four or five basal cusps behind; teeth in mandible father long, pointed, not serrate, the edges smooth; nostril without flap, inferior, and nearer eye than tip of snout; interorbital space broad and convex; upper profile of head rising gradually in a nearly straight line to back of head; gill-opening of moderate length, poste¬ rior, over base of pectoral; peritoneum white or pale; body very finely roughened when stroked for- . ward; height of first dorsal less than depth of body, its origin a little nearer tip of snout than origin of second dorsal; origin of second dorsal nearer origin of first dorsal than tip of caudal; fin small, about over anal, so that origins of the 2 fins are opposite; caudal long, with a notch at its tip, deep, the lower lobe 2.25 in length of fin; pectoral with margin slightly concave; ventrals small, their origins a little nearer base of lower caudal lobe than origin of the pectoral; back convexly ridged, broader between the dorsals; base^of caudal with a pit above and below. Color in alcohol, pale brown, the lower parts pale or whitish with a brown streak the color of the back along side from gill-opening to over origin of ventral; tips of dorsals, edge of caudal, and tip of pectoral blackish. This description from an example 27.5 inches long, field No. 03747, taken at Honolulu. Type, No. 50612, U. S. Nat. Mus. We have 4 other examples also from Honolulu, one a foetus, besides 2 from the same locality collected by Dr. Jenkins in 1889. Specimens were also secured by the Albatross in 1902 at Honolulu and at Hanalei Bay, Kauai. Carcharias phorcys Jordan , pi. 142, 1804, Madagascar. Raja quinqueaculeata Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de 1’lJranie, Zook, 200, pi. 43, fig. 3, 1824, Guam. Myliobatis ceitnikce Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fisch., 70, pi. 19, fig. 3, 183, 1835 (teeth), Red Sea. Aetobatis iudiea Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 321, 1839; after Russell, no locality. Myliobat is narinari, Cuvier, Kegnc Animal, Ed. I, 137,1817 (both hemispheres). Aetobatis narinari, Muller A Henle, Plagiostomen, 179, 1841; Jordan A Evermaun, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 1,88,1896; Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 519 (Laysan); Evermann A Marsh, Fishes Porto Rico, 07, tigs. 4 and 5, 1900; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 421 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. oit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 515 (Honolulu). Aetobatis flagellum, Muller & Henle, op. oit., 180. Mgliobatis macroptera McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1840, GO, pi. 2, fig. 1, Bay of Bengal. Stoasodon narinari. Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 434, 1850 (Sea of riming; Malayan Peninsula; Singapore). Goniobatis flagellum , Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 1858 (Oct. 25), 385. Goniobatis meleagris Agassiz, op. fit., 385, Hawaiian Islands. Aetobatis latieeps Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, 1861, 137. San Francisco, California. Aetobatis meleagris, Gill, op. oit., 138 (Sandwich Islands). (Coll. Wilkes Ex pi. Exped.) Aetobatis latirustr is Dumeril, Arch. Mus. Paris, X, 1861, 242, pi. 20, East Coast Africa. Family X. M0BUUILE. Rays of enormous size, with the disk broader than long and the pectoral fins not continued on the sides of the head, the anterior or cephalic portion being separate, developed as 2 long horn-like or ear-like appendages; month wide, terminal or inferior; teeth very small, flat or tubercular, in many series, those of the upper jaw sometimes wanting; eyes lateral; nostrils widely separated, their valves united, forming a flap as wide as the cleft of the mouth; tail long and slender, whip-like, with a single dorsal fin at its base and with or without a serrated spine; ventral fins not emarginate; skin more or less rough; males without differentiated spines on the pectorals, the sexes similar. Ovoviviparous. Genera 2, species about 7. Largest of all rays and among the largest of all fishes; found in the tropical seas. Genus 16. MOBULA'' Rafinesque. Head free from pectoral fin, truncated in front, with the cephalic fin on each side developed as a straight horn-like appendage pointing forward; nostrils widely separated; mouth inferior, wide; teeth in both jaws very small, flat or tubercular, in many series; tail very slender, with a dorsal fin between the ventrals; the serrated spine present or absent. Species about 5; in the tropical seas, reaching an enormous size and therefore not well known. The family name Mint idle must give way to Mobididiv, inasmuch as the same name is used for the group of insects typified by the genus Mantis. Cephaloptcrus Dumeril in Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, 14, 1810 (giorna edentula)', not of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, a genus of birds. Mobutu Rafinesque, Indice d’lttiol. Sicil., 61, 1810 ( auriculata=edcntula ). Apterurus Rafinesque, op. cit., 62 (fabroni— edentula). Dicei'obat us Blainville, Journ. de Phys. 181G, 262 (mobular= edentula) . Ceph.alopte.ra Dumeril in Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, 2, 138, 1817 (giorna). Pteroccphala Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., II, 321, 1S39 (giorna). 18. Mobula japonica (Muller & Henle). “ Hihim&nu.” On August 16, 1901 . some fragments of 2 large sea-devils were found in the' I Ionolulu market. The individuals had been cut up and many of the pieces sold. The left cephalic fin of one was secured (No. 03556). Its length from tip to eye is 1 foot, and the eye is 1.25 inches in diameter; distance from a The name Aodon , accepted for this genus by Jordan A: Evermann, was originally based on a shark of the Red Sea. Aodon massua, said to have microscopic serrated teeth and very large pectoral fins. It may belong to the Scylliorhinidas, FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 51 eye to nasal opening 7 inches. From other pieces seen it appears that the color on the dorsal surface was a light, gray; ventral surface whitish; skin very rough; mouth evidently inferior. These fragments are not sufficient for definite identification. They resemble ifobula japonica (Mul¬ ler & Henle), a species known from Japan, a fcetus of which was obtained by Dr. Jordan at Misaki. M. tenkee (Russell) has been recorded from the East Indies, Coromandel coast, etc. ; and M. kuhlii (Muller & Henle"} from the Indian Ocean. Our species is probably identical with M. japonica , but of this we can not be sure. It is called “ Hfhimanu” by the local fishermen, a name which they apply also to Stoasodon narinari. Oei>halopkra japonica Muller Henle, Plagiostomen, 185, 1811, Japan; Selilegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 310, 1850 (Japan). DicerolkUi8 japonica, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 496, 1870 (after M tiller A llenle); Bleeker, Nat. Verb. Ron. Ak. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879 (name only). Subclass |jOL( 1CEPHALI. — 'Tlatj Chimaeras. Skeleton cartilaginous. Gill-cavity with 4 clefts within, but having only one. external opening, which is covered by a fold of skin. No spiracles; mouth inferior; jaws with teeth, confluent into bony plates; upper jaw, palate, and hyomandibuiar eoalescent with the skull; intestine with a spiral valve; pectoral fins normally developed, placed low; ventral fins abdominal, with Gaspers in the male; derivative radii sessile on the sides of the basal bones of the limbs; skin scaleless, its muciferous system well developed. This group contains a single order, Chim;croidei. Order E. CHIM^EROIDEI. — The Chimaeroids. Characters of the order included above. The group contains one existing family, Chimseridae. Family XI. CHIMTKIDT. -The Chimaeras. Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Head compressed; mouth small, inferior, the upper lip deeply notched; nostrils confluent with the mouth, Separated by a narrow isthmus; jaws with the teeth confluent into 4 bony laminse above and 2 below; no spiracles; pec¬ toral fins free, placed low; ventral fins abdominal, many-rayed, provided in the male with claspers; dorsal fin usually divided, anteriorly with a very strong spine which is grooved behind; caudal fin low, fold-like; skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly; lateral line present, usually with numerous branches anteriorly; 3 free gills and 2 half gills, 1 on each side; isthmus moderate; gillrakers small. Oviparous, the egg cases long, elliptical, with silky filaments. Genera 4; species about 7. Fishes of singular appearance, found chiefly in the seas of the cold regions. Numerous extinct genera are also referred to this family. Genus 17. CHIM7ERA Linnaeus. Elephant Fishes. Head somewhat compressed, the snout bluntish, protruding, fleshy, not armed at tip with an appendage; eyes very large, lateral; teeth rather strong; lips thickish, the lower with a frenum; lateral line simple on the body, but forking anteriorly, forming several series of mucous tubes on the head; male with a club-shaped cartilaginous hook on the head above the snout; this hook is curved forward and downward, and is armed at its tip with decurved spines; its tip fitting into a depression in front of the eyes; females without this appendage; gill-opening small; pectorals moderate; ventrals rather large, with large bifid claspers in the male; male also with rough appendages at the base of ventrals, protruding from a sheath of skin; first dorsal triangular, preceded by a strong spine, which is grooved behind and serrated on its edges; second dorsal and caudal fins low, often more or less notched; tail extending in the line of the axis of the body, more or less produced in a filament at, tip. Skin smooth. Fishes of singular appearance; mostly of the northern seas; not valued for food. The single Hawaiian species is fully described in Section II of this work. Chimxra Linnteus, Syst. Nat.. Eel. X, 230, 1758 (movalrnm). 52 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Subclass TELE OST O M I . — The True Fishes. Skeleton usually bony, sometimes cartilaginous; skull with sutures; membrane bones (opercle, preoperele, etc.) present; gill-openings a single slit on each side; gills with their outer edges free, their bases attached to bony arches, normally 4 pairs of these, the fifth pair being typically modified into tooth¬ bearing lower pharyngeals; median and paired fins developed, the latter with distinct rays; ova small; no c.laspers; heart developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb; lungs imperfectly developed or degraded to form a swim-bladder, or entirely absent. Omitting orders not yet known to be represented in Hawaiian waters we have the following analysis of — ORDERS OF TRUE FISHES. a. Body eel-shaped, provided with very many (100 to 125) vertebra-; scales minute or wanting; no ventral fins; gill- openings restricted; gill-arches 4 pairs, the hindmost being modified as pharyngeal bones; palato- pterygoid arch present; premaxillaries atrophied; maxillaries lateral, more or less confluent with the palatines; shoulder-girdle not attached to skull . . . Apodcs, p. 73 aa. Body not truly eel-shaped; the vertebrae usually in moderate or rather large number (14 to 150); ventral fins usually present; gill-openings typically ample; premaxillary always present, and maxillary usually so; shoulder- girdle near the cranium, usually but not always attached to it; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid well developed, not coalescent. I). Gill-arches with the bones reduced in number; air-bladder without duct; ventrals abdominal or subabdominal, if present ; no mesocoracoid. c. Gills pectinate; gill-openings large; dorsal and ventral usually with spines . Hemibranchii, p. 114 cc. Gills tufted; gill-openings very small; opercle a simple plate; skin with bony plates . Lophobranchii, p. 117 bb. Gill-arches normal. d. Ventrals abdominal; pectoral fins inserted low; fins without spines. c. Air-bladder, if present, with pneumatic duct; lower pharyngeals separate; anterior vertebra not modified; mesocoracoid typically present . Isospondyli, p. 52 ee. Air-bladder without pneumatic duct; lower pharyngeals fully united . Synentoynathi, p. 121 dd. Ventral fins usually anterior in position; spines usually present in the fins; pectoral fins not on the plane of the abdomen; parietal bones usually separated by the supraoccipital. (Spiny-rayed fishes chiefly.) /. Pectoral fins not pediculate, the gill-openings in front of them . Acanthopteri, p. 137 ff. Pectoral fins pediculate, the basal bones reduced in number and elongate; gills in the axils of the pectorals. Pcdiculati , p. 510 Order F. ISOSPONDYLI. — The Isospondylous Fishes. Soft-rayed fishes with the anterior vertebras simple, unmodified, and without auditory ossicles; symplectic present; no interclavicles; opercular bones distinct; pharyngeal hones simple above and below, the lower not falciform; mesocoracoid arch always well developed, as in the Qstariophysi and the Ganoidei, forming a bridge from the hypercoracoid to the hypocoracoid; bones of jaws developed, the maxillary broad, always distinct from premaxillary and forming part of margin of upper jaw; no barbels; shoulder-girdle well developed and connected with the cranium by a bony post-temporal; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; air-bladder, if present, with a pneumatic duct; dorsal and anal fins without true spines; ventral fins abdominal, sometimes wanting; scales usually cycloid, sometimes ctenoid, occasionally wanting; no developed photophores; adipose fin present or absent; a large group comprising most of the marine soft-rayed fishes, excepting those found in the deep sea, these com¬ posing the degenerate group called Iniomi. Some of the forms, as Elopidse, Albulidse, etc., show analogies with the ganoid allies of the Cycloganoidei. This indicates the descent, of the Isospondyli from a ganoid stock, Amioidei, and from this order or its ancestors doubtless all the bony fishes have sprung. FAMILIES OF ISOSPONDYLI. I. Isospondyli: Mesocoracoid arch developed, the connection of the shoulder-girdle with the cranium perfect. a. Dorsal fin inserted more or less before anal (rarely slightly behind it); shore fishes or river fishes, usually silvery in coloration and with the skeleton firm; gular plate present, between branches of lower jaw; mouth large; teeth present, all pointed; axillary scales and sheaths large . Elopidse, p. 53 aa. Gular plate none. b. Lateral line well developed. c. Teeth present; no accessory branchial organ; mouth small, horizontal . Albulid:r, p. 54 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 53 cr. Teeth none; an accessory branchial organ behind the gill-cavity . Chan-id# , p. 56 bb. Lateral line wanting; no gular plate. d. Mouth moderate, terminal, the maxillary of about 3 pieces; stomach not gizzard-like . Clupcidx, p. 58 dd. Mouth subinferior, very large, below a tapering pig-like snout; maxillary very long . Engraulidx, p. 59 II. Jniomi : Mesocoracoid, usually abortive or obsolete, the connection of the shoulder-girdle with the cranium imperfect. a. Post-temporal connected with back of cranium near sides; no photophores or barbel; adipose fin present; body not very elongate; anal distinct; scales-present. b. Maxillary very narrow, rudimentary or obsolete; hypocoracoids not divergent; pseudobranchiae present. Synodontidx, p. 61 bb. Maxillary well developed, dilated behind; pseudobranchiae present; pectorals normal . Aulopidx, p. 66 aa. Post-temporal impinging upon occiput. c. Vertebrae and neural spines normal, not projecting from the flesh in front of the dorsal fin; photophores present; barbel wanting. d. Premaxillaries forming entire margin of upper jaw; body scaly; opercles complete . Myctophidx, p. 67 dd. Premaxillaries not forming the whole margin of upper jaw, the maxillary entering into it; body naked; oper¬ cular apparatus incomplete . Mauroliddx , p. 70 cc. Vertebrae or neural spines projecting through skin of back in front of dorsal fin; body short, deep, compressed; photophores present; mouth obliquely cleft or subvertical . Stemoptychidx, p. 72 Family XII. ELOPID/E. — The Tarpons. Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with silvery cycloid scales; head naked; mouth broad, terminal, the lower jaw prominent; premaxillaries not protractile, short, the maxillaries form¬ ing the lateral margins of the upper jaw; maxillary composed of about 3 pieces, extending back¬ ward beyond the eye; an elongate bony plate between the branches of the lower jaw (analogous to the gular plate in Amid); bands of villiform teeth in each jaw and on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, tongue, and base of skull; no large teeth; eye large, with an adipose eyelid; opercular bones thin, with expanded membranaceous borders; a scaly occipital collar; gill-membranes entirely separate, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals numerous (29 to 35); gillrakers long and slender, pseudo- branchire present or absent; bell)' not keeled nor serrated, rather broad and covered with ordinary scales; lateral line present; dorsal fin inserted over or slightly behind ventrals; caudal fin forked; no adipose fin; dorsal and anal depressible into a sheath of scales; pectorals and ventrals each with a long accessory scale; parietal bones meeting along top of head; pyloric CEeea numerous. Genera 3, species about 5, forming 2 well-marked subfamilies, both widely distributed in the tropical seas. The species are not much valued as food, the flesh being dry and bony. Genus 18. ELOPS Linnaeus. The Tenpounders. Body elongate, covered with thin, small, silvery scales; dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals, its last rays short, the fin depressible into a sheath of scales; anal fin smaller, similarly depressible; pectorals and ventrals moderate, each with a long accessory scale; opercular bones thin, with expanded, membranaceous borders; a scaly occipital collar; lateral line straight, its tubes simple; pseudobranch ire present, large; vertebrae 43 -(-29=72. Large fishes of the open seas, remarkable for the development of scaly sheaths. The young are ribbon-shaped and elongate, passing through a series of changes like those seen in Albula. Elops I.innicils, Sysl . Xat., Ed. XII, 518, 1 7 (ill (munis). Muiiilnmorus Lacdpfcde, Hist, Xat. Poiss., V. 398, 1803 (anna-carolina) . Trichonotus Rafiuesque, Analyse de Nature, 8S, 1815 ( amia-carolina ; substitute for Mugilomorus , considered objectionable.) 19. Elops saurus Linnaeus. Fig. 8. Head 3.75; depth about 5; D. 25 (counting rudiments, of which there are 7); A. 16; I’. 18; V. 15; vertebrae 47 + 19 = 66; scales 14-96-17, counting to middle of belly; eye nearly 5 in head, or 1 in snout or interorbital space; mouth a little over 1.75 in head; pectoral 1.75; ventral a little more than pec¬ toral, less than 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head. Body elongate, compressed; head compressed, elongate, pointed; snout short, pointed, more or less rounded above; eye rather large, with broad adipose eyelid covering a good portion; maxillary very long, expanded backward beyond the eye, and with several longitudinal ridges; teeth in broad patches or bands in the jaws, also along edge of maxillary, and on the vomer and palatines; tongue large 54 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. rather long, free in front; nostrils close together; interorbitul space flattened and with a couple of ridges; gill-openings large; gillrakers 8 + 15, long, the outer portion more or less slightly expanded or enlarged; pseudobranch i;e numerous and rather short; intestine straight, without any convolutions; peritoneum silvery; scales small, of even size; basis of dorsal and anal with broad scaly sheaths; pec¬ toral with scaly flap more than half length of head; ventral flap scaly, more than half length of fin; lateral line continuous, superior at first' and then running midway along side of caudal peduncle; origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, slightly behind base of ventrals, the anterior rays elevated; origin of anal a little behind tip of dorsal, the anterior rays longest; caudal deeply forked, the lobes pointed; pectoral rather short, reaching scarcely halfway to origin of ventrals; ventrals a little shorter than pectorals, reaching more than halfway to anal; caudal peduncle rather long, compressed. This is one of the greatest of game fishes, in the estimation of anglers who have had the good fortune to fish for it on the coast of Florida, and will doubtless prove one of the most interesting, of Hawaiian fishes to sportsmen who visit those islands. This description is from a specimen (No. 04982), 11 inches long, from Honolulu. We have examined many examples, some of them taken by Ur. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and others dredged in the same locality in November, 1896, by the Albatross. Jordan and Snyder obtained it in the same locality in 1900. Fig. S. — Elops murus Linnaeus; alter Jordan and Evermann. Elops saurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, 51S, 1766, Carolina; Gunther, Cat., VII, 170, 1868 ( Cuba; Jamaica; St. Croix; South America; Cape of Good Hope; Zanzibar; Djidda; Pinang: China) ; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Arner., I, IK), 1896; Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 513 (Hbttoltd'fc; Fowler, i’roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1900, 496 (Hawaiian Islands); Evermann A Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico, 81, fig. 11. 1900: Jordan A Lvcrmann, Am. Food and Game Fishes, 86, figure, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept.. 23, 1903), 132 (Honolulu), and of most authors. Argentina Carolina Linnasus, Syst. Nat. , Ed. XII, 519, 1766, Carolina (on the liar eng as minor bahamensis of Catesby). Argentina machnata Forskal, Deser. Anim., 68, 1775, Djidda, Arabia. .Hut/ilomorus anna- Carolina Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 398, 1803, South Carolina. Elops inn-mis Mitcbill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y.. 1, 1815, 445, New York. Elops indicus Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 292, 1839 (after Inagow of Russell, Fishes of Vizagapatam, 11,63, iig. 179, 1803, nonbinomial ), Vizagapatam. Elops rapensis Smith, Zool. S. Africa, pi. 7, 1845, Cape of Good Hope. Elops jmi-purasccus Richardson, Ichth. China, 311, 1846, China. Family XIII. ALBl’Ll D.4t. - The Bonefishes or Ladvflshes. Body rather elongate, little compressed, covered with rather small, brilliantly silvery scales; head naked; snout conic, subquadrangular, shaped like the snout of a pig, and overlapping the small, inferior, horizontal mouth; maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct supplemental bone, slipping under the membranous edge of the very broad preorbital; premaxillaries short, not protractile; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries; both jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of villiform teeth; broad patches of coarse, blunt, paved teeth on the tongue behind and on the sphenoid and pterygoid bones; eye large, median in head, with a bony ridge above it, and almost covered with an annular adipose eyelid; opercle moderate, firm; preoperele with a broad, flat, membranaceous edge, which extends backward over the base of opercle; pseadobranchi* present; gillrakers short, tubercle¬ like; gill-membranes entirely separate, free from the isthmus; hranchiostegals about 14; a fold of skin across gill-membranes anteriorly, its posterior free edge crenate; no gular plate; lateral line FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 55 present; belly not carinate, flattish, covered with ordinary scales; dorsal fin moderate, in front of ventrals, its membranes scaly; no adipose fin; anal very small; caudal widely forked; pyloric c’oeoa numerous; parietal bones meeting along top of head; vertebras numerous, 42 -f- 28=70. A single species known, found in all warm seas. In this, and probably in related families, the young pass through a metamorphosis analogous to that seen in the Conger Eels; they are fora time elongate, band-shaped, with very small head and loose, transparent tissues; from this condition they become gradually shorter and more compact, shrinking from 3 or 3.5 inches in length to 2 inches. According to Dr. Gilbert, this process, like that seen in various eels, is a normal one, through which all individuals pass. In the Gulf of Cali¬ fornia, where these fishes abound, these band-shaped young are often thrown by the waves on the beach in great masses. Genus 19. ALBULA ( Gronow I Bloch & Schneider. The Bonefishes. The characters of this genus are included above. Only one species known. Conorlii/ncns Nozeman, Act. Select., Ill, 382, 1757 (nonbinomial). Allmla Gronow, Zoophyl., 102, 1703 (nonbinomial). Albula Bloch it Schneider. Syst. Ichth., 132, 1801 (conorht/)icu8=viUpcs) . Butyrina? Lacepede, Hist. Nut. Poiss., V, 15, 1803 (bn na >>a —vidpi i ) . Qlomodus Cuvier in Agassiz, Spix Pise. Brasil., 18, 1820 (forshali vulpes). 20. Albula vulpes (Linnaeus). Bonejhsli; “ Oio.” Fig. 9. Head 3.75 in length; depth 5; D. 15; A. 8; scales 9-71-7; upper lobe of caudal the longer; a broad band of peculiar, elongate, membranaceous scales along middle line of back; accessory ventral scale large. Brilliantly silvery; olivaceous above; back and sides with faint streaks along the rows of scales; fins plain; axils dusky. Length 18 inches to 3 feet. Tropical seas, on sandy coasts, almost universally distributed and generally abundant. A beautiful and active fish, in most places little valued as food, but in some regions, as Key West, highly appreciated. Highly esteemed as a game fish. Fig. 9. — Albula vulpes (Linnams); after Jordan and Evermann. We have a number of specimens from Honolulu and Hilo, all of which have the streaks on the back and upper surface dark and well defined. We have also examined specimens taken at Honolulu by Dr. Wood, and others from the same locality by Jordan and Snyder. Esox vulpes Linnaeus, Syst. Nut., Ed. X, 313, 1758, Bahamas (based oil the bonefish, Vulpes bahamaisis of Cfttesby). Argentina glo880donla Forskiil, Descript. Animal., 68, 1775, Djidda, Arabia. .s y nod un ar yen tern Bloeh & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 398, 1801, Asia. Clupea brasilicusis Bloch A Schneider, op. cit., 427, Brazil. Albula conorhynchus Bloeh & Schneider, op. cit., 432, Antilles (after Gronow); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 76, 1877 (Honolulu); Gunther, Rep. Shore Fish., Challenger, Zool., I, part VI, 61, 1880 (Hilo). Albula pltnnieri Bloch & Schneider, op. cit., pi. 86, Antilles. Amin immaculata Bloeh & Schneider, op. cit., 451. South America; after Macabe of Parra. Ruty rinus banana Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V. 46, 1803, lie de France. Argentina sphynena Lacepede, op. cit., V. 366, 1803, Mediterranean. Clupea microccphala Lac^pOde, op. cit., 426, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier. 56 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Glossodus forskalu Agassiz, Spix Pise. Brasil., 49, tab. XXII, fig. 2, and tab. XXIV, iig. 2, 1.S29, Bahia. Engraulis bahicnsis Agassiz, op. cit., 49, pi. 21, fig. 2, Bahia. Bulirinus glossodonlus, Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fish., SO, pi. 20, fig. 3, 1835. Etops ( Butirinm ) glossodontus , Swainson, (’lass. Fish., II, 292, 1839; no description. Esox argcnteus, Forster in Lichtenstein, Descript. Animal., 19(3, 1814 (Tahiti). Albula macroccphala Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 324, 1846. San Domingo; Martinique. Albula parrx Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., 339. Bahia, Rio Janeiro, Martinique. Albula goreensis Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., 342, Goree. Albida bananus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 345 (lie de France). Albula neoguinaica Cuvier A Valenciennes, 1. c., 350, New Guinea. Albula seminuda Cuvier A Valenciennes, 1. c., 351, New Guinea. Albula erythrocheilos Cuvier A Valenciennes, 1. c., 352, Friendly Islands. Albula forsteri Cuvier A Valenciennes, 1. c., 354, Tahiti. Albula rostrata Gronow in Gray, Cat. Fish. Coll. Gronow. 189, 1854. American and Indian oceans and Mediterranean Sea. Conorhynchu8 glossodon, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., VI, S2, pi. 270, fig. 1, 1870-72 (Java, Madura, Balis, Sumatra, Pinang, Bangha, Biliton, Celebes, Obi-major, Amboyna, Saparua, Ceram, New Guinea). Albula glossodonta, Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. Bat. Ges. Wien, 1871, 602 ^Red Sea); Steindachner, Dents. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 513 (Honolulu). Albula vulpcs, Jordan A Gilbert, Synopsis, 258, 1883; Jordan A Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 411, 1896; Evcr- mann A Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico, 82, fig. 12, 1900; Jordan A Evermann, Am. Food and Game Fishes, 88, figure, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 432 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai). Family XIV. CHANID/E.- The Milk-fishes. Body oblong, compressed, covered with small, firm, adherent scales; lateral line distinct; abdomen broad and flatfish; snout depressed; mouth small, anterior, the lower jaw with a small symphyseal tubercle; no teeth; premaxillary joined to upper anterior edge of maxillary; eye with an adipose eyelid; gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals 4; pseudobranchise well developed; an accessory branchial organ in a cavity behind the gill-cavity; dorsal fin opposite the ventrals; anal fin shorter than the dorsal; mucous membrane of oesophagus raised into a spiral fold; intestine with many convolutions; vertebra; about 45. Coloration silvery. Large fishes of the warmer parts of the Pacific. One genus and 3 species known. Genus 20. CHANOS Lacepede. Characters of the genus included above. Chanos LactlpMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 395, 1803 ( arabicus ). Lutoileira (Kvihl) Riippell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afrika, 17, 1828 (rhnnns). Ptycholepis Gray, Dieftenbaeh's Travels in New Zealand, II, 218, about 1843 (salmoneus). 21. Chanos chanos (Forskal). Fig. 10. Milk fish; “Awa;” “A wa-awa; ’ ’ ‘ ‘Awa kalamoku; ” “ Puawa. ’ ’ Head 4.4 in length; depth 4; D. ii, 12; A. ir, 9; scales 12-86-14; vertebra; 19 + 26 = 45; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 4.3; pectoral 1.6; ventral 1.8; caudal .3 longer than head; dorsal 1.25 in head; B. 4. Aspect of a large cyprinoid. Body elliptical, moderately compressed; caudal peduncle slender, head pointed, rounded above; eye and side of head covered by a large, transparent, imperforate, adipose eyelid; mouth small, terminal, toothless, transverse, lower jaw included; maxillary broad, slipping under the adipose preorbital, without supplemental bone; opercle truncate behind; pseudo¬ branchiae very large; gillrakers fine and flexible, very close set, rather long; bones of gillrakers flexible; gill-arches all connected by membrane; lateral line well developed; scales firm, cycloid, with strongly marked longitudinal strife; scales rather large, hard, firm, enameled, becoming bony when dry, used by the Indians for ornamental work ; dorsal inserted somewhat nearer snout than base of caudal, before ventrals, its first ray falcate, its last produced in a short filament, longer than pupil; base of fin with a large scaly sheath; pectoral and ventral each with scaly axillary appendage; anal similar to dorsal, but ipuch smaller; pectorals and ventrals rather small; caudal very long, forked to the base, its lobes subequal, straight; base of fin with small scale; ventrals somewhat falcate. Color in life of example from Moanalua. silvery, bluish olive above; upper fins dirty whitish; lower fins soiled cream color; lower lobe of caudal with some yellowish. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 57 Color in alcohol, greenish above, the sides brilliantly silvery, fins more or less darkened; inside of ventrals and pectorals blackish. Length 2 to 5 feet. Pacific and Indian oceans, on sandy shores, north to the Hawaiian Islands, where it is abundant. Our specimens from Honolulu are all under a foot in length. We have recently received from Mr. Berndt a singular-looking specimen extraordinarily short and deep. It is apparently a dwarf or hunchback example of this species. It has a much shorter and deeper head and body than the species usually possesses and the scales are narrower, but in other respects it differs but slightly from the ordinary type. Head 3.4; depth 2.5; depth of caudal peduncle 7.5; length of caudal 1.8; pectoral 4; ventral 5; eye 3 in head; interorbital width 2.33; snout 3.5; 1). 12; A. 9; scales 76, 26, 21 in front of dorsal. The awa is one of the most important food fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. It occurs about the various islands, but is most abundant around Honolulu. It is, next to the mullet (Ama ama), the most common species frequenting the artificial ponds, into which it runs with the mullet and with Fig. 10.— Chanos chanos (Forsk&l). the tide and is restrained in the same way. It is held in esteem as a food fish, but we know nothing of its game qualities. Like the mullet, it is known by different names at different ages. The young are called “puawa;” those of medium size “awa awa;” those of ordinary commercial size “awa;” while very large individuals are “awa kalamoku.” Mugll chanos Forskal, Descript. Animal.. 74, 1775, Red Sea at Djidda, Arabia. Chanos arabicus Lacep^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 396, 1803, Arabia. Lutodcira chanos, Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise ini Nordl. Africa, is, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1828. Cyprinus pala Cuvier, R£gne Animal. Ed. 2, II, 22, 1829; after Russell. Cyprinus tolo Cuvier, op. cit., 222; after Russell. Leuciscus zcylonicus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1832, 184, Ceylon. Chanos mento Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 194, 1846, lie de France. Chanos chloroptcrus Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 195, Madepolam. Chanos muchalis Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., 196, Vizagapatam. Chanos oricntalis Kiihl in Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 197. Red Sea. Chanos cyprineUa Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 198, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Chanos sahnoneus Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., 201, 1846, between New Caledonia and Norfolk Island; Gunther, Rep. Shore Fish., Ghall., Zook, I. part VI, 61. 1880 (Honolulu). Leuciscus ( Ptycholepis ) sahnoneus, Gray, in Dieffenbach Trav. New Zeal., II, 218. Butirinus argentcus Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., XV, 1849, 343, Madras. Butirinus maderaspatensis Jerdon, op. cit., 344, Madras. Chanos indicus Bleeker, Enum. Pise. Arch. Ind., 160, 1859, East Indies. Chanos chanos, Klunzinger, Verb. Bat. Zool. Gen. Wien, 1871, 605; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Arncr., T, 414, 1896; Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900,514 (Honolulu); Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 432 (Honolulu); Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1904 (Oct.), 123 (Honolulu). 58 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family XV. CLUPEID/E. The Herrings. Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with cycloid or pectinated scales; belly sometimes rounded, sometimes compressed, in which case it is often armed with bony serratures; head naked, usually compressed; mouth rather large, terminal, the jaws about equal; maxillaries forming the lateral margins of upper jaw, each composed of about 3 pieces; premaxillaries not protractile; teeth mostly small, often feeble or wanting, variously arranged; adipose eyelid presenter absent; gill- rakers long and slender; gill-membranes not connected, free from the isthmus; no gular plate; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; branchiostegals usually few (6 to 15); posterior lower part of opercular region often with an angular emargination, the tips of the larger branchiostegals being abruptly truncate; pseudobranchne present; no lateral line; dorsal fin median or somewhat posterior, rarely wanting; no adipose fin; ventrals moderate or small (rarely wanting); anal usually rather long; caudal fin forked; vertebra; 40 to 56. Genera about 30; species 150; inhabiting all seas, and usually swimming in immense schools; many species ascend fresh waters, and some remain there permanently. The northern and fresh- water species, as in many other families, differ from the tropical forms in having a larger num¬ ber of vertebral segments. Genus 21. ETRDMEUS Bleeker. Body elongate, subcyliiwlrieal or somewhat compressed; abdomen rounded, not. compressed or serrated; snout pointed; adipose eyelid covering the eye wholly without pupillary slit; mouth terminal, of moderate width, formed as in Clupea, but the maxillary more slender; teeth moderate, in patches on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; gill-membranes separate, with numerous fine branchiostegals; pseudobranchise well developed ; pyloric appendages numerous; scales cycloid, entire, and very deciduous; pectoral and ventral fins shielded; no lateral line; dorsal fin rather long, of IS to 20 rays, placed entirely in advance of ventrals; anal fin low, of moderate length; caudal deeply forked; the scales of the breast more or less adherent, dilated and forming a membranous ventral Hap which covers the closed pectoral fins, leaving only the dorsal edges and the extreme tips of the fins visible; axillary scales very large, that of pectoral extending nearly to its tip, that of ventral reaching slightly farther than tip of tin; lateral scales extending continuously on center of caudal fin almost to margin of middle rays. Etrame.ua Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXV, 48, 1853 (micropus). Perkinsia Rosa Smith Eigenmann, Amer. Nat., February, 1891, 153 ( othono])8 ). 22. Etrumeus micropus (Schlegel). “ Mukiawa." Fig. II. I lead 4.5 in length; depth 5.5; I'. 20; A. 11; I’. 16; V. 9; scales about 52; eye 3 in head; snout 3.5; mandible 2; interorbital space 4.3; maxillary 3; width of head 2 in its length; F. 1.5 in head; V. 2.67; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.67 in head. Body elongate, subeylindrieal, somewhat compressed; head elongate, compressed, pointed; snout long, pointed, flattened above, the sides somewhat compressed; eye large, covered by the thick adipose eyelid; mouth small, terminal, the mandible very slightly projecting when the mouth is closed; teeth in fine villiform bands on vomer and palatines, those in jaws minute; maxillary slipping under the preorbital ridge and extending posteriorily a little beyond the anterior edge of eye; nostrils together on upper side of snout, much nearer its tip than anterior edge of eye; interorbital space and top of head flattened and with ridges forming an elongated W; preopercle with radiating branching mucous canals giving a striated appearance; opercles more or less smooth; gill-openings large, mem¬ branes free from isthmus; gillrakers long, slender, and fine; gill-filaments longer, fine, and the pseudo¬ branchiae also long; peritoneum pale or silvery; scales all more or less deciduous, mostly falling off in alcoholic specimens, rather large, cycloid, those between the pectorals and ventrals forming a thin broad flap; both pectorals and ventrals with long pointed scaly flaps but little shorter than the fins themselves; origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal by 1.3 eye diameters; anal fin very small, its origin about midway between origin of ventrals and base of caudal; caudal rather small, deeply emarginate; pectorals rather short, about 2.5 in space to ventrals; ventrals small, behind tip of depressed dorsal, and 2 in space to origin of anal; caudal peduncle compressed. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 59 Color in life (No. 03222), steel-olive above, side slightly yellowish, belly silvery; centers of scales above with a diamond-shaped darker olive blotch, there forming lines along the rows of scales; tip of snout dusky; lins pale, not yellowish; base of pectoral a little dusky; some dusky shading on caudal; ventrals pale. Color in alcohol, brown above, the lower surface of body silvery white; dorsal, caudal, and basal portion of pectoral dusky, portions of the latter, together with the other fins, pale or whitish; each scale on back with a dark brownish spot; tips of snout and mandible dusky brown. This description from an example from Honolulu, about 9.25 inches long. Our numerous speci¬ mens, all from Honolulu, range in length from 3.75 to 9.25 inches. Upon comparing them with Japanese examples, we are unable to detect any specific differences. We have also examined speci¬ mens dredged by the Albatross off Honolulu in November, 1896, others taken by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu, 1889, and still others by Doctor Wood. Clupe.a inicropus Schlegel, Fauna Japoniea, Poiss.. 236, pi. 107, fig-. 2, 1846, Japan. Etrumeus micropus, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXV, 1853, 48 (Japan); Gunther, Cat., VII, 467, 1868 (Japan); Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 432 (Honolulu); Snyder, 1. c. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu). Perkinsia othonops Rosa Smith Eigenmann, Amor. Nat., 1891, 153, San Diego, California. Family XVI. ENGRAULID/E. — The Anchovies. Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with thin cycloid scales; head compressed; mouth extremely large, more or less oblique, usually overlapped by a pointed, compressed, pig-like snout; gape very wide, the maxillary very long and slender, formed of about 3 pieces, extending backward far behind the eye, in some species behind t lie head; premaxillaries not protractile, very small, firmly joined to the maxillaries; teeth usually small, sometimes obsolete, usually fine and even, in a single row in each jaw; canines sometimes present; eye large, well forward, without adipose eyelid; pre- orbital narrow; opercles thin and membranaceous; gillrakers long and slender; branch iostegals slender, 7 to 14 in number; gill-membranes separate or joined, free from isthmus; pseudobranch ias present; no lateral line; belly rounded or weakly serrate; fins various, the dorsal usually short and median; no adipose fin; caudal forked. Small carnivorous shore fishes, usually swimming in large schools on sandy shores; abundant in all warln seas, occasionally entering rivers. This group is often regarded as a subfamily under the Clupeidx , from which it differs in no character of high importance. A large family of about SO species, only one of which is thus far known from the Hawaiian Islands. Genus 22. ANCH0VIA Jordan & Evermann. Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous scales; belly rounded or weakly compressed; snout conical, compressed, projecting beyond the very large mouth; maxillary narrow, little movable, usually formed of 3 pieces, extending backward far behind the eye, to the base of mandible or beyond, not beyond gill-opening; premaxillaries very small; teeth small, sub¬ equal, present at all ages, usually on the jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; anal fin moderate 60 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. free from caudal (its rays 12 to 40); no pectoral filaments; dorsal inserted about midway of body, pos¬ terior to ventrals; pectorals and centrals each with a large axillary scale; adipose eyelid obsolete; vertebras about 40 (40-42) in species examined; flesh rather pale and dry, more or less translucent; bones firm; pseudobranchise present; branchiostegals 9 to 14; gill rakers long and slender; gill-mem¬ branes separate, free from the narrow isthmus. Species about 50; small, carnivorous shore fishes, swimming in large schools on sandy shores of all warm seas, occasionally entering rivers. Most of them are marked by a broad, distinct, silvery band. Ftolephorus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., Ill, 1865, 303 ( japonicus ; not of I.aeepedc, whose Stolephorux japanicut, after Hout- tuyn, belongs to Bleeker’s genus Spratelloiflcs). Anchovia Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, i 10, 18% (October 3) (macrolcpidota). 23. Anchovia purpurea (Fowler). “Xchu.” Fig. 12. Head 2.67 in length; depth 5.67; D. 13; A. 17; P. 13; V. 7; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4.67; maxillary 1.25; pectoral 1.88; ventral 2.75. Body elongate, compressed; head elongate, laterally compressed and pointed; snout short, rounded at tip; eyes lateral, anterior to center of head, greater than snout; mouth large, the long maxillary produced backward beyond the posterior margin of eye but falling some distance short of gill-opening, the pig-like snout projecting well beyond the tip of mandible; teeth in the jaws small, fine, extending all along the lower edge of the maxillary; nostrils close together, about midway in snout; interorbital space a little convex ; gill-openings large, the isthmus long and narrow, forming a narrow keel in front; gillrakers about 18 + 28, very long, slender, pointed, the longest nearly ecjual to eye; gill-filaments rather shorter than the. gillrakers; pseudobranchise moderately large; intestine short and straight; peritoneum black; scales large, cycloid, deciduous, falling off in preserved exam¬ ples; pectorals with scaly flaps; origin of dorsal a little nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, and a little behind origin of ventral; origin of anal behind base of last dorsal ray, the first rays of fin encroaching but little upon tip of depressed dorsal; base of ana'l 1.67 in head; caudal deeply emargi- nate; pectoral short, about equal to snout and eye; ventrals a little in advance of dorsal and reaching a little more than half way to anal; caudal peduncle rather long, compressed, its least depth a little over 3 in head. In alcoholic specimens there is a broad silvery longitudinal band from head to base of caudal, rather broader posteriorly; head silvery; dorsal and caudal marked with fine narrow wavy series of pale brownish dots forming cross-bars. This description from an example 2.5 inches long, taken in the market at Honolulu. We have large series of this species from Honolulu and Hilo, at each of which places it is very abundant. Dr. Jenkins obtained a number of examples at Honolulu in 1889. It was also dredged by the Albatross in that vicinity in 1896, and a number of examples were obtained at Kailua, December 31, 1899, by Mr. Richard C. McGregor. The types are 2 specimens (Nos. 23329 and 23330, Mus. Phila. Acad.) each about 2.4 inches long, collected by Dr. Wm. H. Jones. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 61 This species is well marked and has a broader silvery lateral band than either Anchovia com- mersoniana or Anchovia ischana. While the anal rays agree with the latter, the fin of commersoniana is still longer. The insertion of the anal fin also is more in advance in both ischana and commersoniana. Htolcphorus purpureas Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 497, PI. XIX, fig. 1. Sandwich Islands. Anchovia purpurea, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 432 (Honolulu; Synder, 1. e. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu). Suborder INIOMI. — The Lantern Fishes. * Soft-rayed fishes with the anterior vertebrae simple, unmodified, and without auditory ossicles; symplcctic present; no interclavicles; opercular apparatus sometimes incomplete; pharyngeal hones unmodified; gill-openings ample; mesocoracoid arch wanting or atrophied; bones of jaws variously developed, the maxillary sometimes cognate with the premaxillary; shoulder-girdle with its post¬ temporal not normally connected with the skull, but touching it at or near the nape; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; air-bladder, if present, with a duct; dorsal and anal fins without true spines; ventral fins, if present, abdominal; scales mostly cycloid, often wanting; adipose fin present or absent; skeleton mostly very weakly ossified; photopliores present in most species. Marine fishes, mostly inhabiting the oceanic abysses, closely allied to the typical Isospondyli, but lacking the mesocoracoid and having the connection of the shoulder-girdle with the cranium imperfect. In the character of the mesocoracoid, most of these fishes agree with the eels and with the Haplomi and the spinv-rayed fishes. These latter have the post-temporal differently attached. This suborder is a provisional one, and its members may be reunited with the Isospondyli or otherwise distributed when the osteology of the different families is known. Boulenger relegates those which, like Synodus, lack the mesocoracoid to the Haplomi. These lack also the orbitosphenoid, characters of the Isospondyli and the Berycoidei. Of the 18 families of this order as here defined, only 5 have representatives in the Hawaiian fauna Family XVII. SYN0D0NTID/E. — The Lizard-fishes. Body oblong or elongate, little compressed, covered with cycloid scales, rarely naked ; mouth very wide, entire margin of upper jaw formed by the long, slender premaxillaries, the latter mostly rudi¬ mentary or obsolete, never widened at tip; teeth mostly cardiform on both jaws, tongue, and palatines; canines rarely present; large teeth usually depressible; no barbels; opercular bones usually thin, but complete; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; branchiostegals usually numerous; pseudo- branchiae present; gillrakers tubercular or obsolete; no orbitosphenoid or mesocoracoid; lateral line present; adipose fin present, rarely obsolete; dorsal fin short, of soft rays only; pectorals and ventrals present; anal fin moderate or long; caudal forked; skeleton rather well ossified; air-bladder small or wanting; intestinal canal short; sides sometimes with phosphorescent spots or photophores; eggs inclosed in the sacs of ovary and extruded through an oviduct. Genera about 10, species about 40, mostly inhabiting shore waters, some of them descending to the depths. Three genera and about 4 species known from Hawaiian waters. a. Vent slightly nearer base of caudal than axil of pectoral; head short, hlunt, compressed . Trachinocephaim, p. 61 an. Vent much nearer base of caujjal than base of ventrals; head depressed, with flat, triangular snout. b. Teeth on the palatines in a single band on each side . Synodus , p. 63 bb. Teeth on the palatines in a double band on each side . Saurida, p. 65 Genus 23. TRACHINOCEPHALUS Gill. This genus is closely related to Synodus, from which it differs chiefly in form and in the relative development of the fins. Body stout; head short, blunt, compressed, its form much as in the genus Tracliinus; vent well forward, very slightly nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals, under tip of last dorsal ray; teeth as in Synodus, but slender, smaller, and closely set; lower jaw projecting. A single species is known, widely diffused in the tropical seas. Trachinoc.cphalue Gill, Cat. Fish. Eastern Coast N. Amer., 53, 1861 (myope)-, name only; first defined by Jordan & Gilbert Synopsis, 2S1, 1883. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 02 24. Trachinocephalus myops (Forster). “Kawelea;” “Welea." Fig. LI. Head 3.5 in length; depth 5; D. 13; A. 16; P. 12; V. 8; scales 4-55-5; width of head only a very little less than twice its length; depth of head 1.6 in its length; snout 1.5 in eye; eye 3 in maxillary; maxillary 1.85 in head; interorbital space 1 in snout, 1.5 in eye; pectoral 2.25 in head; ventral 1; base of anal 3.67 in body; length. of depressed dorsal 3.75. Body elongate, compressed, deepest forward or about the neck, gradually tapering backward with a hfhg tail; head large, elongate, deep, compressed laterally, the upper profile, very blunt, gibbous in front; the lower profile a rather long shallow convex curve from tip of snout to below pectoral; snout very short, blunt, obtuse; eye small, its posterior rim nearly midway in space between tip of snout and end of maxillary, the latter considered in the vertical until level with tip of snout; mouth cleft very large and oblique, the maxillary long, with its posterior portion gradually constricted until it is much narrower than at middle of its length; mandible very large, the rami broad and powerful; lips broad, thin; teeth in jaws sharp, more or less unequal, in double series; in upper jaw the outer series more or less concealed by the broad lips; in the lower jaw those in inner series the larger; no vomerine teeth; those on palatines in a single series; tongue a triangular ridge, free in front, with a triangular patch of depressible teeth above, and with a single median series extending backward over the basi- branchials; nostrils close together on the sides of snout, the anterior with a ciliated flap; interorbital space deeply concave, each of the supraorbital ridges raised in front; top of head more or less rugose, also the posterior lower border of orbit; gill-openings large, the membranes free from isthmus; no gillrakers, the inner surface of the branchial arches covered with minute asperities; gill-filaments short; no pseudobranchise; peritoneum silvery; scales large, cycloid, 6 rows on cheek, a number along edge of preopercle and on opercle; occiput scaly, rest of head bare; scales between ventrals forming a broad scaly flap; scale at axil of pectoral somewhat pointed; ventrals with a scaly flap 2.5 in length of fin; lateral line slightly deeurved at first and then straight alongside to base of caudal; origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than origin of adipose fin by an eye diameter; length of last dorsal ray half the length of first developed ray and when depressed the tip of first developed ray reaching 0.75 length of depressed fin; adipose dorsal nearer tip of last depressed dorsal than base of caudal; origin of anal midway between axil of pectoral and base of caudal, and behind base of last dorsal ray; caudal deeply forked; pectoral small, tip not reaching origin of dorsal; ventrals very long, reaching origin of anal, inserted a little before tips of pectorals. Color in life (No. 03233), pale grayish, silvery below; side of back with 3 wavy stripes of dull yellow, each edged with darker olive, the uppermost most wavy, joining its fellow across the back in about 12 irregular crossbars of dirty yellow, edged with darker, the interspaces pearly-bluish; below the lowest yellow streak are 2 very' faint similar streaks lost in the white color of the side; head with streaks continued from the sides but fainter; top of head mottled sand-color; an oblique jet-black spot on the scapular region; dorsal with 2 faint cross-streaks of light yellow and 2 of pearly-blue, besides 2 or 3 dark dots; caudal faint yellowish ; lower fins whitish; the ventrals creamy. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. t>3 This description from a large example (No. 03599), 8.75 inches long, taken at Hilo. Many speci¬ mens were obtained from Hilo and Honolulu. We can not separate T. limbalus from T. trachmus of Japan or 7. mtjops of the Atlantic. Probably all constitute a single species. Sulmo myops Forster in Schneider. Syst. Ichth., 421, 1801, St. Helena. Osmn‘lis l£mlli$C(ltU£ Lueepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 230, 1808, Martinique; after Plilmier. Suurns trim cat at Aftassiz, Pise. Brasil., 82, tab. XLY, 1820, Brazil. Saurtts myo))S, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. II, 268, 1829 (after Forster); Gunther, Cat., V, 398, 1864 (Cuba, Jamaica, Japan, Amboyna, Pinang, Mauritius, Port Jackson). Saunisli/nbatus Eydotix A Souleyet, Voyage Bonite, Poiss., 199, 1811, Hawaii. Sanrus Irachinus Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 231, pi. 106, fig. 2, 1842. Japan. Sniirns hrci'iinstris Poey, Memorias, II, 305, I860, Cuba. Synodus myops, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., VI, 153; pi. 278, fig. 3, 1S70-1S72 (Sumatra, Pinang, Bangka, Bali, Celebes, Batjan, Amboyna, Ceram). Tracin' nocephalus myops, Jordan, Proc. IJ. S. Nat. Mus., XIII. 1890, 314: Jordan A Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 533, 1896; Evermann A Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico, 91, 1900; Jenkins, Bull. IT, S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 433 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai). Genus 24. SYNODUS ( Gronow I Bloch & Schneider. First, superior pharyngeal cartilaginous; second without teeth; third and fourth separate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate; body elongate, subterete; head depressed; snout triangular, rather pointed; interorbital region transversely concave; mouth very wide; premaxillaries not protractile, very long and strong, more than half length of head,; maxiliaries closely connected with premaxil¬ laries, very small or obsolete; premaxillaries with 1 or 2 series of large, compressed, knife-shaped teeth, the inner and larger depressible; palatine teeth similar, smaller, in a single broad band; lower jaw with a band of rather large teeth, the inner and larger ones depressible; a patch of strong, depres¬ sible teeth on tongue in front, a long row1 along the hyoid bone; jaw's nearly equal in front; eye rather large, anterior; supraorbital forming a projection above the eye; pseudobranchim well developed; gillrakers very small, spine-like; gill-membranes slightly connected; top of head naked; cheeks and opercles scaled like body; body covered with rather small, adherent, cycloid scales; lateral line present; no luminous spots; dorsal fin short, rather anterior; pectorals moderate, inserted high; cen¬ trals anterior, not far behind pectorals, large, the inner rays longer than the outer; ana! short; caudal narrow, forked ; vent posterior, much nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals; branehiostegals 12 to 16; stomach with a long, blind sac and many pyloric cceca; skeleton rather firm. Species numer¬ ous. Voracious fishes of moderate size, inhabiting sandy bottoms at no great depth, in most warm seas. Two species known from the Hawaiian Islands, the one here described and a deep-water form ( Synodus kaianus), described in Section II. Synodus Bloch A Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 396, 1801 (synodus). Tirus Rafinesque, Caratteri, 56, 1810 ( mamiorntiis ). Snurits Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, 169, 1817 ( saurus ). Laurida Swainson, Class. Animal,, II, 287, 1839 ( mcditerranca = mums), a. Body elongate, not especially slender: jaws about equal, snout not protruding beyond mandible . varius, p. 63. oa. Body very slender; snout protruding beyond the mandible . kdiamts, in Section II. 25. Synodus varius (Lacepede). “ Hide.” Plate II and Fig 14. Head 3.5 in length; depth 6; D. 13; A. 8; P. 13; V. 8; scales 5-65-11; width of head 1.67 in its length; depth of head 1.8 in its length; snout 4.75 in head; maxillary 1.6; interorbital space 7; eye 1.5 in snout, 4.25 in maxillary; interorbital space 1.75 in snout; pectoral 2; ventral 1; base of anal 3; length of depressed dorsal 1.17. Body elongate, rounded, the back and ventral surface depressed; head large, elongate, broadly depressed, pointed, w ith the eyes impinging upon upper profile, and the lower profile from tip of man¬ dible shallowly convex; snout rather long, depressed, sharply pointed; eye well anterior, though the posterior rim is not midway in space between tip of snout and end of maxillary, the latter considered in the vertical until level with tip of snout; mouth-cleft very large, oblique, the maxillary long, w ith ils greatest width a little anterior to the middle of its length; mandible very large and powerful; jaws 64 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. about equal in the closed mouth; symphysis pointed; lips thin and broad; teeth in jaws sharp, depres- sible, directed forward, in 2 irregular series, those forming the outer series in upper jaw more or less concealed by the broad lip, so that only the tips of these larger ones are seen when the mouth is closed; teeth on vomer and palatines depressible, sharp; in a narrow band on each side of the latter; tongue and basi-branchials with a band of depressible teeth, forming a triangular patch of large ones on the former; tongue rather sharply pointed, a little free in front; nostrils on the sides of snout, each pair close together, nearer front margin of eye than tip of snout, the anterior pair with an elevated fleshy rim which ends in a fleshy point; interorbital space concave, a bony ridge rather prominent in front of each eye; top of head all more or less roughened, also the space behind eye; gill-opening large, the narrow membrane free from isthmus; gill rakers developed as small sharp asperities on the inner surface of branchial arches; gill-filaments short; pseudobranch i;e small; peritoneum silvery; scales large, cycloid, 6 rows on cheek; a series of enlarged scales along the margin of preopercle; occiput and sides of head seal}7, the rest bare; scales between ventrals forming a broad flap; no scaly flap at base of pectoral; a small short scaly flap at base of ventral; lateral line nearly straight to base of caudal; origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and origin of adipose dorsal; last dorsal ray a trifle over half length of longest ray of fin, tip of latter reaching a little over two-thirds length of fin when depressed; origin of adipose doisal about midway between tip of last dorsal ray and base of caudal; anal small, its origin well in front of that of adipose fin and about midway between tip of ventral and base of caudal; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectoral small, not reaching origin of dorsal; origin of ventrals about midway in length of pectoral. Color when fresh (field No. 03430) ground white; a series of light reddish-brown quadrate spots along side, the markings over the back darker reddish brown; an indistinct bluish longitudinal band showing through just above the lateral row of quadrate spots along the side; a reddish spot on the upper angle of gill-opening; dorsal crossed by light-brown lines transverse to the fin rays; pectoral also crossed by narrow light-brown lines; ventral with (1 orange-colored crossbars. We have two other examples, the first of which (No. 03236) was light gray when fresh, with dark markings all olive, washed with brownish red; belly white; upper fins pale, with narrow crossbands of white dots; lower fins white. The other specimen (No. 03010) when (resh had the back flesh color, with about 6 reddish-brown lines made up of dark borders to the scales; side w ith a narrow pale-yellow line, below this a fainter one; lower side and belly white; dorsal fin pale, with small white specks; other fins all pale; iris green. Another example (No. 03011) in life was pate grayish on back and sides, crossed by 5 or 6 broad greenish-red bars or saddles, red at lower ends; belly white; head marbled with brown, orange, and white; lower jaw white, with some pale brown; fins all pale; iris orange and yellow. in life another example (No. 03235) v7as rose red, with dark-brown streaks and marks; lower parts silvery, with bars of salmon-color; side of head with salmon-colored bars below, especially distinct on lower jaw arid breast; dorsal and caudal with bars of fine white specks. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. (55 Color in spirits, pale brown, darker above, the edge of each scale dark brown, crossed by 5 broad cross-bands, between which are as many similar cross-bands of lighter shade; 3 broad cross-hands across the mandible. This description from an example (No. 03817), 10.2 inches long, taken at Hilo. Our numerous specimens range in length from 2 to 10 inches. An unusually large specimen recently received from Mr. Berndt, at Honolulu, measures 13.75 inches. We have many specimens from Hilo and Honolulu. In some cases the dark mottlings are of the deepest scarlet, others brick red, while those found on sandy shores are olive-green. The species is found in 2 colors, red and green, on the coasts of Japan, as in Hawaii. Sabno varius LacGp&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 224, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1803, lie de France. Sauru$ variegalus Quoy & Gaimartl, Voy. Frame, Poiss., 223, pi. 48, lig. 3, 1824, Maui. Saurus varius, Gunther, Cat., V, 395, 18114 (part). Synodus varius, Steindachner, Peaks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 513 (Honolulu; Laysan); Jenkins, Bull. II. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23i 1903), 433 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu); Jordan & Snyder, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mils., XXVIII, 1904 (Get.), 125 (Honolulu.) Synndm sharpi Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 497, pi. XIX, tig. 2, Hawaiian Islands. (Types, Nos. 1G0S4 and 16080, Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila.) Syvodus variegalus, Seale, Occas. Papers Bishop Mus., I, part 4, 63, 1901 (Guam). Genus 25. SAURIDA Cuvier & Valenciennes. Body snbcylindrieal, rather elongate; tail tapering; head oblong, depressed; snout rather short, pointed; eye moderate; mouth cleft very wide; intermaxillary very long, styliform, tapering; maxil¬ lary thin, long, closely adherent to intermaxillary; teeth cardiform, those in the inner series being the longest, slender, depressible both downward and inward, and present in the jaws, on tongue, and on palatine hones, the latter forming a double band on each side, the inner hand being much shorter than the outer; gill-opening very wide, gill-membranes not attached to isthmus; branehiostegals numerous; dorsal fin nearly in the middle of length of body, with 13 or fewer rays; adipose tin small; anal short; caudal forked; pectoral short or of moderate length; ventral 9-rayed, the inner rays not much longer than tire outer ones, and inserted before the dorsal, not far from the pectorals. Species few, in the tropical seas of the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Western Pacific. Saurida Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 499, 1849 ( lumbil ). 26. Saurida gracilis (Quoy & (iaimard). “Ulde.” Head 4.5 in length; depth 6.5; D. 11; A. 10; P. 19; V. 9; scales 4-52-5; width of head 1.5 in its length; depth of head 1.67 in its length; snout 4.5 in head; maxillary 1.6; interorbital space 4.5; eye 1.25 in snout, 4 in maxillary; interorbital space 1 in snout; pectoral 1.3; base of anal 2.5; length of depressed dorsal only slightly less than the length of head. Body elongate, rounded, the back and ventral surfaces depressed; head small, elongated, broadly depressed, pointed, the eyes impinging slightly upon the upper profile, the lower profile from tip of mandible slightly convex; snout rather long, depressed, flattened, very broad at. front of eve, where it is about 0.4 broader than long; eye well anterior, about midway in the space between tip of snout and end of maxillary, the latter considered in the vertical until level with tip of snout; mouth cleft large, oblique, becoming narrow toward its posterior extremity; mandible large, powerful, the jaws equal when mouth is closed; teeth in jaws unequal, those forming an inner series the larger, the lips very narrow, so that most, all the teeth are visible when mouth is closed; palatines with 2 bands of teeth, most of them depressible, some of those in front enlarged, the inner band short; tongue very small, rounded, without any teeth, free in front; a median series of fine teeth along the basibranchials; nos¬ trils small, close together on sides of snout, nearer tip of latter than anterior margin of eye, anterior pair with a small fleshy flap; interorbital space broad, somewhat concave but flattened in the middle; a depressed bony ridge rather prominent above each eye in front; top of head roughened on each side of occiput; gill-openings large, the narrow membrane free from the narrow compressed isthmus; gill- rakers as minute asperities; gill-filaments rather short; pseudobranchiie moderately large; peritoneum pale; scales large, cycloid, about 4 rows on cheek; opercles and occiput scaly, rest of head bare; origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and posterior margin of adipose fin; last dorse' ray about three- F. r. B. 1903—5 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 66 sevenths length of longest ray of fin, tip of latter reaching as far posteriorly as tip of the former when fin is depressed; origin of adipose dorsal midway between tip of depressed dorsal and base of caudal; origin of anal nearer base of caudal than tip of ventral, the greater part of its base anterior to adipose dorsal; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectoral small, falling from origin of dorsal; ventrals large, inserted below last third of pectoral and reaching about three-sevenths of the space to origin of anal. Color in alcohol, dull or muddy brown above, marked with about 6 or more deep-brown saddles or broad cross-bands, the spaces between with deep-brown blotches; similar blotches also along the side; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral dull brownish, with blackish brown crossbars, the last 3 broad and very distinct; lower surface of body dull silvery white, with a very dull yellowish green tint; ventrals very light yellowish green. This description from an example 8.5 inches long, from Hilo. We have a number of examples from Hilo and Honolulu, many of the small ones deeply colored. This species common on sandy shores at moderate depths. Saurus gracilis Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. 7 outer rays prolonged; dorsal fin inserted at middle of body or absent; anal short; caudal forked; gill- openings very wide; gill-lamina well developed, separate from each other; gillrakers long; pseudo¬ branch iae none. Deep-sea fishes. Uathypierois Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1S78, 5th series II, 183 (lonrjifilis) . SynaptcretMvs Goode & Bean, Oceanic Iehth., 64, 1896 ( quadrifilis ). The single Hawaiian species of this family is fully described in Section II. Family XX. MYCTOPHI I >di. — The Lantern Fishes. Body oblong or moderately elongate, more or less compressed, covered with scales which are usually cycloid, but sometimes ctenoid; mouth wide; entire margin of upper jaw formed by the long and slender premax i 1 laries, closely adherent to which are the slender maxillaries; teeth various, mostly villiform, in bands in the jaws, also on the pterygoids, palatines, anti tongue, and on the vomer in adults; no barbels; gill-membranes separate, free; brancliiostegals 8 to 10; pseudobranchise well developed; gillrakers long and slender; lateral line usually present; scales prominent and often enlarged; cheeks and opercles scaly; adipose fin present; dorsal fin short, median, of soft rays; pecto¬ rals and ventrals present; anal fin moderate; caudal forked; air-bladder small; intestinal canal short; luminous spots or photophores more or less regularly placed along sides of body; larger luminous glands often present on head or on caudal peduncle. Species about 100. Small fishes, very widely distributed in the open sea. They live away from the shores, ordinarily at a considerable depth, coming to the surface at night or in stormy weather, descending by day. a. Dorsal fin long, ending not much, if any, before front of anal fin. b. Caudal photophores 4 or 3, never 2; dorsal lilt not much longer than anal ; body deep or slender, not much contracted behind; caudal peduncle robust; edge of preoperele more or less oblique. r. Head with large luminous glands before or below the eye . Diaphus , p. 67. cc. Head without large luminous glands . Nannobrachium, p. 67. bb. Caudal photophores 2, never 3 or 4; dorsal fin notably shorter than anal, its rays 9 to 14; anal rays 16 to 20; body deep anteriorly; caudal peduncle slender, edge of preoperele nearly vertical; pectorals long, placed high; no luminous glands on head; eye large. d. Scales cycloid; maxillary scarcely enlarged at tip; last rays of dorsal not behind first of anal. e. Snout prominent, projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; scales of lateral line more or less enlarged; caudal peduncle very slender; usually a luminous gland on its upper surface. /. Lateral line well developed . J Ihinoscopelus, p. 68. ff. Lateral line none . Centrobranchus, p. 69. ee. Snout little prominent, scarcely projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; scales of lateral line usually not enlarged; no luminous glands on upper edge of tail; moderately elongate . Myctophum, p. 69. dd. Scales ctenoid, firm; tail with a luminous gland above . Dasyscopelu s, p. 69. aa. Dorsal and anal short, similar, far apart . Neoscopclus, p. 69. Genus 28. DIAPHUS Eigenmann & Eigenmann. This genus is closely related to _ Ethoprora , its chief character being the division of all or nearly all of the photophores by a horizontal cross-septum of black pigment, giving them the form of the flreek letter #, theta. This septum is readily injured or destroyed in badly preserved specimens, and per¬ haps all species called j, Ethoprora have it. Of the 5 known species 3 have been taken in Hawaiian waters, and are described in Section II. Diaphus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d series, III, 1890, 3 (theta). ? .Ethoprora Goode & Bean, Oceanic Icthth., 86, 1896 (metopoclampa) . ? Collett ia Goode A Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 83, 1896 (rafinesquei) Genus 29. NANNOBRACHIUM Gunther. This genus is closely allied to Lampanyclm , from which it differs chiefly in the small pectorals. Caudal peduncle with luminous blotches above and below; photophores small, arranged as in Lampanyctus; scales of lateral line enlarged in all species, so far as known; last ray of dorsal more or less behind front of anal. Several species, only one Hawaiian ( Nannobrachium nigrum) described in Section II. Nannobrachium Gunther, Deep-sea Fishes Challenger, 199, 1887 [nigrum). Stenobrachius Eigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci.. ill, 1890, 5 (leucopsanan) . BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. (>8 Genus 30. RHINOSCOPELIJS Lntken. Body oblong, slender, compressed, with slender and elongate caudal peduncle covered with smooth, stiff scales, those in the lateral line much larger than the others; head compressed; cleft of mouth very wide; jaws about equal; snout projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; premaxillary long and slender; maxillary well developed, reaching nearly or quite to angle of preopercle, without considerable poste¬ rior dilation; teeth in villiform bands in the jaws, on the palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; eye mod¬ erate, its diameter less than one-third length of head; gillrakers very long and slender; dorsal tin premedian; pectoral large; adipose dorsal small; anal tin larger than dorsal; pectoral narrow, elon¬ gate; precaudals 2; supraanals about 18, in 2 groups, the break being over middle of the long anal tin and at end of first third of the series, approximately; anterolaterals 1 or 2; mediolaterals 2 or 3. Spe¬ cies few, mostly of the Atlantic. Alysia Lowe, Proc, Zool. Sue. London 1849, 14 ( loricata=coccoi ): name preoccupied. Hhiuoscopelus Liilken, Vid. Selsk. Natur. Copenhagen, VII, 1892, 237 ( coccoi ). 27. Rhinoseopelus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 15. Head 3.5 in length; depth 4.1; eye 2.5 in head; snout very short, about f>; interorbital 3.5; I). about 12; A. about 18; scales 2-35-3. Body strongly compressed, particularly posteriorly, where it tapers into the long, slender caudal peduncle; bead exceeding depth of body; month large, somewhat oblique, the jaws equal, the maxil¬ lary reaching beyond the orbit, its posterior end club-shaped; eye large; anterior profile rather evenly Fig. 15.— Rhinoseopelus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann; Irom the type. convex from tip of snout to nape; teeth difficult to make out, hut a single row of minute ones can he seen on the edgeof each jaw, the exterior granular orshort; the villiform stripe, if it exists, being invisible even with the aid of a good lens; teeth on vomer and edges of palatines more distinct than those on jaws, forming a broader line as if there were 2 or more rows; no granular patches visible on disk of palatine bone; an elevated acute mesial line separating one nasal prominence from the other; inter orbital space convex, rounded; preopercle nearly vertical, sloping slightly backward from above downward; scales large, undulated and very irregularly and sparingly toothed or eremite, and having about 3 basal furrows; scales of lateral line conspicuous and more persistent; 7 photophores along base of anal, 5 along lower edge of caudal peduncle, 2 at base of caudal, 1 on middle of side above last anal photophore, I on each side of belly between ventrals and origin of anal fin, 5 between base of ventral and gill-opening, 1 on side above base of ventral, a row of 3 upward and backward from front of anal, 1 above and 1 below base of pectoral, and 1 on lower anterior portion of opercle; origin of dorsal somewhat behind base of ventrals, the posterior rays, together with those of anal, divided] to the base; no spine at base of caudal. Color in alcohol, uniform brownish, the scales, especially on middle of side, metallic steel blue; top of head brownish; side of head bluish; photophores black with silvery center; fins dusky whitish. During the Agassiz South Pacific expedition of 1 he Albatross in 1899-1900, 2 examples of this species were taken in the surface tow net at. 8 p. m., September 8, 1899, at latitude 10° 57/N., longi¬ tude 137° 35' YV., southeast of the Hawaiian Islands. These are apparently distinct from R. coruscans, the type of which came from between St. Helena and Ascension islands, and other specimens from FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 69 between Australia and New Zealand. They are near R. antlreir Liitken, from which they seem to differ in the blunter snout, the more slender tail, and in having the postero-Iateral photophore .some¬ what before the adipose fin. Type, No. 50622, U. S. N. M. (field No. 05805), 1.3 inches long, collected by the Albatross at. 8 p. m., September 8, 1S99, at the surface at 137° 35' W., 10° 57' N. ; cotype, No. 2736, U. S. F. C., same size, collected at same time and place. Rhinoscopelus oceanic us Jordan A Evermatm, Bull. O. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190:2 ( Apr. It, 1903), 168, near Hawaiian Islands. Genus 31. CENTROBRANCHUS Fowler. This genus is close to Rhinoscopelus, from which it seems to differ in the character of the gillrakers, which are short sparse clusters of asperities on the first arch. Two species known, both fr< >m 1 lawaiian waters. (See Section II.) Centrobranchus Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1903 (Jail. 13, 1901). 754 (c/iarocephalm). 28. Centrobranchus choerocephalus Fowler. This species, fully described in Section II of this work, was based by Mr. Fowler on 4 specimens in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, which were originally identified by Mr. Fowler with Rhinoscopelus coruscans (Richardson), and later thought by us to be identical with the specimen which we described as It. oceanicus. Upon a reexamination of his specimens Mr. Fowler finds them to represent a distinct genus as indicated above. Centrobranchus choerocephalus Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1903 (Nov.), 751, near Sandwich Islands. (Type, No. 7973, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Coll. Dr. Win, H. Jones.) Rhinoscopelus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1993 (Apr. 11. 1903), 11® (only the reference to Dr. Jones’s specimens). Genus 32. MYCT0PHUM Rafinesque. Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales, those in the lateral line not much enlarged; caudal peduncle rather slender; head short, compressed, with limb of preopercle nearly vertical; mouth large; jaws about equal; premaxillaries long and slender; maxillaries well developed; snout more or less blunt and declivous; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; eye large, gillrakers long apd slender; air-bladder small; dorsal fin entirely in front of anal, overlap¬ ping it little or not at all; ventral* 8-rayed, under or but slightly in front of first dorsal rays; pectorals well developed; soft dorsal slender; precaudal photophores 2; supraanals in 2 groups, with 1 or 2 pos- tero-laterals above the interval between them. Species rather numerous, widely distributed, 4 known from Hawaiian waters, and described in Section II. Myclophum Rafinesque, Indice d'Ittiologia Siciliauu, 56, 1S10 ( punctatnm ). Scopelus Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. II, 169, 1817 ( humboUUi ). Nyctoplius Cocco, Giorn. Sicil., 44, 1829 (amended orthography of Myi1.ophu.in). Genus 33. DASYSCOPELUS Gunther. Dorsal and anal fins touching the same vertical, but not overlapping; scales hard, persistent, ctenoid, those of lateral line much enlarged; anal terminating below adipose dorsal; body elevated, somewhat compressed; caudal peduncle rather slender; luminous scales on the back of caudal peduncle; arrange¬ ment of photophores much as in Myclophum. Species few, remarkable for the firm, rough scales. Two species known from the Hawaiian Islands (I), spinosus and D. prislilepis ) described in Section II. Basyscopelus Gunther, Cat., V, 405, 1864 ( asper ). Genus 34. NE0SC0PELUS Johnson. Body oblong, compressed; mouth-cleft not extending beyond eye, the upper borders formed entirely of the premaxillary; the maxillary dilated below and furnished with a small supplementary piece; seombinate bands of teeth in both jaws, on palatine bones, and on vomer, also scombinate 70 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. patches of teeth on the entopterygoids; body covered with large, caducous scales; first dorsal placed over the abdominal ventral fins; pectoral fins long, their inferior rays not thicker than the rest. (Goode & Bean.) Xeoteopelm Johnson, Proe. Zool. Soe. London 1863, 44 ( maerokpidotus ). 29. Neoscopelus alcocki Jordan & Starks. Head 3 in length; depth 4; D 13; A. 12; scales 4-33-4; eye 5 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 2. Body rather robust, subfusiform; head rather pointed in profile, broad and somewhat depressed above; mouth large, oblique, maxillary extending to below posterior margin of orbit, not dilated behind, posterior border truncate; teeth small, in villiform bands; eye moderate, cheek broad, not oblique in position; scales large, entire, firm, roughened on the surface, nearly all fallen in specimen examined; lateral line well developed; luminous spots large, in about 6 rows on breast, about 14 in a lengthwise series from isthmus to ventrals, then a median and 2 lateral rows, to opposite front of anal, 10 spots in outer row, the posterior one smaller; an oblong circle of 10 small photophores about the vent; a row of 15 small photophores, continuous with inner lateral row before vent, from opposite vent to base of caudal, most of the median members of this series double; there is also an inner series of minute white dots along base of anal rays; a median row of small photophores behind anal below caudal peduncle. Dorsal rather large, inserted before ventral, its longest rays about half head; longest anal ray 2.4 in head; caudal well forked; pectoral long, 1.1 in head; ventral long, 1.75; gillrakers long and slender, 3+12 in number. Color, pale or brownish above, belly black; a dusky shade at base of caudal and pectoral; inside of mouth black; luminous spots pale, with a dark ring. This species is very close to Neoscopelus macrolepidolvs of the Atlantic. The sole important differ¬ ence apparently lies in the arrangement of the photophores on the posterior part of body. In the figures (Nos. 108 and 109) given by Goode & Bean (Oceanic Ichthyology), the arrangement is quite unlike that seen in the Japanese fish; the two lateral rows of spots found on the abdomen are repre¬ sented as continuous to the base of caudal. In the Japanese fish the outer row is not continued behind the front of anal. The inner lateral series is continued, the spots becoming smaller. There is a ring of little spots about the vent, and a series of little dots along base of anal. The species abundant about Hawaii, called Neoscopelus macrolepidotus by Gilbert & Cramer, seems to be the same as the Japanese fish. Neoscopelus macrolcpidolus, Gilbert & Cramer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils., XIX, 1897 (Feb. 5), 414 (near Honolulu); not of Johnson. Neoscopelus alcocki Jordan & Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Conun., XXII, 1902 (August 13. 1904), 580, pi. 2, figs. 1 and 2, Albatross Station 3709, Suruga Bay, Japan, in 173 to 260 fathoms. (Type, No. 51477, U. S. Nat. Mus.) Family XXI. MAUR0L1CII>.£. Body moderately elongate, compressed, scaleless; barbels none; margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillary and premaxillary, both of which are provided with teeth; opercular apparatus incom¬ plete; gill-opening very wide, the outer branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis of lower jaw; pseudobranch ite present; air-bladder none; adipose fin rudimentary; series of luminous photophores present along the lower side of head, tail, and body; a single dorsal fin without spines. (Goode & Bean.) Genera 4 or 5, with some 8 or 10 species. Deep-sea fishes, represented in the Hawaiian Islands by a single known species. Genus 35. ARGYRIPNBS Gilbert & Cramer. Body much compressed, oblong or elongate, passing gradually into the slender tail, covered with very thin, flexible, cycloid, deciduous scales; head longer than deep, without spines, its bones thin and flexible; maxillary sickle-shaped, with spatulate supplemental bone; eye large; dorsal fin on middle of back, without anterior spinous dilatation; a large (double) luminous organ on preopercle and series of equidistant organs on branchiostegals, isthmus, breast, abdomen, and lower part of side; a continuous series from above base of ventral fin to about end of anterior third of base of anal fin; a closely set series of 5 spots above middle of anal fin, and another series of 15 beginning above hinder end of anal and extending to anterior rudimentary rays of caudal. The single species of this genus ( Argyripnus ephippialus) is fully described in Section II. Argyripnus Gilbert & Cramer, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 414, 1897 (February 5, 1897) ( ephippialus ). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 71 Genus 36. ARGYROPELECUS Cocco. Body much elevated and compressed, passing abruptly into the short tail; no scales, the skin covered with silvery pigment; series of luminous spots along the lower side of head, body, and tail; head large, compressed and elevated, the bones thin but ossified; cleft of mouth wide, vertical, the lower jaw prominent; margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillary and premaxillary, both of which have a sharp edge beset with minute teeth; lower jaw and palatine bones with a series of small curved teeth; eyes large, very close together, lateral but directed upward; angle of preopercle with a spine usually directed downward; pectorals well developed; veil trals very small; humeral arch and pubic bones prolonged into flat-pointed processes, which project in the median line of the belly; a series of imbricated scales from the humeral bone to the pubic spine, forming a ventral serrature; dorsal fin short, median, preceded by a serrated, osseous ridge, consisting of several neural spines prolonged beyond the muscles; adipose fin rudimentary; anal fin short; caudal forked; gill-opening very wide, the outer branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis of the lower jaw and beset with very long gillrakers; branchiostegals 9, the arch near lower jaw and parallel with it; pseudobranchise and air-bladder present; 4 pyloric coeea. Small pelagic fishes found in most seas, coming to the surface at night, descending into deep water by day. The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II. Aryyropelccus Cocco, Giorn, Sci. Sicil., fase. 77, 146, 1829 ( hemigyvmus ). Plmrothyris Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 64, 1861 ( olfersi ). Family XXII. CHAULIODONTID2E. Body more or less elongate, covered with thin caducous scales, or sometimes naked; photophores present; mouth large, the teeth irregular in size; maxillary entering margin; no pseudobranchke; interopercle rudimentary; gill-openings wide; dorsal and anal moderate or large. Deep-sea fishes of rather small size but voracious habits. Some 7 genera and about 20 species known. Genus 37. CYCLOTHONE Goode & Bean. Body elongated, somewhat compressed, apparently devoid of scales; lower parts with inconspicu¬ ous series of luminous spots, with the latter arranged approximately as in Gonostoma, but usually much less conspicuous; head conical, compressed; cleft of mouth very wide, oblique, extending behind the eye; lower jaw strongly projecting; maxillary long and slender, sickle-shaped, somewhat dilated pos¬ teriorly, but covering only an inconsiderable portion of the cheek; upper jaw with a single series of needle-like teeth, some of which are enlarged; lower jaw with similar teeth, and in some species with a few canines in front; teeth on vomer sometimes in patches, sometimes reduced to a single pair of fangs; palatine and pterygoid teeth present or absent; eye moderate, not conspicuous; gill-opening very wide, the membranes free from isthmus; gillrakers numerous, long and slender; pseudobranchke none; no air-bladder; dorsal and anal moderate, opposite, the latter much the longer; adipose fin sometimes present. The 3 Hawaiian species of this genus are fully described in Section II. Oyclotlione Goode & Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, No. 5, 221, 1883 ( lusca ). Sir/mops Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, 256 ( stigmaticus ). Family XXI II. ASTRONESTH I D.-E. Stomatoid fishes, with adipose dorsal present, and with scaleless body; dorsal fin inserted behind vent, but in front of anal. A single genus with few species; fishes of the deep sea. Genus 38, ASTRONESTHES Richardson. Body rather elongate, compressed, scaleless; head compressed; snout of moderate length; mouth wide; lower jaw prominent; teeth pointed, unequal; upper jaw with 4 long, curved canines, front of lower with 2; maxillary teeth fine, subequal; palatines with a single series of small pointed teeth, simi¬ lar to those on tongue; eye moderate, not longer than snout; throat with a long fleshy barbel; dorsal fin rather long, inserted entirely in front of anal behind ventrals, adipose fin present; caudal forked; BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 72 paired fins long; 'gillrakers minute; no pseudobranchiae; no air-bladder; sides and belly with very many small luminous spots; a small luminous patch below eye. Small fishes of the deep sea, remark¬ able for their strong teeth, the lower jaw much stronger than in Malacosteus. The single Hawaiian species is fully described in Section II. Family XXIV. STOMIATIILE. Body elongate, tapering, naked or covered with very thin and deciduous scales; head oblong; snout short and rounded; eyes large and far forward; opercular apparatus imperfectly developed; mouth enormous, with deep lateral cleft; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by maxillary and pro¬ vided with teeth along the edges; teeth usually strong, unequal, some of them often fang-like or barbed; gill-membranes not joined, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals numerous (12 to 17); a long barbel at throat; no pseudobranchise; dorsal fin short, median or posterior, without spines; anal free, far behind and small; caudal distinct; pectorals low down on the scapular arch and narrow; ventrals inserted far backward; stomach ccecal, and pyloric appendages absent; sides with phospho¬ rescent spots; skeleton feebly ossified; eggs extruded through oviducts. Deep-sea fishes of extremely voracious habits. The single Hawaiian genus and species of this family are fully described in Section II. Family XXV. PARALEP1DID/E. Body elongate, somewhat compressed, formed much as in a barracuda, covered with cycloid scales of moderate or rather large size; head long, usually scaly on the sides; mouth very large; lower jaw projecting; premaxillary not protractile, very long and slender, forming the entire margin of upper jaw ; maxillary long and slender, closely adherent to premaxillary; teeth rather strong, pointed, in single series on the jaws and palatines; some of them on lower jaw and palatines sometimes very long and fang-like, and most of them freely depressible; opercular bones thin; pseudobranch ire present; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals about 7; gillrakers short, sharp, spine¬ like; eye large; lateral line present, its scales usually enlarged; dorsal fin short and small, behind the middle of the body, nearly or quite over the ventrals; adipose fin present; anal fin low, rather long; caudal fin short, narrow, forked; pectorals rather small, placed low; pyloric creca none; no air-bladder; phosphorescent spots few or none. Voracious fishes of the open seas or the deep seas. The single Hawaiian genus and species of this family are fully described in Section II. Family XXVI. STERNOPTYCH I I).E. Fishes “ with compressed, ventradiform body, carinated contour, deeply and obliquely cleft and subvertical mouth, whose upper margin is constituted by the supramaxillaries as well as the intermax- illaries; branehiostegal arch near and parallel with lower jaw, scapular with an inferior projection, and with one or more of the neural spines abnormally developed, and projecting above the back in advance of the dorsal fin.” (Gill. ) Genera 2, species about 10; deep-sea fishes, rising toward the surface at night or in stormy weather. a. Body covered with large, very thin, deciduous scales; no anterior spinous dilatation of the dorsal fin . Polyipnus, p. 72 aa. Body mostly scaleless, covered with a silvery pigment; dorsal fin of a triangular bony lamella, very thiu in front, but strengthened along its hind margin, followed by several rays . Sternoptyx, p. 73 Genus 39. POLYIPNUS Gunther. This genus differs from Sternoptyx in having the body covered with large, very thin, and deciduous scales, and in lacking the anterior spinous dilatation of the dorsal fin. Three species known. Only one species of this genus known from the Hawaiian Islands. (See Section II. ) Polyipnus Gunther, Rept. Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, XXII, 170, 1887 ( spinosus ). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 73 Genus 40. STERNOPTYX Hermann. Body much elevated and compressed, passing abruptly into a short and compressed tail, the angle made by the hind margin of the trunk and the lower edge of the tail being filled up by a broad fold of the integument, of peculiar transparent appearance, resembling thin cartilage; this fold bears the anal fin and is supported by interhsemal rays; head short, compressed, deep, with extremely short snout and a wide, subvertical mouth; eyes large, lateral; margin of upper jaw formed by maxillary and intermaxillary, the latter being very short, and each of these bones having a sharp edge which is armed with a series of very small teeth, somewhat unequal in size; lower jaw with a similar dentition; vomer and palatines toothless; bones of the head firm, some of them terminating in short spines, namely the angle of the preopercle, the postero-inferior angle of the mandible, and the symphysis of the humeral bones; gill-opening very wide, the gill-membrane being attached to the isthmus; gills 4, the branchial arches long, not angularly bent, the branchial slits being closed by a membrane in their upper portion; a few of the gillrakers are prolonged, needle-shaped and widely set, the others being quite rudimentary; pseudobranehke present; greater portion of body scaleless, covered with a silvery pigment; a luminous organ occupies the inner side of the opercle close to its lower end, another is placed at the anterior end of the ceratohyal, and finally a very large glandular mass is lodged on the upper edge of the anterior end of the clavicle; a series of luminous spots runs along the lower edge of the abdomen and is separated from the series of the other side by a cartilaginous fold occupying the median line of the abdomen; another series runs on each side of the isthmus, a row of 3 above and behind the root of the centrals, and another row of 3 above the vent; the luminous organs on the lower part of tail consist anteriorly of a row of 4, of which the first is prolonged toward the back as a narrow band, terminating about the middle of the depth of the body in a globular black spot with a white center; posteriorly in front of the caudal rays there is- another row' of 4 small spots; the dorsal fin occupies the middle of the back and consists of a triangular bony lamella, very thin in front, but strengthened along its hind margin, and followed by several rays; adipose fin absent, or represented by a very low membranous fringe of the dorsal margin of the tail; the anal fin is incompletely devel¬ oped, extending from the vent to the root of the caudal fin, its rays being rudimentary, widely set, and scarcely free; caudal fin broad and forked; pectorals well developed, close to the lower profile; ventrals small, the pelvic bone with a bifid spine in front pointing forward. (Gunther.) The single Hawaiian species {Sleriioply.r diaphana ) is described in Section II. Steriioplyx Hermann, Naturforscher, XVI, 8,1781 {diaphana). Order G. APO DES.— The Eels. Teleost fishes, with the premaxillaries atrophied or lost, the maxillaries lateral, and the body anguilliform and destitute of ventral fins; the most striking feature is the absence of premaxillaries, taken in connection with the elongate form and the little development of the scapular arch, which is not attached to the cranium. Other characters, not confined to the .1 podes, are the following: The absence of the symplectic bone; the reduction of the opercular apparatus and of the palato-pterygoid arch; the absence of ventral fins; the absence of the mesocoracoid or prsecoracoid arch; the reduction or total absence of the scales; there are no spines in the fins; the gill-openings are comparatively small; there are no pseudobranchiae; the vertebrae are in large number and none of them specially modified; the tail is isocercal — that is, with the caudal vertebrae remaining in a straight line to its extremity, as in the embryos of most fishes, and in the Anacanthini. We begin our discussion of the eels with the forms which seem nearest to the primitive stock from which the members of the group have descended. It is evident that among the eels the forms of simplest structure, Sphayebranchus, etc., are not in any sense primitive forms, but the results of a long- continued and progressive degeneration, so far as the fins and mouth parts are concerned. The A podes are probably descended from soft-rayed fishes, and their divergence from typical forms is in most respects a retrogression. 74 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. FAMILIES OF HAWAIIAN APODES. a. Enchelycepkali: Gill-openings well developed, leading to large interbranchial slits; tongue present; opercle and branchial bones well developed; scapular arch present. b. Body covered with linear, imbedded scales . Synaphobranchidce, p. 74 bb. Scales wholly wanting; eggs, so far as known, of moderate size, much as in ordinary fishes. c. Tip of tail with a more or less distinct fin, the dorsal and anal fins confluent around it; coloration always plain, brownish, blackish, or silvery, the fins often black-margined; posterior nostril without tube, situated entirely above the upper lip: tongue broad, largely free anteriorly and on sides; pectorals well developed. Leptocephalidic, p. 74 cr. Tip of tail without rays, projecting beyond the dorsal and anal fins (not filiform); posterior nostril on the edge of upper lip; anterior nostril near tip of snout, usually in a small tube; tongue usually adnate to the floor of mouth; coloration frequently variegated . Ophichthyidx , p. 80 an. Colocephali: Gill-openings small, roundish, leading to restricted interbranchial slits; tongue wanting; pectoral fin (typically) wanting; opercle feebly developed; fourth gill-arch modified, strengthened, and supporting pharyngeal jaws. d. Scapular arch obsolete or represented by cartilage; heart not far back; pectorals wanting; skin thick; coloration often variegated.. . Murxnidx , p. 87 Family XXVII. SYNAPHOBRANCHI !)<■£. This group consists of deep-sea eels, differing from the Anguillidse in having the gill-opening externally confluent into a single slit. The following diagnosis is given by Dr. Gill: “Enchelycephalous Apodals with conic, pointed head, moderate opercular apparatus, lateral maxillines, cardiform teeth, distinct tongue, inferior branchial apertures discharging by a common aperture, continuous vertical fins, pectorals well developed, scaly skin, and nearly perfect branchial skeleton.” Body eel-shaped, covered with linear, imbedded scales placed at right angles, as in Anguilla. Lateral line present; head long and pointed, the snout produced; mouth very long, the eye being over the middle of its cleft; jaws about equal; teeth small, sharp, in a broad band in each jaw, becoming a single series anteriorly; those of inner series in upper jaw and of outer series in mandible somewhat enlarged; vomerine teeth in a narrow band anteriorly; gill-openings inferior, horizontal, close together, convergent forward, somewhat confluent at the surface, but separated by a considerable isthmus within; branchiostegals peculiarly formed, in moderate number (about 15), attached to the sides of the compressed ceratohyal and epihyal, slender, abbreviated, and moderately bowed, not being curved up above the opercle; tongue long, free only at the sides; nostrils large, the anterior with a short tube, the posterior before the lower part of the eye; pectoral well developed; dorsal low, beginning behind vent; anal longer than dorsal, rather high, its rays slender, branched, not embedded in the skin; vertical fins confluent around the tail; vent near the anterior fourth of body; muscular and osseous systems well developed; stomach very distensible. Deep-sea fishes. Genas 41. SYNAPHOBRANCHTJS Johnson. Dorsal beginning behind vent. This genus contains 2 or 3 species, deep-sea fishes from the Atlantic and Pacific. The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section 11. Syriaphobi'anchus Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862, 169 (kaupii). Family XXVIII. IEPT0CEPH A LI DAJ. — The Conger Eels. This family includes those eels which are scaleless and have the tongue largely free in front; the body moderately elongate; the end of the tail surrounded by a fin; the posterior nostril remote from the upper lip and near front of eye; and the pectoral fins well developed; lower jaw more or less included; teeth on sides forming a cutting edge; lateral line well developed. All the species are plainly colored, grayish or dusky above, silvery below. Species found in most warm seas, usually at moderate depth. Most of them undergo a metamorphosis, the young being loosely organized and transparent, band-shaped, and with very small head. The body grows smaller with age owing to the compacting of the tissues. The two genera found in the Hawaiian Islands are not well separated and should perhaps be considered as one. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 75 a,. Insertion of dorsal behind middle of pectoral. ft. Gape of mouth scarcely reaching orbit . Promytlantor, p. 75 bb. Gape of mouth reaching at least to below middle of eye . Leplocephalus, p. 75 aa. Insertion of dorsal before middle of pectoral. c. Teeth present on jaws and vomer . Congrellus, p. 76 cc. No teeth on jaws or vomer . Veteniio, p. 78 Genus 42. PROMYLLANTOR Alcock. Body stout, with the muscular and osseous systems well developed, and the tail about as long as the trunk; eye rather small, cleft of mouth narrow, not extending behind middle of eye; villiform teeth, in broad bands in jaws, and in a broad, confluent patch on palate; nostrils lateral; tongue free; gill-openings widely separate; 4 gills with wide clefts; no scales; muciferous cavities of head well developed; the dorsal begins some distance behind the occiput; pectoral and vertical fins well developed, the latter confluent. Allied to Congennurxna. (Alcock). This genus differs from Lepto- cephalus in the dentition and in the posterior position of the nostrils. Deep-sea fishes of the Arabian seas and about the Hawaiian Islands. The single Hawaiian species (P. alcocki) is fully described in Section II. Promyllantor Alcock. Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist., October, 1890, 6th series, No. 6, 310 ( purpureus ), Genus 43. LEPTOCEPHALUS Scopoli. The Conger Eels. Body formed as in Anguilla; the skin scaleless; head depressed above, anteriorly pointed; lateral line present; mouth wide, its cleft extending at least to below middle of eye; teeth in outer series in each jaw equal and close-set, forming a cutting edge; no canines; band of vomerine teeth short; tongue anteriorly free; vertical fins well developed, confluent around tail; pectoral fins well developed; dorsal beginning close behind pectorals; gill-openings rather large, low; eyes well developed; posterior nostril near eye; anterior near tip of snout, with a short tube; lower jaw not projecting; skeleton differing in numerous respects from that of Anguilla; vertebrae about 56 + 100. In most warm seas. This genus contains the well known and widely distributed conger eel and 3 or 4 closely related species. The earliest generic name used for members of the group is Leplocephalus, based on a curious, elongate, transparent, band-like creature with minute head and very small mouth, found in the waters of Europe, and known as Leplocephalus morrissi. This has been shown by Gill, Gunther and Facciola to be the young and larval form of Leptocephalas conger. A number of genera and species of the sup¬ posed family of Leptocephalidx have been described, but there is no doubt that all of them are larva;, some of eels, as Conger, Congermurana, Oxystomm, and Nettastoma, others of isospondylous fishes, as Albula, Elops, Alepocephalus, Stomias, etc. (Gunther, Cat., VIII, 136.) It is thought by Dr. Gunther that the leptocephalid forms are probably “individuals arrested in the development at a very early period of their life, yet continuing to grow to a certain size, without corresponding develop¬ ment of their internal organs, and perishing without having attained the characters of the perfect animal.” The recent observations of Dr. Gilbert on the iarvte of Albula , Elops, and Conger, however, seem to point to the conclusion that these curious forms are normal young, and that the individuals grow smaller in size for a time with increased age, otving to the increasing compactness of the tissues. Inasmuch as the name Leplocephalus has been associated for more than a century with larval forms, it is a decided inconvenience to accord to it precedence as a generic name over Conger. The strict law of priority, however, demands its retention, and the tendency among systematic zoologists is to recognize as few exceptions as may be to this rule. The unfamiliar names O.vyurus and Helmictis are both earlier than Conger. (a) Larval forms. Leplocephalus Scopoli, Int. Hist. Nat., 1777, 453 (morrissi). Oxyurus Rafinesque, Caratteri, 19, 1810 ( vermiformis ). Helmictis Rafinesque. Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 62. 1810 (punctatm). Helmichlhys Costa. Fauna Napoli, Pesca, 1854 ( diaphanus ). t Leptocephaliclithys Bleeker, Act. Sbc. Sci. Ind. Nederl., I. Manado, 69. June, 1856 ( hgpselosoma ). f LHaphanichthys Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1864, 339 (brcvicaudus). 7fi BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. (6) Adult forms. Echclm Rafinesque, Caratteri, etc., 63, 1810 (in part; includes species of Conger, Ophismna, and My me ; restricted by Bleeker to Myrus). Conger Cuvier, Regne Animal (2d ed. MeMurtries’s), II, 257, 1831 (conger). Ariosoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, I, 220, 1838 (no type mentioned; diagnosis worthless). Ophimma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class'll Fishes, II, 331, 1839 (acuta). Substitute for Ariosoma; not Ophisomns Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, II, 277, 1839, - Pholis Scapoli. Congrus Richardson, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 107, 1844 (conger). GnaXhophis Kaup, Aale Fische Hamburg Mus., 7, in Abhand. Natur. Verein Hamburg, IV, 1858-1866. 30. Leptocephalus marginatus (Valenciennes). “Puhi uha.” Head 2 in trunk; head and trunk about 1.67 in tail; eye 2 in snout, 1.67 in interorbital space; snout about 3.75 in head; interorbital space a little over 5; mouth about 2.3; pectoral 2.67. Body more or less rounded, the tail posteriorly tapering and compressed; head rather long, depressed, and pointed; snout pointed, depressed above, and projecting beyond the mandible; eye small, anterior; mouth rather large, extending posteriorly slightly beyond eye; lips thick, fleshy, and broad; teeth blunt, rather short, more or less cylindrical, a patch on vomer and front of mouth above, a small patch on each side of the symphysis of mandible, those along the jaws forming a cutting edge; tongue large, thick, and free in front; anterior nostrils in short tubes near tip of snout, the posterior situated very near upper front margin of eye; interorbital space elevated eonvexlyand flattened in the middle; sides of head rather swollen; gill-openings rather large; peritoneum silvery:; skin perfectly smooth; head with a number of mucous pores; lateral line well developed and continuous, the pores about 120; origin of dorsal beginning over the first third of pectoral, its height greater than that of anal; margin of caudal rounded, its length about equal to snout and half of eye; pectoral more or less rounded, the rays just above the middle the longest. In life the young has traces of obscure crossbars. Color in alcohol, dark lucid brown above and on the vertical fins, which are margined with black; lower surface of body pale or whitish, more or less soiled with pale brown; a dark blackish brown streak from lower margin of eye above and behind the corner of mouth; pectorals brown, their lower margins whitish, the upper portions of their extremities with a black blotch, which is always distinct. The above description is based on a specimen 39 inches long (No. 03759) from Hilo. Three other specimens (Nos. 03758, 03359, and 03760), 30, 24, and 30 inches long, respectively, are in the collec¬ tions from Hilo, and 2 specimens (Nos. 03713 and 03727), 24 and 38 inches long, respectively, were obtained at Kailua. Young individuals have traces of obscure cross-bands. An example from Hilo showed the pectoral in life with a large blotch, edged with white. In the collection made by l)r. Jenkins are! specimens, 19 to 25 inches long. We have one larva, probably of this or some species of Leptocephalus, obtained at Hilo. It is about 2 inches long, and can not be certainly identified. The species is rather abundant about lava rocks, and is common at Samoa. The native Hawaiian name, puhi uha, signifies slippery eel. Conycr muni hiatus Valenciennes, Voy. Bonite, Poiss., 201, |»1. 9, fig. 1, 1841, Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool.. 1, part VI, Gl. 1880 (Reefs at Honolulu); Stcindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 514 (Laysan). Conger altipinnis Kaup, Wiegm. Arch., XXII, 1856, 72, Bourbon. Conge r noordz i ek i Bleeker, Act. Sue. Sei. Ind. Neerl.. Amboyna. II, 1857, 86, East Indies. Leptocephalus marg hiatus, Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 421 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 515 (Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai). Genus 44/ CONGRELLUS Ogilby. Dorsal fin inserted more anteriorly than in Leptocephalus , over the gill-opening or anterior part of pectoral; head with mueiferous cavities, more or less conspicuous; mouth rather small; teeth all pointed; body more robust than in Leptocephalus , the tail not much, if any, longer than rest of body, its tip white in Japanese species; dorsal and anal edged with black. The genus is not very different from Leptocephalus , the species megastpmus being almost exactly intermediate. Congrellus Ogilby in Jordan & Evermann. Fishes North and Mid. Amer., Ill, 2801, 1S98 (November 26) (halearica). a. Snout not longer than eye, rounded, projecting slightly beyond tip of lower jaw; lips thick; gill-openings less than eye; origin of dorsal in front of base of pectoral . . . • . bou'ersi, p. 77 an. Snout longer than eye, flat, projecting considerably beyond tip of lower jaw; lips thin; gill-openings a little greater than eye; origin of dorsal slightly behind base of pectoral . sequoreus , p. 77 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. I I 31. Congrellus bowersi Jenkins. Fig. 16. Head 1.6 in trunk; head and trunk a little shorter than tail; width of head 2.5 in its length; snout 4.5 in head; eye 4.25; interorbital space 6; pectoral "3. 4; pores about 147 in lateral line. Body rather short, compressed, the tail tapering posteriorly; head elongate, rounded, conically pointed in front; snout a trifle less than eye, rounded, elongate, with its tip bluntly pointed; eyes very large, high in front of head; mouth large, the snout protruding slightly beyond tip of mandible, corner of mouth nearly under middle of eye; lips rather thick, fleshy lobes on either side of each jaw; teeth all tine and rather numerous in jaws and on vomer; anterior nostrils in short tubes at tip of snout, the posterior on sides of snout nearer front of eye than tip of snout; interorbital space flattened and with a median ridge; head without swollen appearance; gill-openings about two-thirds eye; peritoneum silvery, with small gray dots; skin smooth; head with a number of mucous pores, a large one just behind the anterior nostril; origin of dorsal at about the last sixth of the space between posterior margin of eye and origin of pectoral; caudal small, or the marginal fin around the end of tail very narrow; pectoral rather short and rounded. Color in alcohol, Iwown, slightly darker above and somewhat clouded on head, where 2 dark brown crossbars are formed; fins all pale brown; edges of dorsal, caudal, and anal narrowly edged with black, especially distinct posteriorly. Color in life (No. 03419), body translucent, colorless; snout dusky; a dusky band through eye and over head; a dusky transverse band across nape and half way down on side; a dusky saddle in front of dorsal; a narrow dark margin on dorsal and anal. This description is based primarily upon a specimen (No. 04923) 14.5 inches long, obtained at Hilo. One other specimen (No. 04922) 11 inches long was taken at Hilo; four examples ( Nos. 03419, 04919, 04920, and 04921), each about 11 inches long, at Honolulu. The collection obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu contains eight examples, ranging in length from 8 to 11 inches. Congrellus bowersi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 422, fig. I, Honolulu; Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 515 (Honolulu). 32. Congrellus aequoreus (Gilbert A Cramer). Fig. 17. Head 6.5 to 6.8; depth 15 to IS; head and trunk much shorter than tail, about 1.6 in latter; pectoral rays 14 or 15. Body slender, compressed; head as deep as wide, tapering forward to a flat snout; snout 3.5 to 3.8 in head, slightly more than twice as long as eye, and projecting two-thirds the diameter of eye beyond tip of lower jaw; eyes somewhat elliptical, their upper margins near dorsal profile; angle of mouth reaching middle of orbit; lips thin; maxillary teeth close-set in a broad villi form band, the 78 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. outer teeth longer than the inner, the vomerine teeth much larger, forming a broad transverse patch in advance of maxillary teeth, with a very few small teeth on the shaft; mandibular teeth in a narrow eardiform band anteriorly, diminishing much in size toward angle of mouth; anterior nostril a broad, short tube situated on the antero-lateral part of snout, a little nearer mouth than dorsal profile; poste¬ rior nostril a large, elliptical opening in front of upper third of eye, less than its own diameter from eye; interorbital space about equal to long diameter of eye; gill-openings t)ir apart, their width a little greater than diameter of eye, the distance between them about 5 in head; gills 4, no rakers; tongue free; peritoneum silvery, speckled, or brownish; intestine black; pores of snout arranged as follows: A small pair under tip of snout just in front of anterior teeth, a large one' in front of, a second above, and a third immediately behind the anterior nostril, 4 others along the side of upper jaw, and one behind angle of mouth; a row of about 10 pores on each ramus of mandible, beginning at tip of lower jaw and extending beyond its posterior angle; lateral line above middle of body anteriorly; dorsal fin beginning slightly behind base, of pectoral, its distance from occiput equaling distance of latter from center of eye; pectoral small, pointed and equal to snout. Color in alcohol, brown, head and back dusky; a large, dark, opercular spot, another small one above each eye, and a dark streak on snout in front of eye; side of tail with coarse black specks, much Fig. 17. — Congreltus sequoreus (Gilbert & Cramer); from the type. more numerous in one of the specimens than in the other, and mainly collected into 2 lengthwise lines running parallel with the bases of the dorsal and anal; the other specimen is almost plain; mar¬ ginal portions of dorsal and anal fins dusky, becoming black posteriorly, and the basal portions light; inside of mouth a little dusky (Gilbert & Cramer). This species is known from two specimens, 16.25 and 18.5 inches long, respectively, dredged by the Albatross, December 6, 1891, between Molokai and Lanai in 375 fathoms, and several others dredged by the Albatross in 1902. Congennurxna irquorea Gilbert A Cramer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. XIX. 1896 (Feb. 5, 1S97), 405, p!. XXXVII (misprinted t injitotra on plate). Albatross station 3474. Lat. N. 210 12', Long. W. 1570 38' 30", ill 375 fathoms. (Type, No. 47696, U. S. Nat. Mus.) Genus 45. VETERNIO Snyder. Body without scales; lateral line present; tail much longer than head and trunk; head long, snout, pointed; lower jaw much shorter than upper. No teeth; vomer, maxillaries, and mandible with broad, smooth, hard areas; tongue free; nostrils not tubular, the anterior ones near tip of snout, with narrow rims; posterior ones oblong, near the eyes; gill-openings separate, with broad, lunate slits; fins well developed, dorsal inserted above base of pectorals. Color uniform. The absence of teeth serves to distinguish Vstemio from closely related genera. Vclcrnio Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 516 (venens). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 79 33. Veternio verrens Snyder. Plate 5, fig. 1. Head, from tip of snout to upper edge of gill-opening, 0.64 of trunk; depth 0.42 of head; eye 0.13; snout 0.26; length of pectoral 0.36. Head very long and pointed, upper profile sloping gently from tip of snout to occiput; interorbital space flat, its width 0.16 of head; snout slender, projecting beyond lower jaw a distance equal to 0.5 of diameter of eye; cleft of mouth somewhat oblique, extending beyond eye a distance equal to 0.3 of pupil; no teeth, the vomer, maxillaries, and mandible with broad, flat, smooth surfaces; tongue free, tip rounded; lips thin, simple; anterior nostrils at end of snout, with low rims and posterior flaps; posterior nostrils close to upper anterior part of eye, without rims, rounded oval in shape; a pair of large mucous tubes at tip of snout, a tube immediately behind anterior nostril and one on each side of snout just above the latter; gill-openings lunate, their width about 0.15 of length of head; lateral line somewhat above middle of body anteriorly, gradually extending downward and reaching middle of body a short distance beyond the vent. Pectoral inserted just below middle of body, obtusely pointed, upper rays longest, lower border convex; dorsal inserted above middle of base of pectoral, height of fin at a point above tip of pectoral equal to vertical diameter of eye, at a point twice the length of head behind the vent, the length of rays equals length of snout; 65 rays between its insertion and a vertical through the anal opening; anal inserted immediately behind vent, its height equal to 0.5 the length of snout. Color plain, fins edged with black. Color in spirits brown, darker above than below; pectorals brownish, growing black toward tips; dorsal brownish, shading into black along edge; anal bordered with black, the band about half as wide as pupil and sharply defined. A single mutilated specimen (type, No. 50862, U. S. Nat. Mus.) from the Honolulu market measures 10.63 inches from snout to vent. The tail was severed 12.6 inches behind the vent. Veternio verrens Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190-2 (Jan. 19, 1904), 516, pi. 2, fig. 3, Honolulu. Family XXIX. XETTASTOMIIDE. Eels without pectoral fins, with the tongue not free, the posterior nostrils remote from the lip, the gill-openings small, separate, and subinferior, the vent remote from the head, the tail ending in a slender tip or filamant, the dorsal and anal fins moderately developed, and the jaws produced, slender, and straight, the upper the longer, and both, as also the vomer, armed with bands of sharp, close-set, recurved, subequal teeth. This family contains a few species of deep-sea eels, closely allied to the Murxnesocidx in technical characters, but more resembling the Nemichthyidx in appearance, form of the head, and in dentition. Deep-sea fishes with fragile bodies and thin skin charged with black pig¬ ment. A single Hawaiian genus and species, described in Section II. Family XXX. XEMICHTHVID/E.- The Snipe Eels. Body excessively slender, not strongly compressed, deepest near the middle, tapering backward to the tail, which usually ends in a long and slender filament, and forward to a very long and slender neck, which is abruptly enlarged at the occipital region; no scales; lateral line represented by one or more rows of pores; head resembling that of Tylosurus; the head proper, small, short, and rather broad, with flat top and vertical sides; nostrils large, close together in front of the eye, without tube or flap; jaws excessively prolonged, almost needle-like, the upper the longer and somewhat recurved; teeth in both jaws small, very numerous, close-set, retrorse; gill-openings rather large, running down¬ ward and forward, separated by a narrow isthmus or partly confluent; pectorals well developed; anal fin higher than dorsal, beginning near the vent, becoming obsolete on the caudal filament; dorsal beginning close behind occiput, its anterior rays soft, succeeded by a long series of very low, simple, spine-like rays, which are slightly connected by membrane, their height rather less than the length of the interspaces; on the tail these spines again give place to soft rays; the soft rays of the fins are connected by thin membranes instead of being imbedded in thick skin, as in eels generally. Color translucent, the lower parts dark, the back pale; stomach not distensible; muscular and osseus systems well developed; abdominal cavity extending far behind the vent. The species are little known and their anatomy has not been studied; they are certainly eels, and their nearest relation seems to be with the Nettastoinidse. so BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 46. SERRIVOMER Gill & Ryder. Nemicht.hyids with the head behind eyes of an elongated parallelogramic form, with moderately attenuated jaws; branchiostegal membranes confluent at posterior margin, but with the branchial aperture limited by an isthmus except at the margin, and with lancet-shaped vomerine teeth in a crowded (sometimes doubled) row. A single Hawaiian species. (See Section II.) .S crrivomer Gill & Ryder, l'roc. U. S. Nat. M us. 1883, 260 ( beani ). Family XXXI. OPHICHTHYID/E. — The Snake Eels. This family includes those scaleless enchelyeephalous eels with end of the tail projecting beyond dorsal and anal tins; without rudiment of a caudal fin; with anterior nostrils placed in upper lip, opening downward; gill-openings not. confluent; tongue more or less fully adnate to floor of mouth. The species are, for the most part, moderate or small in size, and they are very abundant in the tropical seas, especially about coral reefs. -The eggs are numerous, of moderate size, similar to those of ordinary fishes. Genera about 12; species nearly 100. Many of the species are singularly colored, the bands or spots heightening the analogy between them and the serpents. Only 8 species of this large family are thus far known from the Hawaiian Islands. a. Body without traces of fins anywhere . . Sphagebranchus, p. 80 aa. Body with distinct dorsal and anal fins. h. Vomerine teeth, none . .- . . . ..Lciuranus, p. 81 bb. Vomerine-teeth present. c. Pectorals present. d. Teeth sharp, pointed, some of them often canine or fang-like. e. Dorsal inserted over or before gill-opening: caniiiesjsmall . Microdonophis, p. 82 ec. Dorsal behind gill-opening; lips fringed; canines large . Brachysomophis , p. 83 dxl. Teeth blunt, mostly granular or molar . . Myrichthys , p. 84 cc. Pectorals wanting . Caltechdys, p. 85 Genus 47. SPHAGEBRANCHUS Bloch. This genus contains several little-known species of small eels, remarkable for showing no trace of fins in the adult stage. The snout projects beyond the small mouth, giving a shark-like profile, and tlie small teeth are mostly uniserial. The gill-slits are inferior and converging. The name Sphaye- branchux was based on a species which evidently belongs to the genus. It has therefore clear priority over fchthyapus and Apterichthys. This genus is the most simple in structure among the Ophichlhyukv , as Ophichthux is probably the most specialized. The loss of fins is doubtless due to degeneration, but Sphagebranehui seems nearer the primitive type than Bmchysomophis or Ophichthus. Sphagebranchus 'Bloch, Ichthyologic, XII, 79, pi. 419, fig. 2, 1797 {rostral us). i \rcilia Lacepcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 135. 1800 {brandcricum — circus) ; not Curilia L., a genus of Batrachia. Aptcriclitliys De la Roche, Ann. Mus. Nat. H i-t . Paris, XIII. 325, 1809 {circus). Itramlrri us Kalinesque, Analyse de la Nature, 93, 1815 {circus). Ichthyopus Brisout de Barneville, Revue Zoologique, 219, 1847 {acutiroslris). Ophisurapus ICaup, Apodesj 29, 1856 {gracilis). 34. Sphagebranchus flavicaudus Snyder. Plate 5, fig. 2. Head, measured to upper edge of gill-opening, 18 in length, 9.5 in trunk including head, 8.3 in tail; depth 3.9 in head; snout 5.5. Snout long, slender, and sharp, projecting beyond upper jaw, tip of latter reaching beyond eye a distance equal to diameter of pupil; eye midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth, its diameter contained 3 times in length of snout; anterior nostril with a short tube on ventral side of snout a little nearer its tip than to border of eye; posterior nostril without tube, placed below anterior margin of eye; upper lip with a fold extending from nostril to angle of mouth; teeth of jaws in a single series; a group of 4 canines at end of upper jaw, ail being beyond end of lower jaw when it is closed; a few sharp teeth on anterior part of vomer; gill-openings inferior, converging, the distance between them about equal to diameter of eye; width of gill-opening 7.9 in head; no fins; tail pointed. BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903 PLATE 5 1 VETERNIO VERRENS SNYDER. 2. SPHAGEBRANCHUS FLAVICAUDUS SNYDER. A. HOEN & CO., LITH. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 81 Color in alcohol, pale olive, the tail nearly white. The description is from the type, No. 50863, U. S. Nat. Mus., 14.45 inches long. Two examples from off the northeast coast of Hawaii. One from station 4055, depth 50 to 60 fathoms (cotype, 7509, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.), measures 9.6 inches. The head 17 in length, 10 in head and trunk. In life it was pinkish anteriorly, the posterior third tinged with lemon-yellow. The other specimen, from sta¬ tion 4061, depth 24 to 83 fathoms, measures 8.66 inches; head 15.4 in length, 8.3 in head and trunk. In life the color was light orange, fading to lemon-yellow posteriorly; an indistinct, light, median, dorsal stripe extending from occiput to tip of tail; ventral surface slightly tinged with purple, the tint extending about twice the length of head beyond anal opening; side of head with 2 white spots, the anterior one just behind eyes, the posterior one indistinctly connected over the occiput with its fellow on opposite side. Sphagebranchus f.avintudus Snyder, Bull, r S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), 016, pi. 2. fig. 1. Albatross Station 3874, between Mauai and Lanai, in 21 to 28 fathoms. Genus 48. LEIURANUS Bleeker. Body cylindrical; mouth small, below the sharp, projecting snout;, teeth pointed, of moderate size, uniserial in jaws; no teeth on vomer; eye small; pectoral small; dorsal and anal low, the former beginning nearly above gill-opening. Small eels, having the bright colors of Chlevastes, but in technical respects nearer Ophichthus, distinguished by the absence of vomerine teeth. Leiuranus Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. Marten., XXV, 24, 36, 1853 ( lacepedii=scniicinctus ). Stethopterus Bleeker, op. cit., 21, 1853 ( vimiitcus=scmicinctus ). 35. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay & Bennett). Head 6.25 in trunk; tail a little longer than trunk without head; eye about 2 in snout, 1.67 in interorbital space; snout about 6 in head; interorbital space 7.3; mouth from tip of snout 3.5; pectoral about 7. Body more or less rounded and rather slender, the tail tapering posteriorly to a conical horny point; head pointed, rather thick and swollen; snout short, depressed, flattened, and shark-like in appearance, with the edges more or less thin; eyes small, and placed wholly before the corners of mouth; teeth in jaws in a single series, pointed, and hooked backward; no vomerine teeth; tongue adnate to floor of mouth, small; mandible small, its tip, when mouth is closed, very much nearer anterior margin of eye than tip of snout; anterior nostrils in small tubes, inferior, on lower surface of snout and opening downward; posterior nostrils large, in the lips, and opening downward; interorbital space very slightly convex, nearly flat; skin smooth; the head about the branchial region more or less wrinkled; head w ith a few mucous pores, those in the lateral series from head about 147; origin of dorsal about over middle of pectoral; dorsal and anal low; pectoral small and short. Color in alcohol, whitish, with 24 deep brown broad cross-blotches, the first 2 on top of head much narrower than the others, those on trunk becoming narrower, most of them anteriorly not meeting below, and those on tail meeting more or less perfectly below; tips of snout and tail white. This species was not obtained by us in Hawaii, but it has been recorded from those islands by Lay and Bennett, by Fowler, and by Snyder. The above description is based upon a specimen ( No. 6642, Stanford University Museum) 17.5 inches long, obtained bv Jordan and Snyder at Yaeyama, Ishigaka Islands, in the southern Riu Kiu Archipelago. It was also found by Jordan and Kellogg at Samoa. Ophisurus semiriitclus Lay & Bennett, Zool. Capt. Beecliey’s Voyage, 66, pi. XX, tig. 4, 1839. Oahu. Opliisarus (SphagebranChus) vimineus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, 107, pi. LII, figs. 16-20, 1843, China. Ophisurus vimineus Richardson, Ichth. China, 314, 1846, China (Coll. Sir Edward Belcher). Stethopterus vimineus , Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen.. XXV. 24, 18.33 (Sibogha; Sumatra). Leiuranus lacepcdii Bleeker, op. cit., 36, 1853, Sibogha; Sumatra. Leiuranus colubrinus Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish., 2, 1856, Java: Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., IV, 42, pi. IX, fig. 1, part. 1864 (East Indies). Ophisurus multizonus Cuvier in Kaup, 1. c. (name only), China, Mauritius, and Malayan Archipelago. Liuranus semicinctus , Gunther, Cat., VIII, 51, 1870 (East Indies; Fiji Islands; China). Leiuranus semicinctus, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 491 (Hawaiian Islands); Jordan A Snyder, Proc. U. s. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901. 866 (Yaeyama, Ishigaka Islands, Japan); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), 516 (Honolulu). F. C. B. 1903—6 82 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 49. MICRODONOPHIS Kaup. Body more or less rounded; head and trunk much longer than tail, which is more or less rounded and pointed; head rounded; snout pointed and projecting; teeth large and somewhat canine-like, in one row on vomer; nostrils anterior, each in a small tube, the posterior pair opening in the lips down¬ ward; pores of lateral line continuous; dorsal beginning over gill-opening or origin of pectoral; pec¬ toral short. Coloration variegated with rather large dark spots, those on the head small, absent in M. macgregori. Only two species known from Hawaii. Microdonophis Kaup, Apodal Fishes, G, 1856 (alUpinnis). a. Origin of dorsal slightly in advance of gill-opening or base of pectoral; anterior nostrils in short fleshy tubes on tip of snout. Color white, rendered somewhat shaded on upper portions by very minute points of gray; hack and upper surface with numerous round brown spots and about 17 indistinct transverse dark brown bands . .fowlcri, p. 82 aa. Origin of dorsal farther in advance of base of pectoral, midway in length of head; anterior nostrils in conspicuous tubes on lower surface of snout in front. Color brownish olive, the lower surface light yellowish washed with silvery; upper surface of body dark, covered with minute blackish dots . macgregori, p. 82 38. Microdonophis fowleri .Jordan & Evermann. Plate 6. Head about 4.8 in trunk, measured from gill-opening to vent; tail shorter than head and trunk by the length of the former; eye nearly 1.8 in snout or 1.5 in interorbital space; snout 6 in head; inter¬ orbital space about 8.75; mouth 2.75; pectoral a little over 4.25 in head. Body elongate, cylindrical, the tail tapering gradually to a conical horny point; head cylindrical and pointed; snout moderately long and pointed, slightly flattened above, projecting over and beyond the mandible; eye elongate, small, anterior and superior, about midway in length of mouth; mouth rather large; lips somewhat fringed; teeth large and canine-like in front of jaws, and on vomer in a single row: tongue small, adnate to floor of mouth; anterior nostrils in short tubes near tip of snout, the posterior with broad flaps on the lips and opening downward; interorbital space concave, each supraocular ridge slightly elevated; peritoneum silvery; skin perfectly smooth; head with mucous pores, a series of which encircle the head above and about midway in its length; lateral line well developed, the pores about 140; origin of dorsal slightly in advance of gill-opening or base of pectoral; pectoral small, the rays just above the middle the longest, the fin rounded; dorsal fin long and low, its height about equal to length of snout; anal similar to dorsal, its height a trifle less. General color, when fresh, white, rendered somewhat shaded on upper portions by very minute points (seen only with a good lens) of gray; back and upper surface with numerous round brown spots and about 17 indistinct transverse dark brown cross-bands which do not extend over the dorsal; interspaces between spots on head yellow; pectoral bright lemon-yellow; end of tail for about 1 inch from point bright yellow; spots on margin of dorsal brown, with yellow borders; a hand of yellow' from under one eye backward, upward, across top of head, and down under the other eye; a transverse series of pores with black margins encircles head above and about midway in its length, a similar series over head along margin of mouth, then up, back of eye, over head; pores of lateral line without black margins. Three specimens of this species are now known, the type (No. 50613, U. S. Nat. Mus.), a speci¬ men 23 inches long, obtained hv us in the Honolulu market, another example obtained by the Alba¬ tross in the Honolulu market, and a third specimen recently received from Mr. E. L. Berndt. Microdonophis fowlcri Jordan it Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 164, Honolulu; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 516 (Honolulu). 37. Microdonophis macgregori Jenkins. Fig. 18. Head 4.8 in trunk; head and trunk 1.75 in tail; eye 2 in snout, a little over one in interorbital space; snout 5.2 in head; mouth from tip of snout 3; pectoral 3.5. Body more or less rounded, rather slender, the tail tapering posteriorly to a conical horny point; head elongate, pointed, somewhat compressed; snout small, well produced beyond mandible, pointed, and. conical; eye small, much nearer corner of mouth than tip of snout or midway between fip of mandible and corner of mouth; mandible broad; lip of upper jaw with a fringe of short fleshy barbels; teeth sharp, pointed, in a single series on vomer and in jaws; nostrils anteriorly in conspicuous fleshy £061 O J S n ling CD UJ < CL Microdonophis fowleri Jordan & Evermann. Type FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 83 tubes on lower surface of Snout in front; interorbital space a little more than the eye and convex; gill- openings low, the space between rather broad; skin smooth; head with many mucous pores;. lateral line well developed; origin of dorsal midway in length of head; dorsal and anal low; pectoral rather small. Color in alcohol, brownish olive; lower surface light yellowish washed with silvery; upper sur¬ face of body dark, being, covered with minute blackish dots. This species is probably the type of a new genus, Jenkrnsiella, characterized by the fringe of short - - Fio. 18. — Microdonophis marj slums Jordan Gilbert, in 2 Bull. U. S.F.C. 1903 Brachysomophis henshawi Jordan & Snyder. Type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 85 series in front, becoming 3 posteriorly; 2 rows (the outer row being larger) of bluntish, conical teeth on each side of upper jaw, preceded by a patch of 8 on extremity of nasal bone; smaller teeth on vomer in a band of 2 series; dorsal and anal tins rather high, the highest part of dorsal exceeding length of snout; dorsal beginning at nape, at a distance from snout equal to half of length of head; pectoral short, 1.5 in its base, 1.75 in snout, its free margin lunate; gill-opening oblique, its width equaling base of pectoral and 1.75 in isthmus; end of tail rather blunt and little compressed. Ground color, in spirits, light olivaceous; round brown spots in 4 series on side, extending on dorsal but becoming fainter on fin; second series on lateral line, the spots of third mostly smaller; spots of different series sometimes alternating regularly, sometimes without definite order; diameter of most of spots in upper 2 series exceeding snout; a fourth series of much smaller spots (not half the Fig. 19. — Myrichthys stypurus (Smith & Swain); from the type. diameter of largest ones) along side of belly, almost disappearing on tail; small, irregular, more or less confluent spots on uppe'r half of dorsal, the fin narrowly margined with whitish; anal plain, light olivaceous; pectoral with 1 or 2 small, obscure, brown spots. One fine specimen (No. 26817, IT. S. Nat. Mus.), 24.25 inches in length, was taken at Johnston Island, about 700 miles southwest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the spring of 1880, by the captain of a vessel belonging to the North Pacific < luano Company. Ophichlhys xtypunts Smith A Swain, Pror. I . S. Nat.. Mus., V. 1*20, July 8, 18.82. Johnston Island. * Genus 52. CALLECHELYS Kaup. Short oval head; straight depressed snout, and very depressed mandible; fore nostril tube dependent, the hinder one situated under the eye and furnished with a small flap, no pectorals; highly developed dorsal; less expanded anal; only a solitary nasal tooth, which is large, elongated, blunt, and inclined backward; 8 teeth implanted in the elliptical palatine bone, short, slender, and curved; about 10 vomerines, of which the 6 anterior ones are stouter, and are arranged in two rows; 24 teeth stand on the entire border of the mandible. (Kaup.) This genus contains one American, three East Indian, and one. Hawaiian species, which agree in the elongate, compressed body, absence of pectoral fins, and the anterior insertion of the dorsal. In other respects Callechelys is close to Ophichlhus. Callechelys Kaup, Apodes, 28, 1856 (guichenoti i . BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 86 41. Callechelys luteus Snyder. Plate 8, tig. 1. Head, measured to upper edge of gill-opening, 1(1.6 in length, 10.5 in head and trunk, 6.7 in tail; snout 7.1 in head; cleft of mouth 3.4. Body extremely long and slender, tapering gradually from head to tail; depth at gill-opening 2.7 in head; width of body 1.4 in, depth; gill-pouches greatly expanded, making head deeper and broader than body; snout sharp, projecting two-thirds of its length beyond lower jaw; eye midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth; tongue small, free on sides and at tip; teeth on jaws and vomer projecting backward, movable though not depress- ible; 3 large canines just posterior to nostril tubes, the median one being anterior to tip of lower jaw; 2 short rows of teeth on vomer, a single row on maxillaries and on lower jaw; anterior nostril with a tube equal in length to diameter of eye, inferior in position, halfway between tip of snout and end of closed lower jaw; posterior nostrils on lip, below the eye, provided with an anterior, valve-like flap; gill-openings slit-like, inferior, distance between lower edges of openings equal to half the length of snout; width of gill-opening equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior border of eye. Dorsal inserted on occiput above angle of mouth; height at a point above gill-slit equal to distance between lip of snout and posterior border of eye, above anal opening equal to width of gill-slit; fin not reach¬ ing tip of tail; membrane thin, the rays being distinctly visible; anal inserted immediately behind vent, its height equal to half the width of gill-opening; tip of tail sharp, there being no caudal tin; pectorals absent. Color in alcohol, white, rather finely blotched with brownish black, the spots not so numerous on ventral surface as elsewhere; fins colored like body. In life, the upper parts, including dorsal fin, are white, mottled with black and lemon-yellow; under parts white, rather sparsely mottled with black, except on throat, where the spots are numerous. One example, 22.3 inches long, caught while swimming about the ship at night, attracted by the lights. Type, No. 50864, U. S. Nat. Mus., southern coast of Molokai. Callechelt/s lateus Snyder, Hull. U. S, Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (.Tail. 19, 1904), 517, pi. 3, fig. 5, Albatross Station 3821, near the southern coast of Molokai. Family XXXI I. MOKINGUID.-E. Body cylindrical, more or less slender, the tail much shorter than rest of body, usually bhmtish, with a fin at the top. Posterior nostrils in front of the small eye; mouth small; teeth small, uniserial; gill-openings rather narrow, inferior; heart placed far behind the gills; pectorals small or wanting; dorsal fin low, mostly confined to the tail. Small eels of the tropical seas, often very slender or worm-like, and noted for the extreme shortness of the tail. The genera are closely related and 2 of them, Moringua ( = RaUabdura=Stilbiscus ) and AphlhahnichlUys, are found in the West Indies as well as in the East* Genua 53. MORINGUA Gray. Characters included with those of the family. Moringua Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool., II, fig. 1 (linearis), Stilbiscus Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, 1888, 541 ( edviardsi ). 42. Moringua hawaiiensis Snyder. Plate 8, fig. 2. Head, measured to gill-opening, 15.4 in length; tail 3.3; depth 4.16 in head. Body cylindrical and extremely elongate, the tail tapering to a sharp point; snout pointed, its length 6.7 in head; lower jaw projecting beyond upper a distance equal to diameter of pupil; cleft of mouth extending beyond eye a distance equal to pupil; teeth on jaws and vomer sharp, long, and fang-like anteriorly; tongue adnate to floor of mouth; eye very small, the diameter equal to about 5 in snout ; gill-opening a vertical slit, equal to 1.7 in length of snout ; lateral line slightly arched above branchial chamber, discontinued about a head’s length from tip of tail; number of pores 113. Pectorals present, minute, the rays easily distinguishable; the base equal to half the gill-opening, length a little less than diameter of pupil; dorsal and anal fins scarcely developed, indicated by slight ridges commencing n BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903 PLATE 8 1. CALLECHELYS LUTEUS SNYDER. 2. MORINGUA HAWAIIENSIS SNYDER. A. HOEN A CO., LITH. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 87 about a head’s length behind anal opening, growing larger and more distinct in region where lateral line ceases; caudal tin distinct, pointed, its length equal to width of interorbital space. Color in alcohol pale brown, no spots or bars. One specimen, 12.6 inches long, from Honolulu reef. Type, No. 50865, V. S. Nat. Mus. Closely related to M. javanicus of the East Indies, but differing from that species as described in having pectoral fins with distinct rays, longer head, and longer tail. Moringua haivaiiensis Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 i Jan. 19, 1904), .'>17, pi. 3, fig. 6, Honolulu. Family XXXIII. MUR.-EXID.-E.— ' The Morays. The Mursenidse represent the most degenerate type of eels so far as the skeleton is concerned, and they are doubtless the farthest removed from the more typical fishes from which the eels have descended. The essential characters of the family are thus stated by Dr. Gill: ‘ ‘ Colocephalous Apodals with conic head, fully developed opercular apparatus, long and wide ethmoid, posterior maxillines, paueiserial teeth, roundish, lateral branchial apertures, diversiform vertical fins, pectoral fins (typically) suppressed, scaleless skin, restricted interbranchial slits and very imperfect branchial skeleton, with the fourth branchial arch modified, strengthened, and sup¬ porting pharyngeal jaws.” The morays may be readily distinguished from other eels by their small round gill-openings and by the absence of pectorals. The body and fins are covered by a thick, leathery skin, the occipital region is elevated through the development of the strong muscles which move the lower jaw, and the jaws are usually narrow and armed with knife-like or else molar teeth. These eels inhabit tropical and subtropical waters, being especially abundant in crevices about coral reefs. Many of the species reach a large size and all are voracious. and pugnacious. The coloration is usually strongly marked, the color-cells being highly specialized. We exclude from the Munenidie the genus Myroconyer, from St. Helena, which has pectoral fins and is probably the type of a distant family. The remaining species are referable to 10 or 12 genera, most of which are found in America. About 120 species are known. The Mursenidx without fins are the simplest in structure, but their characters are those of degradation, and they are farther from the primitive stock than such genera as Muriena or Enclielycore. a. Vertical tins well developed, dorsal beginning on head. b. Posterior nostrils tubular: 2 pairs of nasal barbels present . . Muraena , p. 87 bb. Posterior nostrils not tubular, sometimes with a raised border. c. Anterior nostril very large, as large as eye, with dilated border suggesting t lie nostril of a horse. . Enchrlynassa, p. 90 cc. Anterior nostril not so large. d. Teeth mostly acute. e. Posterior nostrils with inconspicuous rims or none; snout moderate . Gymnothorax, p. 91 ee. Posterior nostrils with conspicuous funnel-form border; snout very long and pointed . Eurymyctera, p. 105 dd. Teeth mostly blunt or molar . . Echidna, p. 105 aa. Vertical fins rudimentary, confined to end of tail. /. Only anterior nostrils tubular; tail about as long as trunk . Uropterygius, p. Ill //. Both anterior and posterior nostrils tubular; tail much shorter than trunk . Scuticaria, p. 112 Genus 54. MUR2ENA Linnaeus. This genus, as now restricted, contains some 10 species, found in tropical seas, distinguished from Gymnothorax and from the rest of the family by the presence of 2 pairs of nasal barbels. The name Muriena, originally applied to all eels, should be restricted to the group typified by Muriena helena. It was first limited by Thunberg & Aid, in 178t>, to the eels without pectoral tins, those with such fins being set off as Ophichthus. The nominal species of the following key are doubtless color variations of a single species. Munena Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 244, 1758 ( helena , etc., after Muriena Artedi, (Jen. Pise., 23, 1738, in part, including all eels, and Mursena Klein, Hist. Nat. Pise., 28, 1742. in part, including all eels without pectoral fins); Thunberg A Ahl, De Muriena et Ophichtho, 6, 1789 (restricted to helena, etc., including species without pectoral fins); (Jiinther, and of authors generally (not of Bleeker). Murxnophis Lacepf*de. Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 630. 1803 ( helena, etc.) I.imamurxna Kaup, Cat. Apodes, 95, 1856 (guttata). 88 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. a. Color, brown, with conspicuous white spots intermingled with black and brown spots; a row of white spots crossing the ventral line. b. The white spots in three longitudinal rows, the brown spots irregularly scattered . lampra , p. 89 bb. The white spots smaller, forming more or less distinct vertical rows; dark brown spots in 2 longitudinal rows. kauila, p. 90 aa. Color, brown, with fine yellow and blackish spots and reticulating lines . kailuse , p. 88 43. Muraena kailuae Jordan & Evermann. Plate 9 anil Figs. 20 and 21. . “Paid on ; “ Puhi kauila.'' Head 7 in total length; depth 1 1.5; eye 14 in head; snout 0; interorbital 12; gape 2.75. Body short, stout, and moderately compressed; distance from tip of snout to vent less than that from vent to tip of tail by a distance equal to two-thirds length of head; head very small and pointed; snout long, quadrate, the jaws equal, the lower curved so that the mouth does not completely close; lips thin, the teeth showing; each side of upper jaw with a single series of unequal,. sharpish canine-like teeth, inside of which is a single depressible fang-like tooth near middle of side; front of median line with 2 long, sharp, fang-like, depressible teeth; shaft of vomer with a single series of short, movable teeth; each side of lower jaw with a single series of unequal, sharp canines, those in front largest; eye small, midway between angle of mouth, and tip of snout; anterior nostrils each in a pointed filament whose length is about half that of eye, situated at tip of snout just above lip; posterior nostrils each Fig. 20. — Murxna kailux Jordan W Evermann. Type of .1/. lampra Jenkins. with a long filament, equal to snout in length, and situated just above anterior edge of eye; inter- orbital space very narrow and flat; gill-opening small, nearly circular; dorsal fin very low anteriorly, increasing much in height on tail; anal low. Ground color in life, dark brow'n, with fine yellow and blackish spots and reticulating lines, the yellow predominating on anterior part of body; end of tail dark purplish brown; edge of dorsal and anal dull dark red, with short pale bands bordered with darker and "with small pale spots interspersed; ground color of cheek and throat yellow, with pale spots bordered with black; jaw orange red, with pale black-edged bars; tips of jaws bright coral red; tips of nostril filaments bright red. Color in alcohol, body with a ground color of light grayish brown, marked w ith line whitish lines or specks, and profusely covered with numerous small, round, white spots, each ocellated with black; among these are scattered larger black spots and blotches; white spots smallest on back and largest on belly, where some are as large as eye; a broad, dark brown bar over nape, extending on side to level of eye; top of head and snout with fine white spots; side of snout with a Well-defined vertical white liar about midway between eye and tip; a short white line downward to mouth from front of eye, and a similar longer one downward and backward from posterior lower angle of eye; lower jaw crossed bv 3 V-shaped white bars opening forward and bordered by darker; tip of jaw w ith 2 oblique white bars Muraena kailu/e Jordan & Evermann. type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 89 separated by a narrow brown line; last V-shaped white bar extending across angle of mouth and form¬ ing a large white area at base of upper jaw, behind which the angle of the mouth is dark brown; inside of mouth mottled brown and white; nasal filaments mottled with brown ami white; throat light brown, with large white spots, some of which unite to form oblong spots or lines; gill-opening not surrounded by dark; anal fin dark brown, crossed by about 28 short white bars; posterior portion of tail crossed by about 12 distinct but somewhat irregular vertical white bars, which extend upon dorsal and anal fins; tip of tail brownish black, with 1 or 2 whitish specks. We have examined the following specimens of this form: The type, from Kailua, Hawaii; a specimen sent from Laysan Island by Mr. Max Schlemmer; one from Honolulu, sent by Mr. K. L. Berndt; one collected by the Albatross at Honolulu, and another at station 3881, in Napili Harbor, Maui. This species is subject to great variations, especially in color. The form described by Jenkins as Mursena lampra has been described as follows: Head 3.25 in trunk; head and trunk 2.25 in tail; eye 1.67 in snout; interorbital space 1.5 in eye; snout about 5.3 in head; mouth about 2.2. Body rather short, deep, compressed, the tail tapering posteriorly; head elongate, deep, com¬ pressed; snout long, conical, pointed, tip rounded, not produced; eyes lateral, much nearer corners of Fig. 21. — Mursena Jcailuat Jordan & Evermann. Type of M. kauila Jenkins. mouth than tip of snout ; jaws rather large, equal, mouth not completely closing, so that some of the teeth are always more or less visible; teeth in jaws varying, some of them more or less fang-like, in 2 series in upper jaw posteriorly, the inner enlarged and (Impressible; vomer with 2 large depressible fangs in front, followed by a median series of small teeth; nostrils all in tubes, the posterior pair about as long as eye; interorbital space very narrow; gill-openings small, about midway in depth of body; head with a number of pores; origin of dorsal about over last, third of space between corner of mouth and gill-opening, the fin rather high, decreasing posteriori}-; anal similar to dorsal; caudal small and confluent with dorsal and anal. Color in life, very bright, the groundwork of light brown, with conspicuous white spots inter¬ mingled with black and brown spots; 3 longitudinal rows of white spots on body, one row on outer margin of dorsal and a row of large white spots or blotches across the ventral surface, largest between head and anal fin; black as well as brown spots small, irregularly placed, but generally following the line of rows of white spots; very brilliant red on snout and jaws; no dark margin to gill-opening. The above description is based upon the type (No. 50080, l\ S. Nat. Mus. ), a specimen 7.75 inches long, collected in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins from the coral reef in front of Honolulu. Another example (No. 03709), 19 inches long, was obtained for us at Kailua, Hawaii, by Mr. Goldsborough. 90 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. The form called Mursena lcauiltt by Jenkins is described as follows: Head 7.3; depth 16; tail a little longer than head and trunk; snout 4 in nead; eye 1.5 in snout; interorbital 2.25; mouth 2 in head. Body elongate, compressed; tail tapering posteriorly; head elongate, pointed, sides swollen a little above behind eyes; snout long, slightly convex in profile; mouth large; jaw arched, not completely closing, upper slightly the longer; teeth uniserial in jaws, compressed, with long canines with inter¬ vening smaller teeth; 2 large depressible canines on vomer; 3 or 4 large depressible canines below eye, forming an inner series on each side of upper jaw; lips thin, not concealing teeth when mouth is closed; eye about midway in length of mouth; nostrils in long tubes, the posterior larger, equal to eye; interorbital space flattened; gill-opening small, 0.75 in eye; roof of mouth with a single median series of small teeth beginning below front margin of eye and running back well beyond its poste¬ rior margin; dorsal beginning nearly midway between corner of mouth and gill-opening; caudal small, rounded. Color in life, light brown, with 2 longitudinal rows of dark brown spots about the diameter of snout gradually fading into one row on the posterior portion of the tail; many clear white spots as large, or larger than pupil, over head, body, fins, and tail, many of the spots forming more or less distinct vertical rows over fins and dorsal portions, some confluent on throat and belly, each one surrounded by a dark-brown margin; about 30 white spots crossing the ventral line; nasal tubes bright- red; bright red bars on snout and lower jaw, and bright red undulations posterior to angle of mouth. Color in alcohol, brown, with the white and dark brown spots distinct; white spots edged with dark brown; bright red undulations posterior to angle of mouth fading out. A single specimen, the type, No. 50684, U. S. Nat, Mus. (original No. 304), 13 inches long, taken )>v Dr. Jenkins from the coral rocks on the reef at Honolulu in 1889. The Albatross also obtained an example at station 3881, Napili Harbor, Maui, in 1902. Muni' nil kailuu Jordan A Kvermann, Bull. r. S. Kish Comm. 1902 (Apr. 11, 19031, 105, Kailua, Hawaii (type, No. 50014 K. S. Nat. Mus. ); Snyder, op. fit., 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu; Albatross station 3881, Napili Harbor, Maui). Munena lampra Jenkins, Bull. U. ft. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 413, fig. 3, Honolulu. (Type, No. 50680, U. S. Nat. Mus.) .1 [urxna kauila Jenkins, Bull. r. ft. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 424, fig. 4. Honolulu. Genus 55. ENCHELYNASSA Kaup. Fore nostril funnel-shaped and capable of being shut up by a valvular elongation of its hinder border. Hinder nostril nearly as big as the eye, with a raised border. Rictus of the jaws open in the middle. Nasal bone reaching as far back as the middle of eye, armed with 27 teeth on its circumference, a pairless one in the middle and 5 longer ones, between the second and third of which stand 3 or 4 small ones, between the third and fourth 4 small ones, and between the fourth and fifth 1 small one. Palatines 16, whereof the second, onward to the sixth, are supported bAre and behind by small teeth; on the inner row there are 9 longer acicular teeth. On the mesial line 3. On the vomerine no more than 2 small conical tooth lets visible. Mandibulars, 22 smaller ones in the outer, and 6 to 8 longer in the inner row, approximated to the symphysis. The eyes are situated above the middle of the jaws. There are 4 pores on-the upper jaw and mandible difficult to find in the porous skin. ( Kaup.) This genus is distinguished from Gymnothora r by the enlarged and dilated posterior nostril, which suggests the nostril of a horse. The teeth are very numerous, some of them being long and sharp, as in the Japanese genus .Emarhi. These are morays of huge size, found in the Pacific, perhaps all belonging to one species; but if so, the variation in the number of teeth is considerable. a. Snout long, 5.5 in head; eye 3 in snout . bleekeri, p. 90 aa. Snout shorter, 6.5 in head; eye 2 in snout . vinolentus, p. 91 Enchetynassa Kaup, Weigmann's Arehiv 1855, 213 {bleekeri); Kaup, Apodes, 72, ls50. 44. Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup. Plate 10. Head, measured to gill-opening, 7.1 in the length; depth 9; snout 5.5 in head; eye3 in snout; inter- orbital space 1.5; cleft of mouth 1.75 in head; origin of dorsal on a vertical passing midway between angle of mouth and gill-opening; height of fin about equal to length of snout, the membrane very thick Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate io EnCHELYNASSA BLEEKERI KAUP. Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903 Gymnothorax vinolentus Jordan & Evermann. Type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 91 and fleshy; anal arising immediately behind vent, its height equal to one-half the length of snout; both dorsal and anal continuous with the very short caudal; tail slightly longer than head and body; anterior nostril located at a point one-third the distance between tip of snout and border of eye, the edge with a low, thickened rim and a posterior flap edged with tentacles; posterior nostril situated on dorsal side of snout midway between anterior nostril and eye, the opening oval, surrounded by a broad, thin membrane; teeth lanceolate-canines, the lateral notches not evident on some of the smaller ones; those of upper jaw in 2 rows, the inner ones larger, their length about equal to two-thirds the diameter of eye; a row of 4 or 5 long teeth on vomer, followed by a short row of small teeth; anterior vomerine teeth and those of inner series of jaw depressible; teeth of lower jaw in 2 series, the inner row having 4 or 5 large, depressible ones; width of gill-opening equal to or slightly more than half the length of snout. Color in alcohol, brownish, with a few small, darker spots scattered over the body. A very large example, 52 inches long, apparently identical with the scantily described Enchelynassa bleekeri of Kaup, was obtained at Honolulu. Another, equally large, was taken at Samoa in 1902. Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup, in Wiegmann’s Archiv 1835, 214, taf. 10, fig. 3; Kaup, Apodes, 7*2, fig. 55, 1850, locality unknown. 45. Enchelynassa vinolentus (.Ionian & Evermann Plate II." Head 2.67 in trunk; head and trunk a little shorter than tail; eye 2 in snout, 1.5 in interorbital space; snout 6.5 in head; mouth about 2. Body compressed, rather deep; head compressed, pointed, more or less swollen on top; snout long, pointed, bent over at tip; eye small, much nearer tip of snout than corner of mouth; mandible long, projecting beyond tip of snout and bent up, the mouth not closing so that on ly the tips of the jaws meet; lips rather thin, not concealing the teeth; teeth biserial, of more or less irregular size, those in inner series much larger and also depressible like the few large vomerine fangs; anterior nostrils in rather large tubes, situated 0.67 of an eye diameter from tip of snout, and the posterior nostrils at some little distance above and anterior to front margin of eye, with their rims somewhat expanded and flattened down ; interorbital space convex; gill-opening about 0.75 of an eye diameter; body more or less smooth and with thick, tough skin; head with a number of pores; origin of dorsal well before gill-opening, or about last third or fourth of space between corner of mouth and the latter; marginal tin around end of tail rather narrow. Color in alcohol, deep purplish brown, marked all over with very small indistinct darker spots so that it appears almost uniform. The collections contain a single specimen, type, No. 50615, U. S. Nat. Mus. (original No. 03726), 29 inches long, obtained by Messrs. Goldsborough and Sindo at Kailua, Hawaii. The species may be identical with Enchelymimi bleekeri Kaup, but its larger teeth, distinct nasal flap, and higher dorsal and anal tins seem to indicate its distinctness, Gymnothorax vinoleiUus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 165, Kailua, Hawaii. 1 Murama canina Quoy A Claimant, Yoy. Urauie, 247, 1824, Rawak and Waigiou Islands. Genus 56. GYMN0TH0RAX Bloch & Schneider! The Morays. “Puhi.” This genus, as here understood, comprises the great bulk of the Mursenidie, including nearly all the species with sharp teeth, the body normally formed, only the anterior nostrils tubular, and the dorsal tin beginning on the head. Priodonophis, with serrated teeth, has been recognized as a distinct genus by Bleeker, but the character in question disappears by degrees and seems not to be suitable for generic distinction. The morays of this genus are everywhere abundant in the tropical seas, where some of them reach a great size. They are the most active and voracious of the eels, often showing much pugnacity. Most of them live in shallow water about rocks or reefs. Gi/mnothora.i Bloch, Ichthyologist, XII, 71, 1797 ( reticulatis ). Li/eo’tout’S McClelland. Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., V, 1844, 174 ( literata—tile ). Thxrodnnti * McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., V, 1844, 174 ( n tirulata -test-data). TSidera Kaup, Cat. Apodes, 70, 1856 (vomerine teeth molar) (pfeifferi). Polyuranodon Kaup, 1. c., 96, 1856 (kuhli }>oliju.rnnodon) . uPlate labeled Gymnothorax vinolentus. 92 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Tii’iiiophU Kaup, Neuc Aiilahnliche Fische des Hamburger Museums Nachtrag 1, 1859, in Abhand. Naturwissenschaft, IV, 1858-1866 ( westphali ' -funebris). Priodonophis Kaup, 1. c., 22, 1859 ( occllatus ). Neomurxna Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish., 76, 1859 ( nigromarglnata—oeeUatus ). Pseudomunma Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1862, 167 ( nmderensis ). a. Vomer with teeth. I>. Vomerine teeth sharp and pointed. c. Teeth in more than 1 series in one or both jaws. d. Teeth biserial in each jaw. e. Jaws not completely closing, the teeth not concealed by the lips. /. Jaws about equal . eurostus, p. 92 ee. Jaws completely closing, the teeth concealed by the lips. g. Eye comparatively small, 2.67 in snout . laysanus, p. 92 gg. Eye larger, 1.67 in snout . meleagris, p. 91 dd. Teeth in unequal number of series in upper and lower jaw. h. Vomer with large depressible fangs in front. i. Vomer without teeth excepting the fangs; teeth biserial in upper jaw and uniserial in lower. grurilicauda, p. 94 //. Vomer with a series of about 6 smaller teeth on shaft besides the fangs in front; teeth biserial anteriorly and triserial posteriorly in upper jaw: biserial anteriorly and uniserial poste¬ riorly in lower . ercodes, p. 95 hh. Vomer without large fangs. j. Teeth of lower jaw uniserial; vomer with a single median series of small teeth . leucostidus , p. 96 jj. Teeth of lower jaw biserial: vomer with 3 short sharp teeth . waialux, p. 97 cc. Teeth uniserial in each jaw. /,. Vomerine teeth not large and fang-like. I. Vomer with a row of small sharp teeth; jaws equal . mucifer, p. 97 II. Vomer with only 5 small teeth; lower jaw somewhat projecting . bemdti , p. 98 kk. Vomerine teeth large and fang-like, depressible. m. Vomer with numerous teeth. n. Vomerine teeth not forming a fork in front . undulatus, p. 98 nn. Vomerine teeth forming a fork in front . .flavimarginatus, p. 99 vim . Vomer with but few large fang-like depressible teeth. o. Vomer with but 1 fang . . goldsboroughi, p. 100 on. Vomer with but 2 or 3 fangs . . . pdellt, p. 100 lb. Vomerine teeth short and blunt, or rounded. p. Anterior nostril in a long tube, about 2 in eye. q. Tail pointed, moderately slender; month not completely closing . s Irindachneri, p. 101 qq. Tail blunt; mouth completely closing. r. Eye large, 1.16 in snout . hilonis, p. 102 rr. Eye small, 2.5 in snout . nuttingi, p. 103 pp. Anteror nostril in short tube, more than 2 in eye . pidux, p. 103 aa. Vomer toothless . xanthostovnus, p. 104 46. Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott). Head large, depressed; the facial outline very slightly oblique; eye large, circular, slightly behind extremity of snout, and 1.5 diameters distant; jaws of equal length, rather slender, the lower with a slight upward curve at its extremity making the large mandibular teeth partially visible when mouth is closed; nasal teeth 10, biserial, the inner row twice as large as the outer, conical, acute, and with a deckled inward inclination; palatine teeth, 28 in the outer row, 9 in the inner, the former short, very much compressed, acute and with an inward inclination; the inner series widely set, of various lengths, and more than twice as large as those of outer row, a gape in the series beginning posteriorly opposite posterior margin of orbit and ceasing opposite anterior edge of orbit; vomerine teeth 12, 9 of which are in a direct line, the remaining 3 concurrent with the central 3 of the series; lower jaw armed with a complement of 24 compressed, acute teeth having a decidedly inward inclination, the posterior 12 of these closely set in an unbroken series, and the anterior 12 arranged in pairs, except at the extremity of the jaw where they form 2 square patches of 4 teeth; fold of skin enveloping dorsal tin very thick, and arising behind occiput nearly perpendicularly; tin of uniform height for two-thirds its length, thence slowly decreasing to its termination. Color in alcohol head and body uniform reddish brown, nearly black upon the under surface of tail; body everywhere minutely spotted and reticulated with pale yellowish. (Abbott.) This species is known only from Abbott’s type (No. 984, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.), a specimen collected FISHES OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 93 in 1835 by Dr. .T. K. Townsend in the Hawaiian Islands, measuring 13.5 inches in length, and 1.5 inches from tip of snout to gill-opening, or 6 inches to anus. Thyrsoidea eurosta Abbott, Proc. Ac. N;it. Sci. Phila. I860, 478, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 94, 1870 (no description). Lycodontis eurosta, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 494, pi. XVIII, fi^. 4 < Abbott’s type). 47. Gymnothorax laysanus (Steindachner). Elate 12 and Fig. 22. Head 2.3 in trunk; tail longer than head by the length of the latter without eye and snout; eye 1.67 in snout, 1.5 in interorbital space; snout 6 in head; interorbital space 7; mouth 2 and an eye diameter in head. Body rather deep and compressed; tail tapering at its extremity to a rather sharp point; head pointed and compressed; snout pointed, the tip rounded; eye rather small, much nearer corner of mouth than tip of snout; mouth horizontal and jaws equal; teeth in jaws biserial, the inner series the larger and depressible; vomerine teeth pointed and in a single series; each jaw with some enlarged canines in front, which are depressible; anterior nostril in small tube at tip of snout; posterior nostril over front of eye above; gill-openings smaller than eye; body more or less smooth; head with few pores; origin of dorsal a little nearer corner of mouth than gill-opening; fin around end of tail more or less pointed. Color in alcohol, dark brown above; belly and lower surface pale; everywhere reticulated, speckled or mottled with darker, or blackish brown on upper portions. The above description is from a speci- Fig. 22 . — Gymimlhorax laysanus (Steindachner). men (No. 04913) 10 inches long, from Honolulu. The species shows considerable variation in color and other characters with age. Color in life (No. 03357), brown, profusely covered with rather large roundish black spots, interspersed among which are more numerous and much smaller white specks, these more or less uniformly distributed over the body and fins; edges of dorsal and anal tins darker; tip of caudal narrowly edged with white. The young may be described as follows, from a specimen 4.5 inches long (No. 04916), taken on the reef at Honolulu, August 15, 1901. Head 2 in trunk; head and trunk about 1.3 in tail; eye about 1.5 in snout, 1 in interorbital space; snout 5 in head; mouth 2 and a little less than an eye diameter in head. Body elongate and compressed; head moderately compressed laterally, pointed; neck swollen and a little thicker than body; snout short, bluntly rounded, rather deep; eye small, anterior, about midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth; mouth large, jaws nearly equal, or snout only very slightly protruding and when closed the lips entirely concealing the teeth; teeth in 2 rows along 94 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. edges of upper jaw extending posteriorly to eve at least; teetli in mandible in a single series, very unequal and anteriorly from the symphysis about 4 enlarged canines forming a short inner series; vomer with 2 large fangs, the posterior the larger; anterior nostril in a short fleshy tube; interorbital space rather flat; gill-openings small; body smooth, a few longitudinal wrinkles about branchial region of head; head with a number of pores, especially along upper jaw; origin of dorsal well anterior to gill-opening; dorsal and anal each rather high; caudal ending in a rounded point. Color in alcohol, dark brown, variegated with 4 rows of longitudinal whitish spots, the third or series next to lowest not continued to end of tail; a number of similar whitish spots on the vertical fins, head, and belly; many blackish blotches of similar size between the white spots on body; edge of caudal very narrowly white. Of this species, which is abundant in the Hawaiian Islands, we have a more or less complete series of specimens, from the young parvibranckialis to the adult laysanus. Our collection contains a total of more than 30 specimens, ranging in length from 4.5 to 13.5 inches, ami representing the following localities: Honolulu; Waikiki Reef, Honolulu; Cocoa nut Island, Hilo; and Hilo. Mur; nm laysana Steindachner, Anzeiger Peaks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XVI, June 27, 1900, 177, Laysan Island (coll. Dr, Sehaiunsland, 1896-97): Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I.XX, 515, pi. VI, lie. 1, 1900, (Laysan). LycodontU parribranchia/is Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900 (Nov. 6, 1900), 494, pi. XVIII, tig. 1, Hawaiian Islands. Gymnothorax laysanus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 28, 1903), 425 (Honolulu); Snyder, 1. e. (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu: Hilo). 48. Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw). Head 2.3 in trunk; tail exceeding head and trunk by length of mouth; eye 2.67 in snout or 2 in interorbital space; snout 5.5 in head; interorbital space 7.25; mouth 2.25. Body rather deep and compressed; tail tapering posteriorly; head compressed, pointed; snout rather long and pointed, the tip obtusely rounded; eye small, about midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth; mouth rather large; jaws about equal, closing, the thick tough lips concealing the teeth; teeth strong and sharp, those in anterior part of jaws enlarged and canine-like, the vomerine in a single series; nostrils in small tubes at tip of snout, the posterior pair above and anterior to eye; interorbital space convex; gill-opening large, eye about 1.4 in its length; skin smooth and thick; a few pores on head; origin of dorsal about midway between corner of mouth and gill-opening; caudal small and roundly pointed. Color in alcohol, dark brown, variegated all over by very numerous small round whitish spots with borders darker brown than the body color, those on fins very small; tip of tail narrowly edged with white. This description is based upon a specimen (No. 03391) 32 inches long, from Honolulu. Another small example (No. 03716), from the same locality, is dark brown with a slightly purplish tint; the general color between the white spots is more or less mottled with darker. In life the color (No. 03391) is olive-brown, mottled with darker, scarcely paler below or darker on fins; body covered everywhere with punctated spots of yellowish and yellowish white, each of them darker edged; tip of tail white; no margin on fins; angle of mouth uncolored; gill-opening dusky; vent dusky. This species is apparently not common in the Hawaiian Islands. It was not found by Doctor Jenkins, and only 2 examples were secured by us. Murzena meleagris Shaw, Nat. Mist*., pi. 220, 1809, Brazil? Thyrsoidea chlorostigma Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish., 89, 185(5, Seychelles. Thy rsoidea meleagris, Kaup, op. cit., 91, 1856 (after Richardson). Gymnothorax meleagris , Bleeker, Fauna Madagascar, pi. IV, I'oiss., 73, 1874 (Mauritius; Arch. Seychelles); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (.Tan. 19, 1901), 518 (Honolulu). 49. Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins. Fig. 23. Head 2.75 in trunk; head and trunk 1.3 in tail; eye 1.5 in snout, one in interorbital space; snout 5.5 in head; interorbital space about 9; mouth 2.5. Body compressed, rather deep; tail long and tapering to narrow tip; head elongate, compressed, little swollen above, blunt in front; snout rather long, compressed, convex above, tip blunt; eye mod¬ erate, a little nearer corner of mouth than tip of snout; mouth rather large, horizontal, jaws equal, not completely closing; teeth large, powerful, biserial in upper jaw, uniserial in mandible; inner series Bull U.S.FC. 1903 Gymnothorax laysanus ( Stei n dach n er). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 95 in upper jaw larger than those of outer series, 4 in number; vomer with 2 large depressible fangs in front, otherwise edentulous; anterior nostrils in short tubes near tip of snout, posterior pair without tubes, just above eyes; interorbital space narrow, convex; gill-openings small; skin rather thin; origin of dorsal a little nearer gill-opening than corner of mouth; caudal very small and roundly pointed. Color in alcohol, pale brown, more or less uniform, marked with irregularly formed light brown spots arranged in about 40 or more ill-defined transverse bars; these bands not extending on belly or Fig. 23. — Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins; from the type. ventral surface of trunk, or even upon anal fin, though they are all somewhat distinct on the dorsal fin; corner of mouth brown. This may be the young of (!. steindachneri. This description from an example 8.25 inches long, taken at Honolulu in 1889, by Dr. Jenkins. The species is known to us only from the Hawaiian Islands and from 2 examples, the type described above and another obtained by the Albatross off Molokai. Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins, Bull. I . s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 426, fip. 6. Honolulu; Snyder, 1. «•. (Jail. 19, 1901), 51# (Albatross station 3834, southern coast of Molokai). 50. Gymnothorax ercodes Jenkins. Fig. 24. Head 6.6 in total length, or 3 in distance from tip of snout t < * vent; depth 12; snout 6.6; eye 1.3; gape 2.6; tip of snout to vent 1.35 in tail; interorbital width slightly greater than eye, or nearly equal to snout. Body moderately elongate and much compressed; tail more compressed and pointed; mouth Fig. 24. — Gymnothorax cr code x Jenkins; from the type. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. % rather large, gape reaching beyond eye a distance equal to length of snout; lower jaw scarcely the shorter, not much curved; teeth all pointed, in 2 series anteriorly and 3 series posteriorly in upper jaw, lower jaw with teeth in 2 series anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly in a single series; 2 large sharp-pointed depressible teeth on anterior part of vomer, followed by a series of about 6 smaller teeth on the shaft; anterior nostril in a short tube whose length is one-fourth diameter of eye, situated near tip of snout just above lip; posterior nostril without tube, situated above margin of eye just in front of vertical through middle of eye; gill-slit moderate, its length 1.5 in eye; origin of dorsal slightly in front of gill-opening, height of tin 3.5 in head; anal similar, but lower. Color in alcohol, body and fins light brown on a whitish background, the brown arranged in a somewhat regular network, giving the appearance of rows of indistinct whitish spots surrounded by polygonal brownish interspaces, which are most distinct on tail; no white border to the tins or tip of tail, and no dark area around gill-opening. The only specimen known is the type, No. 50843, U. S. Nat. Mus. (original number 2354), a specimen 8.5 inches long, obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1891. , (.iymnothorax crcode* Jenkins, Hull. 1T. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 428, fitf. 8, Honolulu. 51. Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins. Fig. 25. Head 2.3 in trunk; head and trunk less than length of tail by a space a trifle greater than length of latter; eye about 2 in snout, 1 in interorbital space; snout 5.5 in head; mouth 2.3. Body deep, compressed; tail tapering gradually posteriorly where it is greatly compressed; head compressed, sides above slightly swollen; snout elongate, though rather short, blunt, rounded, not projecting beyond mandible; jaws even; eye small, covered with the skin of head, a little nearer corner of mouth than tip of snout; mouth horizontal, the rather thin lips more or less concealing teeth; teeth rather large, sharp, in several series, or in a broad patch on each side of upper jaw, uniserial in mandible; large canines in front of both jaws, vomer with a single median series of small ones; anterior nostrils in short fleshy tubes near tip of snout; interorbital space narrow and con vex ly elevated; gill- openings small, a little below middle of its depth and about, equal to eye; pores of body small; origin of dorsal a little before corner of month, fin rather high, and together with anal, which is more or less similar, continent with small caudal. Color in life, dark brown; head, body, fins, and tail covered with numerous distinct white spots, larger than eye on the trunk, smaller elsewhere; tip of tail white; margin or gill-opening brownish- black. The two specimens examined, taken by I)r. Jenkins at Honolulu, are each about 6.5 inches long, and do not differ in coloration. The species is distinguished from G. meleagri « by the more anterior insertion of the dorsal, and the larger and fewer white spots, which are larger on the trunk than elsewhere. Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins, Bull. r. s. Kish Comm., XXII, 1902 i Sept. 22, 1903), 425, lig. 5, Honolulu. (Type, No. re nisi, U. S. Nat. Mus.) FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 97 52. Gymnothorax waialuae Snyder. Plate 13, fig. 1. Head, measured to gill-opening, 8 in length; depth 2 in head; tail 1.9 in length; snout 5 in head; cleft of mouth 2.5 in head. Body compressed, the width in middle of trunk equal to half the depth; interorbital space slightly convex; jaws equal; cleft of mouth extending beyond eye a distance equal to longitudinal diameter of eye; width of suborbital space equal to vertical diameter of eye; gill-opening an oblique slit equal to vertical diameter of eye; teeth in jaws mostly long, sharp, and depressible, the 2 in anterior median part of upper jaw longest, those below eye in 2 series, the outer ones short and close set; 3 short, sharp teeth on vomer; anterior nostril tubes near tip of snout, their height equal to diameter of eye; posterior nostrils without rims, located above and a little anterior to eyes; dorsal inserted on head anterior to gill-opening; tin highest posteriorly, its height behind middle of tail equal to longitudinal diameter of eye; anal inserted immediately behind the vent, about half as high as dorsal; caudal slightly longer than height of dorsal. Color in alcohol, white tinged with yellow, with 20 black bands, nearly all encircling the body and extending on fins; tip of snout white, tip of tail black; the first black band covering snout, except the tip between the nostrils, extends backward beyond eye, and sends a line dow nward to corner of mouth, where it meets a round, black blotch; chin and throat white; sides of lower jaw black; a white space between eye and corner of mouth; the second band passes over occiput, not complete below; third band incomplete, passing over back between gill-openings, a dusky prolongation passing down¬ ward behind gill-opening; other bands complete, anterior ones broader above than below, posterior ones of about equal width throughout; a narrow, dusky stripe extends forward along lower surface from vent to a point a little anterior to gill-openings. This species closely resembles ( • ■ petelli, the young of which it may prove to he. The species differ in color and in dentition. The light spaces on the body of G. petelli are reddish brown; on the anal fin they are white, on the dorsal reddish brown bordered with white near edge of fin; caudal usually tipped with white; snout reddish brown; teeth in a single series, those of the jaws not depres¬ sible, except 2 or 3 on anterior median portion of upper jaw. A single specimen, 4.2 inches long, from a small tide pool in the reef at Waialua Bay, Oahu. (< tjmnnthnrax miialux Snyder, Bull. It. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 520, pi. ti, fig. 11, Waialua Bay, Oahu. (Type, No. 50870, U. S. Nat. Jins.) 53. Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder. Plate 14, fig. 1. Head, measured to gill-opening, 3.3 in length; depth 2.25 in head; snout 5; cleft of mouth 2.3. Snout rather slender and pointed, jaws equal, closing completely; teeth in one series, slender, lance¬ like with slight constrictions near base, their edges smooth; 3 depressible median canines in upper jaw, the longest (posterior) one equal in length to diameter of eye; a row of small, sharp teeth on the vomer; eye midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth; width of space between eyes 2 in snout; gill-opening a narrow slit equal to diameter of eye, located on a level with upper lip; nostril tubes 2 in eye; posterior nostrils with scarcely perceptible rims, located above and just anterior to eye; origin of dorsal anterior to gill-opening a distance equal to space between tip of snout and posterior border of eye; height of fin above gill-opening equal to diameter of eye, about 1.33 times as high near middle of tail, the membrane not very fleshy; anal inserted immediately behind vent, appearing for much of the length like a thickened fold of the skin. Color in alcohol, rich dark brown with flakes of white, which are gathered in clouds and more or less definite vertical bars; the flakes scattered rather evenly on head, scarcely perceptible on lower jaw and snout; throat and belly lighter than other parts, the white and brown being about equal ; dorsal growing darker toward the edge, where it is nearly black, with white flakes like those of the body arranged in oblique bars; anal edged with white; corner of mouth dark; no spot at gill-opening. The species is represented by a single example, type, No. 50868, U. S. Nat, Mus., from the 1 lonoluln market. It measures 13.5 inches from tip of snout to vent. The tail, which has been injured, meas¬ ures 14.75 inches in length. (lymnothorax mucifer Snyder. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm, XXII, 1902 (Jan. 39, 1904), 519, pi. 5, fig. 9, Honolulu. F. C. B. 1903—7 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 98 54. Gymnothorax berndti Snyder. Plate 15, fig. 2. • Head, measured to gill-opening, 6.7 in length, 3.8 in tail; depth 1.8 in head; snout 5; cleft of mouth 2. Profile, a gently sloping straight line between tip of snout and posterior part of interorbital space, whence it abruptly curves upward over the greatly swollen occipital region; snout slender and pointed; lower jaw projecting slightly beyond upper; mouth closing completely; teeth in a single series in each jaw, large, smooth-edged, close set, firmly embedded, the anterior ones somewhat longer than the others; median canines absent; 5 small teeth on the vomer; nostril tubes equal in height to diameter of pupil; posterior nostrils without rims, located above and just posterior to border of eye; orbit round; width of space between eyes equal to half the distance between tip of snout and center of pupil; gill-opening located on a level with eye, the slit equal in width to diameter of eye; origin of dorsal on a vertical midway between gill-opening and corner of mouth, fin membrane thick and fleshy; height of fin near middle of tail equal to half the length of snout; anal inserted imme¬ diately behind vent, appearing as a ridge of skin, the highest part about 1.7 in eye; length of caudal equal to vertical diameter of eye. Color gray, with fine brown reticulations over which is a coarse network of brown bands. Color in alcohol, white, tinged with brown, more clear along the upper lip, on lower jaw, and on belly; finely clouded and reticulated with brown, except on jaws and anal fin, all overlaid with a brown-colored, coarse network of rather broad bands, the meshes becoming finer on head and broken up into elongate, crooked spots on jaws; gill-opening brown; dorsal with oblique bars which connect with reticulations of body; anal blackish brown, with a broad, white border. This description is of the type, No. 50867, U. S. Nat. Mus., an example 37 inches long, obtained in the Honolulu market through the kindness of Mr. E. Louis Berndt. Two other specimens of about the same size were likewise obtained. One has the fine reticulations less distinct than those of the type and the bands of the coarse ones a little narrower, about equal to width of pupil. The snout measures 4.2 in head; jaws equal. The other, a female, 31 inches long (cotype, No. 12791, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.), when compared with the type, has a more slender head, the occipital region being less swollen. The color is similar, except that the bands of the large reticulations are narrower and the dorsal is conspicuously, though narrowly, edged with white. There are 2 large, depressible fangs in the anterior median portion of the upper jaw. 7, Honolulu. (Type, No. 50017, II. S. Nat. Mus.); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu.) 58. Gymnothorax petelli (Bleeker). Fig. 27. Head 2.88 in trunk; tail a little longer than head and trunk; eye 2 in snout, 1.3 in interorbital space; snout 5.25 in head; interorbital space 8.5; mouth from tip of mandible 2.25. Body rather deep and compressed; head compressed, branchial region and top of head swollen; snout rather short and pointed; eye small, a little nearer angle of mouth than tip of snout; mouth FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 101 large, the mandible projecting well beyond snout, the jaws closing; lips rather thick and fleshy, con¬ cealing the teeth; teeth compressed, sharply pointed, in a single series in jaws, some of those in anterior part of jaws canine-like; vomerine teeth developed as 2 or .'1 large depressible fangs on anterior part of roof of mouth; anterior nostrils in small tubes at tip of snout, posterior nostrils above anterior margins of eyes; interorbital space convex ly flattened; gill-opening rather large, about equal to eye; skin smooth, tough, with some longitudinal wrinkles upon lower surface of head; a number of pores on head; lateral line complete; origin of dorsal midway between corner of mouth and gill-opening; caudal small, roundly pointed. Color in life, dull reddish brown, marked above and on side with a number of slightly darker fine lines; about 22 vertical crossbars of deep rich brown as broad as space between them, and even still broader on posterior portion of tail; belly and lower surface of head light, though the broad dark vertical bands on sides meet, being narrowly constricted in the center, the edges at these [daces white; wrinkles on throat with dark lines; edge of dorsal flu blackish and white alternately, the dark bands forming a black margin on each side of which is a white spot, between which and the succeed¬ ing white spot is a blackish blotch, though only upon the edges of fin; anal similar, but with the white Fig. 27. — Gyvmothomx pctelli ( Bleeker ' . Type of G. Icucacmc J eukins. tracts predominating and without any of the general body color. When fresh the specimen showed a bright chrome-yellow area from near end of snout backward between eyes, over top of head, to and encroaching on first brown band. Smaller examples do not show this yellow. The above description is based upon a specimen (No. 03513) 28 inches long, from Honolulu, from which locality we have several other examples. The .specimens vary some in respect to the bands meeting on the belly, in many cases only the posterior ones being joined. Two examples obtained at Honolulu in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins have the white tracts on the edge of the anal very distinct. Specimens were also obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1902. The 7 specimens which we have examined, all from Honolulu, range in length from 20 to 30 inches. The species is common at Samoa. Murzeno. pelelli Bleeker, Nat. T. Ned. Ind., XI, 1856, 81, Java. GymnoUionix leitcacme Jenkins, Bull. l\ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (.Sept. 23, 190-1), 427, fig. 7, Honolulu. (Type, No. '>0082, U. S Nat. Mus.); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu). 59. Gymnotkorax steindachneri Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 28. Head 7.3 in length; depth 9.5; eye 9.5 in head; snout 5; interorbital 7.2; gape 2; distance from tip of snout to vent less than distance from vent to tip of tail by more than half length of head. Body moderately long and slender, much compressed; head small; snout small and pointed, the anterior dorsal profile concave above the eyes; the nape and sides of head much swollen; gape long, extending far behind eye; lower jaw shorter than the upper, curved so that the month does not quite completely close; lips moderately thick, entirely covering the teeth in the closed mouth; eye small, about midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth; teeth on sides of upper jaw in a single series, rather close-set, short, compressed, triangular canines, those in front scarcely enlarged; vomer with a single row of bluntly rounded teeth; each side of lower jaw with a single series of rather strong, back- 1(12 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. wardly directed canines, the anterior ones somewhat enlarged, those on tip of jaw movable; anterior nostril in a long tube, its length about half diameter, of eye, situated near tip of snout just above lip; posterior nostril without tube, just above anterior edge of eye; pores on sides of jaws inconspicuous, Origin of dorsal fin about midway between gill-opening and angle of mouth, its height about equal to length of snout; anal similar to soft dorsal, but much lower; tail moderately slender and pointed; a series of inconspicuous pores along middle of side; gill-opening a long oval slit exceeding diameter of orbit. Color in alcohol, pale brown or whitish, sprinkled with ragged or dendritic brown spots formed more or less into irregular vertical blotches or crossbands; margins of fins narrowly creamy white or yellowish, that of the anal much wider; corner of mouth and space about gill-opening deep blackish- brown; about 5 longitudinal blackish-brown grooves on lower side of head; under side of lower jaw with 2 blackish longitudinal lines which meet at an acute angle under chin; throat and belly creamy white, with few scattered brownish .markings; sides and top of head whitish, with small, sparingly scattered, irregular brownish spots most numerous around and between the eyes. This species is related to G. kidako (Schlegel), from which it differs much in coloration, being much paler and less reticulated, the angle of the mouth with more black, the gill-opening surrounded Fig. 28. — Gymnothorax steindachncri Jordan & Evermann; after Steindacliner. by a broad black area (nearly or quite absent in kidako), and the white border to the dorsal fin much more distinct. The specimens from Laysan, which Dr. Steindachner identified with Murima flavimarginata Riippell, and of which be gives a good figure, evidently belong to this species. As suspected by Dr. Steindachner, the species is quite different from G. flavimarginatus, of which we have examined several specimens from Pedang, on the west coast of Sumatra, from Samoa, and from Hawaii. This description is based upon a specimen (No. 03775) 2 feet long, from Honolulu. (Type, No. 50616, 1'. 8. Nat. Mias.) The species is known from the 2 specimens which Dr. Steindachner had from Laysan, 8 obtained by Jenkins in 1889 at Honolulu, 1 by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1891, 3 secured by us at Honolulu in 1901, at least 1 recorded by Mr. Snyder from Honolulu in 1902, and others recently sent us from Plonolulu by Mr. Berndt. Murxna flavomarginata var., Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 514, pi. VI. fig. 3 (Laysan) . not of Ruppell. Gymnothorax steindachm ri Jordan A Evermann, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 106, Honolulu; Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 426 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu). 60. Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan & Evermann. Plate 18. Head S.2 in length; depth 16; eye 7 in head; snout 6; interorbital 6; gape 2.4; distance from tip of snout to vent 1.2 in distance from vent to tip of tail. Body rather short, moderately compressed, the tail more compressed and bluntly pointed; head short, the nape swollen; interorbital space broad; a distinct median groove from near tip of snout to origin of dorsal; angle of mouth posterior to eye a distance equal to eye’s diameter; lower jaw but slightly curved, shorter than the upper; front of upper jaw with 3 short, bluntly pointed, movable teeth; side of upper jaw with a single series of short, pointed canines directed backward; shaft of vomer with short, blunt teeth; lower jaw on each side with a single series of rather long, pointed canines, longest in front and curved backward; anterior nostril in a long tube, about 2 in eye, near tip of snout just above lip; posterior nostril small, round, without tube, situated just above anterior part Bull.U. S.F.C. 1903 Plate 18 Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan & Evermann. Type. JUuusbien»co.uthn.v FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 103 of eye; gill-opening small, its direction obliquely forward toward nape; a series of 4 pores on each side of upper jaw; similar pores on lower jaw. Origin of dorsal tin on nape midway between gill-opening and middle of eye; dorsal fin well developed, its greatest height somewhat exceeding length of snout; anal similar to dorsal, but lower. Color in alcohol, rich velvety black above, paler below where it is marbled and reticulated with narrow white lines; series of pores on side of upper jaw and those on tip of lower, white; cheek with a few' irregular white spots; gill-opening whitish; side of body anteriorly with some small white specks and irregular whitish markings; lower jaw with larger, oblong, white cross-lines; dorsal tin rich brownish black, the edge posteriorly with a narrow, irregular, white border, sometimes interrupted by black; anal brown, with a narrow w hite edge from which extend narrow intrusions of white, some reaching base of fin; end of tail with a few’ small white spots, the tip narrowly white. The only known example of this species is the type, No. 50618, U. S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 04902), a specimen 9.5 inches long, obtained at Hilo, Haw'aii. Gymnolhorax kilvnis Jordan A Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (Apr. II, 1903), 107, Hilo. 61. Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder. Plate 15, tig. 1. Head, measured from tip of snout to gill-opening, 6.9 in length, 8.6 in head and trunk, 3.3 in tail; depth 2 in head; cleft of mouth 2.2; snout 5.2. Snout rounded, jaws equal, closing completely; lips very thick; teeth in a single series, firmly embedded, close-set, largest belowT middle of snout, growing • gradually smaller posteriorly, basal halves with finely serrated edges; no median fangs; vomer with very short, blunt teeth; eye on a vertical passing midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth; distance between eyes 1.35 in snout; anterior nostril tube 2 in eye; posterior nostril located above and just anterior to margin of eye, its opening with a low rim; gill-opening a narrow slit equal to vertical diameter of eye, situated on a level with pupil; origin of dorsal on a vertical anterior to gill-opening a distance equal to length of snout, the membrane fleshy, though not greatly thickened; height in region of vent equal to length of snout; anal inserted immediately behind vent, its height near middle of tail equal to diameter of orbit; tail not slender and pointed, but rather stubby, the dor¬ sal, caudal, and anal forming a bluntly rounded terminal fin. Color in spirits brown, covered with white spots, those on head minute and close together, scarcely discernible on snout and end of lower jaw; spots on the body larger and more elongate, growing round on tail, where their diameter is about equal to half that of pupil ; gill-opening and corner of mouth brown; dorsal spotted like tail, the spots on edge of fin elongate, narrow, and dose together, coalescing posteriorly to form a white border; anal spotted, with a white border. The species is represented by a single individual 31 inches long, obtained in the Honolulu market. Of the spotted Hawaiian eels this species can only be confused with Gymnolhorax goldsboroughi, which may be distinguished at a glance by its slender, pointed tail, the larger, circular spots, and dark throat-patch, which are its most striking characters. Gymnolhorax nuttingi Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), 51S, pi. 4, fig. 7, Honolulu. (Type, No. 50SG6, U. S. Nut. Mus.) 62. Gymnothorax pictus ( Ahl). “Pulii kapa’a.” Plate 19. Head 2.75 in trunk; head and trunk about equal to tail; eye a little over 2 in snout, 1.3 in interorbital space; mouth 3; snout 5.5 in head; interorbital space 9.5. Body rather thick, roundly compressed; tail tapering rather thickly posteriorly; head compressed, somewhat swollen above, pointed in front; snout rather long and pointed, tip somewhat blunt; eye small, about midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth; mouth large, horizontal, closing, teeth concealed by the thick lips, snout projecting slightly beyond mandible; teeth powerful, in a single series in jaw's, directed backward; teeth on vomer rounded; anterior nostrils in short tubes; posterior nostrils above eye in front; interorbital space convex; skin tough, thick, a number of pores on head; no lateral line; origin of dorsal in last fifth of space betw’een corner of mouth and gill-opening; dorsal rather high; caudal short and rounded. Color in life (No. 03394), light olive dusted with black, the spots forming marblings posteriorly; no black on gill-opening; no dark or light edge on dorsal fin; a slight pale margin on anal; belly pale; no black at angle of mouth. 104 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in alcohol, deep brown above, everywhere clouded and mottled with darker-, also marked with very line pale broken reticulations, and sides with rather large blotches of deep brown; lower surface of body soiled whitish; gill-openings pale. This description is based chiefly upon an example (No. 03724), 28 inches long, from Kailua, Hawaii. Our collection contains 8 fine specimens (Nos. 03710, 03711, 03717, 03720, 03721, 03722, 03724, and 03725) from the same place, and one (No. 03394) irom Honolulu. Other specimens were obtained by the Albatross in 1902 at Honolulu and Puako Bay, Hawaii. Length 2 to 4 feet; our specimens range from 22 to 40 inches. This species is subject to consider¬ able variation, the form with coarser and darker markings being the M. dclera of Richardson. Muricua pirla Ahl, De Murama et Ophichto, Dissert., HI, S, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1789, East Indies. Gymnothorax p ictus, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 529, 1801 (after Ahl); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii). Murxnophis panllierina Laccpcde, Hist. Nat, Poiss., V, 628, 641, 613, 1803. no locality given. Murxna varicr/ata Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 246, pi. 52, iig. 1, 1824, Guam. Murxna sidcrea Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fish., 85, 1846, Australia. Murxna pjeifferi Bleekcr, Nat. Tyds. Nederl. Ind., V, 1853, 173, Macassar; Ceram. Sidcra p/ciffcri, Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish., 70, 1856 (Ceram, Macassar, Celebes). .Sidcm paniherina, Kaup, Cat, Apod. Fish., 71, 1856 (Australia, New Guinea). Gymnothorax pantherinus, Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., 1, 152, 1863 (Batjan). 63. Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder. Plate 14, fig. 2. Head, measured to gill-opening 8 in length, 4.5 in tail; depth 1.46 in head; snout 5; cleft of mouth 1.6. Snout acutely rounded, lower jaw projecting slightly; profile from tip of snout to inter¬ orbital area convex and gently rising, that of occipital region rising abruptly, nuchal muscles well developed; diameter of eye 2.5 in snout; width of space between eyes 1.3 in snout; mouth closing completely, the cleft extending about one-third its length beyond posterior margin of orbit; teeth of jaws in a single series, close set and firmly imbedded; those at symphysis small; lateral ones large anteriorly, growing gradually smaller posteriorly, the basal two-thirds of their edges denticulate; a median, depressible canine near tip of upper jaw; vomer without teeth; anterior nostril tube equal in length to diameter of pupil; posterior nostril with a minute rim; gill-opening oval, the diameter equal to 1.5 times that of eye, the lower margin on a level with mouth. Origin of dorsal on a vertical pass¬ ing midway between corner of mouth and anterior edge of gill-opening, membrane fleshy; height of fin near vent, 1.33 in snout; anal inserted immediately behind t lie vent, where it is but a low ridge of skin, much higher and less fleshy posteriorly, height near its middle portion equal to half the length of snout; caudal slightly longer than diameter of eye. Color in life, yellowish olive on anterior third, becoming a rich brown posteriorly; head and body covered with conspicuous, light, ocellated spots, the light part of which is clearly defined, the dark part more intense next the white, growing diffuse without; spots on head very small, 0.1 to 0.2 diameter of eye, placed from 1 to 3 times their width from each other, their centers tinged with yellow; behind the gill-opening the spots grow rapidly larger for a short distance, then very gradually increase in size to the tail, where they are nearly as large as the eye and 1 to 2 or 3 times their diameter apart; posteriorly and on the fins the spots are pure white or cream colored; operdes with a brownish black margin; mouth, within and at corners, bright lemon-yellow. The color in alcohol differs but little from that of the living example. Described from the type, No. 50869, U. S. Nat. Mus., 35.83 inches long, obtained in the Honolulu market. Two other examples were obtained from the same place; one agreeing closely with the type, except that the lower jaw projects beyond the upper a distance equal to the diameter of the eye. The belly is without spots. The other (cotype, No. 12792, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.) has the body very thick and robust, nuchal region greatly enlarged; head 7.46 in length, 4.35 in tail; depth 1.67 in head. This species may be known from all other Hawaiian eels by the yellow mouth and the very large, dark-bordered, white spots in few rows. Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 clan. 19, 1904), 519, pi. 5, fig. 10, Honolulu. Plate 19 Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 105 Genus 57. EURYMYCTERA Kaup. The tube of the anterior nostril stretches considerably beyond the lips, and its tip is dilated above and below; posterior nostril surrounded by a funnel-formed border, and situated before the eye. This genus differs from Gymnolhora.x in the slender, acuminate snout. Eurymyctera Kaup. Apodes, 72, 1850 (crudelis). 64. Eurymyctera acutirostris (Abbott). Head much compressed, the facial outline moderately oblique; eye large, circular, equal to 0.2 of length of side of head, measuring from angle of jaws; jaws greatly attenuated, very slender, the lower somewhat the smaller and with a gentle upward curve at its extremity; teeth uniserial, compressed, very acute, the palatines, vomerines, and mandibulars all inwardly directed; the palatine teeth 13, of a uniform size, the series commencing below center of orbit and terminating shortly anteriorly to angle of jaws; 12 compressed acute teeth upon vomer in a direct line, the anterior tooth much the largest; mandible with 26 teeth upon each side, the anterior 4 of each side being nearly 3 times the others in size, more widely set, the posterior pair with a single, compressed, very small tooth between them; nasal teeth 14, widely set and from 3 to 5 minute teeth between each pair; 3 teeth placed upon mesial line, the second one very slender and the longest tooth in mouth; the third twice as great in circumference, and but little shorter than tile second tooth; orbits one diameter distant, and the distance from upper edge of orbit to facial outline equal to distance between lower margin of orbit and free edge of upper lip; gill-opening rather small and oblique; pores upon snout and lateral line not visible; fold of skin enveloping dorsal fin unusually thin and arising within a short distance of occiput, with a slope of about forty-live degrees; gill-opening situated as far posteriorly to commencement of dorsal as that is posterior to angle of jaws; dorsal fin equal in width to 0.88 width of body, with no perceptible decrease until it approaches posterior eighth of body, when it decreases rapidly and at its termination is only equal to one-seventh of width of fin upon back. Ground color in alcohol, dark hair-brown, nearly black upon occiput and cheek, and along base of dorsal fin; head, body, and both fins irregularly reticulated with narrow bands of white, varying in width and becoming yellow on posterior fifth of dorsal fin, and upon that portion of body, but in a less degree; 3 broken lines of black extending along body from angle of jaws to gill-opening; iris chrome yellow. This species is known only from Abbott’s type (No. 998, Mils. Phila. Acad.) collected in the Hawaiian Islands in 1835 by Dr. J. K. Townsend. Mursena acutirostris Abbott, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. I860, 176. Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 127, 1870; after Abbott. I/ycodonlis acutirostris, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1930, 491, PI. XVIII, tig. 5; from Abbott’s type. Genus 58. ECHIDNA Forster. The name Echidna was suggested for these eels long before its application by Cuvier to a genus of Australian monotremes (properly called Tachyglossus), and includes some 12 or 15 species, most of them belonging to the western Pacific. They represent the highest degree of specialization among the morays, as Uropterygius represents the extreme degradation. The genus is well marked, distin¬ guished from the other morays by the blunt teeth. It is represented in Hawaiian waters by 7 nominal species. Echidna Forster, Enchiridion, 31, 1778 ( varicgata ). Gymnomunsna Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, G48, 1803 (doliata — mannorata). Gymnopsis Rafinesque, Analyse Nature, 1S15, 93 (doliata). Pcscilophis Kaup, Apodes, 98, 1856 (catcnatus) . a. Vertical fins low, almost obsolete; body encircled by alternating light and dark rings, 30 to 100 in number. . zebra, p. 106 aa. Vertical fins well developed; body rings, when present, broader, 20 to 30 in number. b. Jaws completely closing; body color-rings narrower than eye. c. Upper jaw with 1 series of teeth on sides; body with about 27 narrow brown bands alternating with wider light bands; corner of mouth brown without distinct black spot . psalion, p. 106 cc. Upper jaw with 2 series of teeth on sides; body with about 23 dark bands, indistinct on middle part of body; corner of mouth with a distinct black spot . obscura, p. 107 106 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. bb. Jaws not completely closing; body color-rings wider than eye. d. Lower jaw with not more than 2 series of teeth on sides; body with alternating light and dark rings, the latter 25 in number. e. Upper jaw with 2 series of teeth on sides; body with reddish brown rings completely encircling it . zonata, p. 108 ec. Upper jaw with 1 series of teeth on sides; body not completely encircled by the broad, dark brown cross-bands . zonophxa, p. 109 dd. Lower jaw with more than 2 series of teeth on sides; body without alternating light and dark rings, except sometimes near the end of tail. /. Teeth on sides of lower jaw apparently in 3 series; color in life uniform yellowish brown; no reticulated dark blotches on sides . ..leihala, p. 109 ff. Teeth on sides of lower jaw apparently in 4 series; body with from 20 to 25 more or less reticu¬ lated blotches on the side, sometimes solid and band-like near tail . nebulosa, p. 110 65. Echidna zebra (Shaw). Plate 20. Head 5.2 in trunk; tail a little over 2 in head and trunk; eye 1.8 in snout, 2 in interorbital space; snout 7.3 in head; mouth, from tip of snout, 2.75. Body rather deep and compressed; head deep, compressed, and swollen; eye small, anterior, midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth; mouth large, somewhat undulate; snout projecting well beyond tip of mandible; lips thick and fleshy; teeth all broad, smooth, and molar-like; anterior nostrils in fleshy tubes, the posterior pair with their rims slightly elevated, each situated above anterior margin of eye; interorbital space elevated, convex, and as the upper profile of head is concave above the eyes the forehead rises somewhat abruptly behind; gill-openings small; skin smooth, very tough and thick; no lateral line; pectoral fins obsolete; dorsal beginning behind gill-opening; tail deep, strongly compressed posteriorly; caudal with its margin bluntly rounded. The vertical tins in our specimens are rather low, almost obsolete, and not nearly so well defined as shown in Bleeker’s plate. Color in alcohol, deep or dark brown, encircled more or less completely over the body by numerous narrow white cross-bars with blackish margins, which fadeaway into the brown bands between; all of the bands or rings are not complete, though they are very seldom forked or broken up into small bars. Color in life (No. 03543) dark reddish-brown, the dark stripes along or bordering each white band or ring darker brown than the general body color. Another specimen (No. 02994) rich, purplish brown throughout, crossed by about 69 pale yellowish rings, each about one-twelfth of an inch in width, or less than half the eye. Most of these rings are complete or nearly so, some fragmentary, others broken up into spots, soon fadingjnto whitish, and bounded by darker than the general color. The above description is based chiefly upon No. 03543, a specimen 31 inches long, obtained at Honolulu. The collection contains also a specimen (No. 02994) 26 inches long from the same place, and one (No. 03712) from Kailua. Hawaii. Another was obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1902. This species was not obtained by Hr. Jenkins, and does not appear to be abundant among the Hawaiian Islands, but it is very abundant at Samoa. Gymnothorax zebra Shaw. Natural. Miscell., IX. plate 322, 1797, American seas. Gymnothorax zebra, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 628, 1801; after Shaw. Gymnomursena doliata LacepOde, Hist. Nat Poiss., V, 648, 649, pi. 19, fig. 4, 1803, near the coast of New Britain. Murxna zebra, Cuvier, ROgne Animal, Ed. I, 234, 1817. Murxna molendinaris Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I, 1833, 32, Mauritius. . Gymnnmurzmafasciata Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish., 103, fig. 69, 1S56, Muscat; on type of it. molentlinam of Bennett. Echidna zebra, Bleeker, Atlas, Ichth.. IV, 81, pi. 171, fig. 1, 1864-65 (Sumatra; Kajeli, Buro; Amboynu; Timor); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 520 (Honolulu). 66. Echidna psalion Jenkins. Fig. 29. Head 7.25 in body, or 3.4 in distance from tip of snout to vent; depth 13; snout 5.5; eye slightly less than snout and slightly nearer tip of snout than angle of mouth; gape 2.5 in head; tip of snout to vent 1.2 in tail; interorbital about equal to eye. Bodv moderately elongate, compressed posteriorly; tail slender, pointed; gill-opening very small, inconspicuous; anterior nostril tubular, about 2 in eye, near tip of snout, well above the lip; posterior nostril without tube, oval, above eye just anterior to its middle; a series of pores along upper lip and a series on each side of lower jaw; upper jaw with a single series of blunt, conic teeth in front, those on sides smaller and in a single series; roof of mouth with 2 series of large molars; vomer in front with Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate 20 Echidna zebra (Shaw). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 107 a tingle series of about 3 strong, bluntly conical, dcpressible teeth; lower jaw with 2 series of blunt, conic teeth, the inner the larger; origin of dorsal in front of gill-opening a distance equal to one-fourth the head. Color in alcohol, a series of 27 narrow brown bands alternating with wider light bands, the nar¬ rowest bands mostly somewhat narrower than eye, the broader ones mostly twice eye; a series of narrow parallel brown longitudinal lines on side of head in front of gill-opening; the anterior brown band running through eye, the second around head posterior to gape; angle of mouth brown. Only one specimen, type, No. 506S5, U. S. Nat. Mug. (original No. 2355), 13 inches long, obtained by the Albatross in 1896 at Honolulu. Echidna psation Jenkins, Hull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 431, fig. 12, Honolulu. 67. Echidna obscura Jenkins. Fig. 30. Head 8.3 in total length; depth 17; eye 9.5 in head; snout 5.75; interorbital 5.75; gape 2.8; dis¬ tance from tip of snout to vent slightly less than from vent to tip of tail. Fig. 30. — Echidna obscura Jenkins; from the type. Body moderately' elongate, rather deep and somewhat compressed; head narrow, somewhat swollen above; mouth large, the gape extending more than an eve’s diameter beyond eye; lower jaw shorterthan upper and somewhat curved; ey'e about midway between tip of snout and angleof mouth; 108 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. interorbital equals snout; origin of dorsal in front of gill-opening a distance equal to length of mouth; dorsal fin somewhat higher than anal, its height greater than length of snout; tail compressed and moderately slender; a few short conical teeth in anterior parts of each jaw; 2 series of conical teeth in each side of upper jaw; roof of mouth paved with molars, in 2 rows anteriorly, in 4 posteriorly; molars in 2 series in each side of lower jaw; gill-opening small, narrow, length less than diameter of eye; anterior nostril tubular, near tip of snout, considerably above margin of mouth; posterior nostril round and inconspicuous, near middle of upper margin of eye. Color in alcohol, dark brownish with about 23 dark cross-bands mostly as broad as depth of body, indistinct on middle part of body, but quite distinct anteriorly and on tail; alternating with them are white ones which are narrower than eye and which extend on anal and dorsal fins; the edges of the bands jagged, the white bands widening toward the belly; extreme tip of tail brown (in the cotypes the tip is narrowly edged with white); side of lower jaw brown, angle of mouth black with white spot in front on lower jaw; gill-opening without dark border. The 2 cotypes show some differences in color. In the larger example (No. 2351) , 16.5 inches long, the body is more uniformly dark brown and the light cross-bands are very indistinct except on tail; in the other cotvpe (No. 2353), 9.5 inches in length, the white cross-bands are very distinct, all completely encircling the body except 3 or 4 anterior to vent. The species was not taken by us. Three specimens were obtained by Dr. Jenkins in 1889, the type, No. 50686, U. S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 2352), a specimen 12.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu; cotypes, No. 7725, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. (field No. 2351) , a specimen 16.5 inches long; and No. 2754, U. S. Fish Commission (field No. 2353), a specimen 9.5 inches long, both from Honolulu. Echidna obscura Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 430, fig 11, Honolulu. 68. Echidna zonata Fowler. Fig. 31. Head 7.2 in total length, or 3.75 in distance from tip of snout to vent; vent about midway between tip of snout and tip of tail; depth about 2.2 in head; eye 10 in head, 1.6 in snout, or 1 in interorbital space; length of mouth 2.7 in head. Body moderately elongate, compressed; tail strongly compressed and pointed; head swollen; mouth moderate, gape reaching beyond eye a distance equal to length of snout; lower jaw shorter Fig. 31.— Echidna zonata Fowler. Type of E. viucta Jenkins. than upper, curved so that the mouth does not dose completely; teeth bluntly conic, in a single series in front in upper jaw, in 2 series laterally; teeth on vomer bluntly conic, in a single series of 3 teeth, depressible anteriorly, in a double series of molar teeth posteriorly, about 7 teeth in each series; lower jaw with a double series of bluntly conic teeth on each side, and a median series of similar teeth. Color in life, body crossed by 25 (by error 24 in drawing) broad reddish-brown nonreticulating bands, the width of those at middle of body exceeding snout and eye; the bands completely encircling the body, and separated by somewhat narrower light bands; tip of snout yellowish white; the first dark band through eye broadening on interorbital space; second dark band crossing side of head and Plate 21 rO O O b-L CO Z3 CO Echidna zonoph/ea Jordan & Evermann. Type- FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 109 very broad on nuchal region; tip of tail narrowly white. In some of the cotypes, the dark cross-bands tend to break up below and form reticulations. This species is not rare about Honolulu among the coral rocks. It apparently does not reach a large size, the examples in hand ranging from 15 inches down to 6 inches in length. Echidna vincla Jenkins (type, No. 50(187, U. S. Nat. Mus., a specimen 13.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu. Cotypes, No. 7402, L. S. Jr. Unix. Mus., 15 inches long; No. 2753, U. S. F. C.; No. 2753, Field Museum), appears to be identical with this species. Specimens were also obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1902. Echidna zonata Fowler, Tree. Ac. Nat. Sri. I’hila. 1900 (New. 6), 495, pi. XVIII. fig. 9. Honolulu. (Type, No. 1G1M. 1‘liiia. Ac.) Ech id ita jinl/pona, Fowler, op. cit. 49(1 (Honolulu); not of Richardson, Echidna rinrta Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 429, fig. 10, Honolulu; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu). 69. Echidna zonophaea Jordan A Evermann. Plate 21. Head 3 in trunk, or 6.5 in total; tail longer than head and trunk by a little more than the snout; eye 2 in snout, 1.5 in interorbital space; snout 6; interorbital space 7.75; mouth 2.8. Body compressed, the tail tapering rather narrowly posteriorly; head deep and compressed, pointed in front; snout rather long and pointed, the tip obtusely rounded and projecting considerably beyond the mandible; eye rather small, midway between tip of mandible and corner o'f mouth; mandible arched below so that only the anterior teeth touch the front of the jaw above, though the thick fleshy lips conceal them all; teeth molar, those in front of jaws pointed; anterior nostrils in short tubes, the posterior pair above the eye with a slightly elevated margin; interorbital space convex; top of head more or less swollen or convex in profile; gill-opening 1.67 in eye; skin smooth; head with a few pores; origin of dorsal beginning at last fourth of space between corner of mouth and gill-opening; caudal small. Color in alcohol, grayish white, the body and tail crossed by about 25 broad rich-brown bands, extending upon the dorsal and anal fins; dark bands anteriorly broadest above and not meeting across belly, their width about equal to the distance from tip of snout to middle of eye; first brown band through eye, second across nape, the fourth across gill-opening; gray bands of ground color anteriorly broad and widening much upon belly; posteriorly the gray bands are narrower and better defined, especially on the fins, their width scarcely greater than half that of the brown bands; tip of tail very narrowly white; body anteriorly, especially within the gray bands, profusely covered with numerous small, roundish, black specks, less numerous and more scattered posteriorly; no black spots on head; angle of mouth black, with a small white blotch immediately in front on lower jaw, continued across under jaw as a broad whitish band; side, of head with about 4 or 5 narrow blackish lines between mouth and gill-opening; region of gill-opening marbled with dark brown and whitish, the opening dark. One example (No. 03545) had much yellow on the head and between the brown zones. This species is known from the type and 3 cotypes, all obtained by us at Honolulu. Echidna zcmophica Jordan & Everinann, Ball. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 107, Honolulu (Type, No. 50621, Uf S. Nat. Mus). 70. Echidna leihala Jenkins. Fig. 32. Head 7 in total length; depth 2.1 in head; tip of snout to angle of mouth 2.5 in head; eye 10 in head; interorbital 8.5; gill-opening a very small narrow slit, 3 in eye, with no distinguishing color marking; origin of dorsal well in advance of gill-opening, 3 in head; jaws curving away from each other, closing only at tip; a few sharp fixed teeth in anterior portions of jaws, the remaining all blunt; teeth in anterior portion of upjjer jaw sharp, in a single series; in the posterior portion a double series of blunt teeth, between which the roof of the mouth is crowded with blunt teeth, becoming as many as 6 series posteriorly; teeth in lower jaw in 2 series anteriorly, becoming blunt posteriorly and apparently in 3 series; anterior nostril tubular, near tip of snout above margin of lip; posterior nostril smooth, near the middle of the upper margin of the eye. Color in life, uniform yellowish brown, not lighter on the belly, being distributed over the whole body in tine granular markings; no transverse bands appearing in life, but evidence of bands, 110 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. especially toward tip of tail, appears some hours after death. (The figure shows alcoholic specimen. ) Snout white, angles of mouth brown; iris yellow; no other conspicuous markings. (Jenkins.) Dr. Jenkins obtained 3 specimens in 18S9, as follows: The type, 17 inches in length, No. 50844, U. S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 283), Honolulu; and cotypes, No. 7783, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. (field No. Fig, 32. — Echidna leihnla Jenkins; from the type. 2368), 15.5 inches long; and No. 2752, lT. S. Fish Commission (field No. 2369), 12 inches long, all from the reef in front of Honolulu. It is possible that this species and zona hi, zonophim, ohscura, and psalion are all color variations of one for which the earliest name is Echidna tritor. Echidna Icihala Jenkins, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 428, fig. 9, Honolulu. i Pcccildphu tritnra Vaillant Snuvage, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 3d series, III, 287, ] s7f>, Hawaiian Islands. 71. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) . “Puhi kapa.” Plate I . Head 3.25 in trunk; tail shorter than head and trunk by a little more than snout and eye; eye 2.5 in snout and a little over 2 in interorbital space; snout 5.5; interorbital space 6.5; mouth 2.2. Body compressed; tail tapering gradually ; head large, thick, compressed, swollen above, so that the upper profile is convex from eyes; snout deep, compressed, rounded, the extremity blunt; eye small, high, nearer tip of snout than corner of mouth; mouth horizontal; jaws nearly equal; teeth in anterior part of jaws conical, those posterior molar-like; anterior nostrils in small tubes, posterior pair above the eyes anteriorly; interorbital space convex; gill-opening a little larger than eye; skin smooth and tough, with some pores on head; origin of dorsal about midway between posterior edge of eye and gill-opening; tip of tail rounded. Color, in alcohol, whitish, finely spotted and speckled with blackish brown, crossed by about 27 cross-bands formed of deep blackish-brown reticulations, each divided so as to form 2 lateral series; spots on lower surface of body more or less solid, and the ground color with fewer small spots between; tip of snout and caudal white. This description from a specimen (No. 03774) 29 inches long, taken at Honolulu. The puhi h&pa is “a kind of eel that makes havoc among all kind%of fish. Hence Kamehameha (King of Hawaii) was called ‘Puhi kapa’ because ‘victorious over all.’” a “Tail of same length as body. Branchial opening of same size as eye, surrounded by a black spot more or less distinct. Intermaxillary teeth in a single row in front, in two rows behind, conical and quite short; maxillary teeth shorter, in two rows; the three anterior vomerine teeth weak, of same size as the intermaxillary teeth, a large vomerine plate composed of rounded teeth as those of Daurades, small, numerous, in two rows in front, in six rows in the middle. Anterior mandibulary teeth pointed, in two rows; posterior teeth conical, arranged in three series. Anterior nostril tubes very short. Angle of mouth black; some horizontal black lines under the throat. Honolulu.” (Vaillant &, Sauvage.) This brief description is not full enough for certain identification. The species may be identical with E. Icihala Jenkins. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Ill In life the irregular (lark areas are dark brown, with chrome-yellow spots, the bars between these dark areas gray and brown; anterior tubular nostril orange; iris orange. An example from Hilo, gray with black spots and bands almost meeting on the belly, and quite meeting on the tail; spots of deep yellow in the black spots, those of belly edged with yellow; anterior nostril orange; snout and chin livid brownish; vent deep yellow, border of fins grayish white, like tip of tail. The natives sav that tins eel goes ashore in the grass, wriggling quickly to the water again when disturbed. They also claim that it is savage and will bite. We have a number of specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua. Dr. Jenkins obtained one from Honolulu, in 1889, which we have examined, and the A lha tross obtained one at Honolulu in 1902. The species is very common at Samoa. Mamma nebnlosa Ahl, De Muraena et Ophichtho, Thumb. Dissert., Ill, 5, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1789, East Indies. ({ymnothorax nebuloaus, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 528, 1801; after Ahl. Gymnothorax echidna Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 526, 1801, Huahia; Tahiti. Murxna aphis Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im Nordl. Afrika, 110, taf. 29, fig. 2, 182s, Red Sea. Thxrodontis ophis, McClelland, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., V, 1844, 217. Echidna variegata Forster in Lichtenstein, Descript. Animal., 181, 1844, seas Huahainam; Bolam-Bolam; Tonga-Tabu. Mur send variegata, Richardson, Voy. Ereb. & Terror, Fish., 94, pi. 47, figs. 1-5 and 11-16, 1846 (Indian Ocean: Chinese Sea; coasts of Australia). Pcecilophis variegata, Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish. Brit. Mus., 9.8, tab. 13, fig. 67, 1856; after Richardson. Mumma nebulosa , Gunther. Cat., VIII, 130, 1870 (Port Natal; Zanzibar; Madagascar; Seychelles; India; Moluccas; Amboyna; Macassar; Siam; China Seas: Fiji; Trinity Bay; Australia). Echidna nebulosa, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 429 (Honolulu); Snyder, <>p. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 520 (Honolulu). Genus 59. UR0PTERYGIUS Riippell. This genus contains most of those morays with fins altogether wanting, or developed only at the tip of tail; teeth small, pointed, subequal, the mouth of moderate size, and only the anterior nostrils provided with a tube. The typical species have the tail about as long as the rest of tin* body. Gymnam,uncna Laccpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 648, 1803 (doliata=viarmorata)\ restricted first by Kuup in 1856 to doliata, which is an Echidna, lchthyophis Lesson, Voy. dc la Coquille, II, 131, 1830 ( panthcrinus marmoratus ); not of Fitzinger 1829, a genus of reptiles. Uroplcrygius Riippell, Neue Wirb., Fische, 83, 1838 ( concolor ). Scidica Jordan it Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 403, 1.896 ( neclnrus ). a. Posterior nostril with elevated rim; jaws equal; no dorsal fin evident . marmoratus, p. Ill an. Posterior nostril without rim; jaws unequal; dorsal fin evident on tail . leucnrus , p. 112 72. Uropterygius marmoratus (Laccpede). Fig. 33. Head 2.25 in trunk; tail longer than head and trunk by 11 little less than half of head; eye 2.3 in snout, 2 in interorbital space; snout 5.67 in head; interorbital space 7.5; mouth 2.5. Body compressed; tail tapering gradually behind to a rather thick point; head rather large, compressed, obtusely pointed; snout long, pointed, the tip blunt; eye small, a little nearer tip of snout than corner of mouth ; mouth with thick lips concealing the teeth; teeth large and sharp pointed, biserial in the jaws, the outer series much smaller and more numerous than the inner, which are 112 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISII COMMISSION. depressible; vomerine teeth in a single median series; anterior nostrils in short tube, the posterior pair with elevated rims; interorbital space elevated; no fins, except an obsolete-raved development around end of tail. Color in alcohol, dark blackish brown above, paler beneath, marked all over with indistinct blackish reticulations; chin pale brown, somewhat soiled. One adult (No. 03730) 11 inches long was obtained by Mr. (joldshorough at Kailua, Hawaii, and about a score of young individuals 1.3 to 4.73 inches long were dredged or taken in the tangles by the Albatross off the south coast of Molokai and between Maui and Lanai in 31 to 46 fathoms. In life the young are dark brown, the throat and lower jaw much lighter, almost white in some specimens, there being no dark markings as in the adult. The mucous pores on the head are white. Gymnomurxna marmorata Laecpede, Hist. Nut. Poiss., Y, G48, 050, 1803, coast of New Britain. Jchthyoph is panther in ns Lesson, Voy Coq., Poiss., II, 131, 1S2G-1830, Oualan, Caroline Islands. J Munma inicropterus Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., Ill, 298, 1852, Wahai, southern Ceram. ' Vrnplcryyius xanthoptrrud Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., XIX, 350, 1859, Patjitan, southeast Java. fGynmoumrnma xanthoplcrus Bleeker, Atlas, IV, 11 1, pi. 20, lig. 4, 18(14. fGymnnniurnma inicropterus, Bleeker, op. eit., 115, pi. 20, tig. 2, 180-1. ?Gyi)inomur:nia macrokerphaUis Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., 11,5-1, 1805, Amboyna. Cropteryyins mnrntomlus, Snyder, Bull. IT. K. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Albatross Stations 3847, 3850, 3872, 3870). 73. TJropteryg-ius leucurus Snyder. Plate 13, fig. 2. Head, measured to gill-opening, 8.3 in length; tail 1.9; depth 2.6 in head; snout 5; cleft of mouth 2.9; lower jaw shorter than upper, tip extending to base of nostril tubes; teeth of jaws in 2 series, outer ones small and close set, inner ones fang-like and widely spaced; a median, depressible fang in upper jaw; a single row of sharp teeth on vomer; anterior nostrils with tubes equal in length to diameter of eye; posterior nostrils without rims, located above eyes; eye located above middle of cleft of mouth; gill-opening a horizontal slit equal to diameter of eye. The dorsal fin becomes evident at a point about half the length of head from tip of tail, being represented anteriorly by a mere fold of the skin which extends to occiput; caudal pointed; a mere trace of an anal which joins the caudal. Color brown, finely spotted above with white; ventrally the Spots become elongate and unite, also increasing in size until on the belly the color is white with fine reticulations of brown; upper parts with figures formed by the union of elongate spots; end of snout, upper lip, lower jaw, and throat white; fin around end of tail white. This species resembles the young of V. inarmoratus. It differs in color, that form being neither spotted nor otherwise figured with white. The jaws of 17. marrnoratus are equal, and no dorsal fin is evident on the tail. One specimen, 4.3 inches long, was taken in 28 fathoms of water, station 3874, between Maui and Lanai. Type, No. 50871, U. S. Nat. Mus. I'ropOri/'/ills l run mis Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190*2 (Jim. 19, 1904), .V21. pi. 0, tier . 12, Albatross Station 3874, between Maui and Lanai. Genus 60. SCUTICARIA Jordan & Snyder. This genus differs from Uropltrygius in having the posterior nostrils in tubes. j \fur;t‘Holjlcnna Kaup, Cat, Apod. Fish., 97, 1S5G (tif/nna): not of Lacepcde, 1803, which is Mi/xine. Scrtlraria .Iordan A Snyder, Prop. IT. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, 8811 ( tigrina ). 74. Scuticaria tigrina (Lesson). Plate 22. Head 6.4 in trunk; tail a little over 2 in head and trunk; eye 2.8 in snout, 2.5 in interorbital space; snout a litt le over 7 in head; mouth a little over 3. Body very elongate, round; tail compressed, tapering a little posteriorly to a very blunt and rounded tip; head round, blunt in front; snout round and blunt; eye very small, nearer tip of snout than corner of mouth; mouth nearly horizontal, jaws even; lips thick and tough; teeth all sharp- pointed, 2 series in upper jaw of which the inner are the larger; mandible with a short double series in front, those on vomer in a single series; anterior nostrils in short tubes nearer tip of snout, and posterior also in short tubes above anterior margins of eyes; interorbital space elevated and convex; gill-opening equal to eye; skin thick and tough, with a few mucous pores on head; no fins. Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903 SCUTICARIA TIGRINA ( LESSON ). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 113 Color in alcohol, pale reddish brown, marked everywhere with numerous blotches of blackish brown edged with a paler brown than the general body-color; between the large dark blotches many small spots similarly edged; snout and mandible mottled with dark brown. Here described from a specimen (No. 04815) 42 inches long, taken at Honolulu. We have also a specimen (No. 04831) 40 inches long, from the same place, and 3 others (Nos. 03706, 03718, and 03719), 48, 35, and 35 inches long, respectively, from Kailua, Hawaii. IchthyophU tigrinus Lesson, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, IV. 399, 1829. Borabora, Society Islands. Murirnoblcnna ticjrina, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neeil., II, 1857, 93. Ciymnomurxna tigrbia, Bleeker, Atlas. Ichth., IV. 113, pi. 165. 3. 186-1 i Prigi, Java; Nova Selma; Cocos Island: Amboy mi; Celebes; Timor); Kner, Reise Novara, I, 387, 1867 (Tahiti); Gunther, Cat., VIII, 133, 1870 (Mauritius: Zanzibar; East Indies; India); Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 121 (Johnston Island). Order H LYOPOM1. This group, which contains the single family of Halosauridx, is thus defined by Gill: Scapular arch constituted by proscapular, postero-temporal and post-temporal, the post-temporal discrete from side of cranium and impinging on supraoccipital; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid lamellar; a foramen in upper margin of hypocoracoid; mesocoraeoid absent; actifiosts normal; cranium with the condyle confined to basioccipital; opercular apparatus characteristic, the preopercle entirely detached from the suspensorium (rudimentary and connected only with the lower jaw); operculum normally connected, subopercle enlarged and partly usurping the usual position of the preopercle, in company with the suborbital chain which is extended backward to the opercular margin; bones of jaws, palatines, and pterygoid complete and normal; anterior vertebrae separate; ventrals abnormal. Family XXXIV. HALOSAURIDX. Body elongate, compressed anteriorly, tapering into a very long and slender tail, which becomes compressed and narrowed into a sort of filament; abdomen rounded; scales rather small, cycloid, deciduous; sides of head scaly; lateral line present, running along the side of the belly, its scales in the known species enlarged, each in a pouch of black skin with a luminous organ at its base; no barbels; head subconical, depressed anteriorly, the flattened snout projecting beyond the mouth; mouth inferior, horizontal, of moderate size, its anterior margin formed by the premaxillaries, its lateral margin by the maxillaries, which are of moderate width; teeth small, in villiform bands, on the jaws, the rudimentary palatines and pterygoids, none on vomer and tongue; eye rather large; facial bones with large muciferous cavities; opercular apparatus peculiar, the preopercle entirely detached from suspensorium, rudimentary and connected only with lower jaw; opercle normally connected; subopercle enlarged and partly usurping the usual position of the preopercle, in company with the suborbital chain, which is extended backward to the opercular margin; bones of head unarmed; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchise none; gillrakers short; gill-membranes separate from the isthmus; branchiostegals numerous (about 14); dorsal fin short, rathe/ high, inserted behind ventrals and before vent; no adipose fin; no caudal fin; anal fin extremely long, extending from vent to tip of tail (its rays about 200 in number) ; ventrals moderate, not very far back; pectorals rather long, narrow, inserted high; no axillary scales; shoulder-girdle weak, its uppermost bone (supraclavicle or post- temporal) touching the cranium at the nuchal region, but not connected with it laterally; air-bladder large, simple; stomach ccecal; pyloric coeca in moderate number; intestines short; ovaries not closed; vertebrae very many, 60 ; x. Fishes of the deep sea. Genus 61. ALDROVANDIA Goode & Bean. Ventrals normal; no second dorsal fin; vertex scaleless; scales of lateral line enlarged, provided with photophores; head with pointed snout and prominent lateral ridges; anal moderate, high, its height one-third to one-fourth that of dorsal. The 3 Hawaiian species of this genus are fully described in Section II. Aldrovandia Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 132, 1896 ( rostrata ). Ha losouropsis Collett, Poiss. Hirondelle, 146, pi. V, tig. 23. 1896 ( macrochir ). F. C. B. 1903— S 114 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Order 1. HEMIBRANCHII. The Hemibranehs. Interclavicles developed; gills pectinate; post-temporal simple, not furcate; supraelavicle quite small; superior pharyngeal bones reduced in number, the bones of the gill-arches also reduced except in Gasterosteidir; inferior pharyngeals present, not united; ventral fins abdominal or subabdominal, joined to the intraclavicle or else detached from it through partial atrophy of the shoulder-girdle; mouth bounded above by premaxillaries only; shoulder-girdle simple in structure; basis of cranium simple and without tube; 4 anterior vertebra; more or less elongate; snout usually more or less pro¬ duced, the small mouth at its end. A small group, well distinguished from the Pe.rcesoces and other Teleocepliali, from ancestors of which it is probably descended, differing in the presence of the inter¬ clavicles and in the reduction of the shoulder-girdle and other structures. Its relations to the Lophobranchii are close, the characters of the latter being largely extremes of the same mollifications. FAMILIES OF HEMIBRANCHII. a. Only one dorsal fin. b. Dorsal preceded by 8 to 12 free spines . bb. Dorsal without spines and not followed by finlets . aa. Dorsal fins 2, the anterior of spines only, the posterior of soft rays Family XXXV. AULOSTOMIDAi.- The Trumpet-Fishes. Body compressed, elongate, covered with small ctenoid scales; lateral line continuous; head long; mouth small, at the end of a long, compressed tube; lower jaw prominent, with a barbel at the sym¬ physis; premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, triangular, with a supplemental bone; teeth minute, in bands, on lower jaw and vomer; branchiostegals 4; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchise well developed; gill rakers obsolete; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; air-bladder large; spinous dorsal present, of 8-12 very slender free spines; soft dorsal and anal rather Jong similiar, posterior, with 23 to 28 rays each; caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays longest, but not produced into a filament; ventral 8 abdominal, of G rays, all articulated; pectorals broad, rounded, the space in front, of them scaly; first 4 vertebra elongated; 2 pyloric caeca. A single genus,' with 2 species, found in tropical seas. Genus 62. AULOSTOMUS Lacepede- Characters of the genus included above. Aulostomus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 357, 1803 ( chinensis ). Aulostovia Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, 320, 1850; changed spelling. Polypterichthys Klceker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., IV, 1853, 008 ( valcntini = chinensis). Solenostomus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, cd. Gray, 140, 1854 {chinensis). . Aulostomidx, p. 114 . FistulariidR', p. 115 . M aero rh amph osidse , p>. 117 75. Aulostomus valentini (Bleeker). “ Nunu” Fig. 34. Head 3; depth 3.75 in snout; snout 1.5; eye 8 in snout; maxillary 4 in snout; mandible 2.65 in snout; D. xi-27; A. 26; seales.about 19-250-20. Body elongate, compressed, Covered with small ctenoid scales; lateral line continuous, slightly arched over base of pectoral; head long; eye moderate, posterior; mouth small, oblique, at the end of a long compressed tube; lower jaw prominent, hooked and with a barbel at the symphysis; premaxil¬ lary slender; maxillary broad; minute teeth on lower jaw, vomer, and palatines; dorsal similar to anal, both posterior, dorsal directly over anal, their posterior bases arching and nearly meeting on the long slender caudal, peduncle. Color in alcohol, brown with about 14. lighter colored cross-bands, about as wide as eye, extending around the body; base of dorsal and anal black; a black spot on upper anterior half of caudal, and one usually present on lower rays; a similar spot on base of each ventral; first rays of dorsal black; fins otherwise pale yellowish; a black spot on middle of maxillary; sometimes a series of 2 to 5 or 6 small black spots on median line of belly in front of anal; sometimes other black spots on belly. The above description chiefly from a specimen (No. 03327) 19.5 incheg long, from Honolulu. Other examples somewhat smaller are darker in coloration, some of them uniform chocolate-brown FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 115 without cross-bars except on caudal peduncle and between dorsal and anal fin, where there are light bars which tend to break up into white spots. The caudal usually has the 2 black spots, though the lower one is often absent. The color of this species seems subject to great variation. Garrett, in Fisehe der Siidsee, figured 2 forms, one a uniform lemon-yellow and another light brown with 5 or 6 rosy-brown longitudinal stripes each less than pupil in width; a narrow line of same color on caudal peduncle with a broader crossbar at each end and one at its middle; head pale rosy with 3 deeper rosy oblique bars on snout; fins all pale rosy; middle caudal rays scarcely rosy; a black spot on maxillary, one on base of ventral and 2 Fig. 31. — Aitlostomus vaicntini (Bleeker); after Gunther. on caudal fin. In the yellow figure there is a black spot on maxillary and one on upper caudal rays, but none below nor on ventral. This species is fairly abundant at Honolulu, where specimens were obtained by Jenkins in 1889, by the Albatross in 18911 and 1902, by Wood in 1898, and by us in 1901. The Albatross obtained it also at Laysan, and it occurs at Johnston Island. Polyptericlilh yi vaicntini Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., TV. 1853, 608. Ternate. Aulostoma cliinense, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 74, 1877 ( Honolulu i ; Gunther. Fisehe der Siidsee. VII, 221, pi. 123, figs, band c, 1881 (Hawaiian, Society, Pomotu islands; Aneityum); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. VViss. Wien, i , X X . 1900, 502 (Honolulu; Laysan). Aulostomus ckinensis, Smith A Swain, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 121 (Johnston Island); Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 500 (Oahu); not Fistularia chincnsis of Linna-us, which is based on the American species. Anlostomus vaicntini, Jenkins, Bull. IT. 8. Fisli Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 437 (Honolulu); Snyder, Bull, U. S. Fish Coram., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu; Laysan Island). Family XXXVI. FISTULARIIU.-K. — 1'he Cornet-Fishes. Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep; scaleless but with bony plates on various parts of the body, mostly covered by the skin; bead very long, the anterior bones of the skull much produced, forming a long tube, which terminates in the narrow mouth; this tube formed by the symplectic, proethmoid, metapterygoid, quadrate, palatines, vomer, and mesethmoid; both jaws, and usually the vomer and palatines also, with minute teeth; membrane uniting the bones of the tube below, very lax, so that the tube is capable of much dilation; post-temporal coossified with the cranium; branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gillrakers obsolete; basibranchial elements wanting; pseudobranch ife present ; air-bladder large; spinous dorsal entirely absent; soft dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal fin opposite and similar to soft dorsal; caudal fin forked, the middle rays produced into a long filament; pectorals small, with a broad base, preceded by a smooth area as in GaslerostekUe; pectoral ossicles 3; inter¬ clavicles greatly lengthened; supraclavicles very small; ventral fins very small, wide apart, abdominal (through partial atrophy of the girdle, by which they lose connection with the interclavicles), far in advance of the dorsal, composed of 6 soft rays; pyloric coeca few; intestine short; vertebrae verv numerous (4+44 to 49+28 to 33); the first 4 vertebrae very long. Fishes of the tropical seas, related to the sticklebacks in structure, hut with prolonged snout and different ventral fins. A single genus, with few species. 11(» BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 63. FISTULARIA LinnEeus. Characters of the genus included with those of the family. Fistularia Linnaeus, Syst. Xat.. Ed. X. 312. 1 758 (tnbacarin). Cannorhynchus Cantor. Malayan Fishes, 211, 1850 ( tabacaria ); Fistnlaria being preoccupied by Fistularia Donati, 1750, apre- LinriEean genus of Polyps. Flayellaria Gronow, Cat. Fishes, eel. Cray, 1411, 1854 (fistula.)' is - tahaca.ria) . it. The long plates of posterior portion of lateral line unarmed . ' . petimba, p. llli « a. The long plates of lateral line each armed with a compressed spine directed backward . serrata, p. 1 16 76. Fistularia petimba Lacdpede. Head 2.65 in length; depth 13 in head; eye 10 in head; snout 3.5 in body; interorbital 10; man¬ dible 4.5 in snout; D. 14 (14 to 17); A. 14 or 15. Interorbital space" slightly concave with a strong median ridge and fainter lateral ones, diverging both anteriorly and posteriorly; a rosette of short, diverging lines upon top of snout at about, one-ninth distance from eye; 2 ridges on upper surface of snout nearest together mesial lv, then diverging slightly, inclosing a central ridge and coining together again at tip of snout; lateral ridges finely serrate, anteriorly smooth; other ridges smooth, the lower lateral ridge serrate posteriorly, not showing from above; serrations on posterior rim of orbit above and on lateral occipital ridges; body much depressed, entirely smooth; depth one-half width; lateral line along middle of side, ascending, the lines from the 2 sides coming near together on back behind pectorals for a distance about eqnal to postorbital portion of head; lateral line on large specimens armed posteriorly with a series of embedded keels, which become smaller anteriorly, entirely disappearing somewhat in advance of dorsal; in small examples this keeled portion is asperate; distance of origin of dorsal fin from base of caudal about half length of snout; height of dorsal about twice eye; anal opposite dorsal and similar to it; caudal lobes smaller than dorsal; caudal filament 1.5 in snout; ventrals short, equal to eye. Color in alcohol, brown above, lighter below; fins pale. The above description chiefly from a specimen (No. 03584) 42 inches long, from Honolulu. We have also from Honolulu 2 examples (Nos. 02945 and 03131 ) 39 and 37 inches long, respectively; 98 examples 6 to 17.5 inches long, from Hilo, and 1 specimen 19 inches long from Kailua; specimensfrom Japan and Samoa, and numerous specimens obtained by the Albatross in 1902 at Honolulu, Hilo, Necker Island, and Hanalei Bay, Kauai. We have examined 13 examples collected in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu, 20 small specimens' obtained by the Albatross November 8, 1899, in the harbor of Papeete, Tahiti, and a large example from the Philippines. Snyder mentions finding skeletons of this fish at Necker Island, where the fish had been carried ashore by birds. Fistularia pi fimhtl- Lacepedc, Hist. Nat. Poi.xs., V, 349, 1803, New Britain, Isle of Reunion, equatorial Pacific; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 437 (Honolulu; Tahiti), Snyder, 1. e. (January 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu: Hilo; Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Necker Island). Fistularia tlrpri ssa Gunther, Report shore Fishes, Challenger, 09, pi. 32. lig. 1>, 1880, Sulu Archipelago (others from Natal: Zanzibar, Amboyna; China; New Guinea; New South Wales, Fiji Islands; and California): Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer., I, 757, 1890; Seale, Oecas. Papers Bishop Mus., I, No. 3, 64, 1901 (Guam). 77. Fistularia serrata Cuvier. Head 3.6 in length; I). 13 to 15; A. 14 or 15; V. 6; branchiostegals 7. The tube into which the head is produced is exceedingly long, the part of the head situated behind the orbit being contained 6.5 times in its length; it is distinctly serrated on the outer edge, as high as broad near its base, and somewhat compressed in its anterior portion; a vertical cut across its middle would be hexagonal. The cleft, of the mouth is horizontal, extending nearly as far backward as the maxillary. Lower jaw prominent; intermaxillary styliform, not protractile; jaws and palatines armed with a series of small teeth; vomerine teeth rudimentary, if present. The upper surface of the tube is covered with a very thin skin; the middle is much more elevated than the lateral portions, at least on the basal half of the tube, and is formed by crenulated ridges, the outer of which arise from the anterior angle of the orbit, first convergent, and then keeping a parallel direction. The lateral edge of the tube is very distinctly serrated and provided with rather prominent spines posteriorly. The eye is elongate ovate, much longer than high, its horizontal diameter one- FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 117 half of its distance from the base of the pectoral fin; it is protected by prominent angles of the frontal bones anteriorly and posteriorly; the bony ridge between the orbits is concave and narrow, its width being less than the vertical diameter of the eye; crown of head rather convex, with slight crenulated striae; nostrils close together, one before the other, in front of the anterior angle of orbit on side of head; opercle not quite twice as long as high, and covered with a thick membrane which is prolonged beyond margin of bone and fixed to base of pectoral; gill-opening wide, but not extending upward beyond base of pectoral; 6 slender branchiostegals; shields of anterior portion of trunk are the follow¬ ing: 1, a narrow strip along the median line; 2, a pair of broader ones occupying the sides of the back; 3, a narrow one on each side; 4, the pubic bones on the belly. Body depressed, nearly twice as broad as high; naked, without dermal ossifications; lateral line marked by pores and small narrow bony shields, sunk in the skin anteriorly, becoming broader on the tail, and armed with a compressed spine directed backward; spines forming a kind of serrature. Base of pectoral fin obliquely curved; fin somewhat longer than the orbit and rounded ; a small foramen posteriorly in its axil; ventral fins widely apart, their distance from the pectoral 2/7 of that from the caudal; ventrals much shorter than pectoral and composed of 6 soft rays; a series of feeble spines embedded in the skin along median line of back and of abdomen; these spines do not belong to the endoskeleton for if the skin is removed these spines follow, and are easily detached from its outer surface. (Gunther.) Color in life, upper parts dark drab; lower, white; tips of dorsal, anal, and lobes of caudal rosy with dusky shades; pectoral transparent. Fifteen specimens were taken at Honolulu. (Jenkins.) Not obtained by us in 1901 nor by the Albatross in 1902. Fistutaria serrata Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, II, 319, 1817, America (after Blocli); Gunther, Cat,, III, 533, 1861 (China; East Indies): Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mils , No, 7, 71, 1877 (Honolulu): Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 390, 1883; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 137 (Honolulu). Fistutaria immandata Cuvier, Rignc Animal, Ed. I, 349, 1817, seas of the Indies (after Commerson and John White.) Fistularia commersoni Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 112, 1837, Red Sea; no definite locality given, Cannvrhynch as immaculatus, Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 211, 1850, (Sea of I’inang), Fistularia petimba, Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1902, 67 (Japan); not of LaeOpede. Family XXXVII. M ACRO RH AMPH0S 1 I I.Ji. Body compressed, oblong, or elevated, covered with small, rough scales; no lateral line; some bony strips on side of back, and on margin of thorax and abdomen, the former sometimes confluent into a shield; bones of skull much prolonged anteriorly, forming a long tube which bears the short jaws at the end; no teeth; gill-openings wide; branchiostegals 4; branchihvals and pharyngeals mostly present, the fourth superior branehihyal and the first and fourth superior pharyngeals only wanting; 2 dorsal fins, the first of 4 to 7 spines, the second of which is very long and strong; soft dorsal and anal moderate; ventral fins small, abdominal, of 1 spine and 5 soft rays; pectorals short: caudal fin emarginate, its middle rays not produced; air-bladder large; pseudobranchiae present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; vertebras about 24. the 4 anterior ones much lengthened; no pyloric coeca; intestinal canal short. Genus 64. MACRORHAMPHOSUS Lace'pede. Body oblong, graduating into the caudal peduncle; back straight; dorsal spines about 7; charac¬ ters otherwise included above. The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II. Mwrorha mp horus Lac6p{l(le, Hist, Nat. Poiss., V, 136, 1803 (rornutus scoloptuc). Centriscus Cuvier, Rggne Anim., Ed. I. II. 350, 1817 ( scolopax ; not Centriscus L. i. Macro; real ti us Gn mow, Cat. Fishes, 147. 1854 ( scolopax ). Orthichthys Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 234 ( velitaris ). Order J. LOPHO BRANCH II. Gills tufted, notlaminated, eomposedof small rounded lobes attached to the gill-arches; interclavicles well developed; scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal; superior branchihyals and pharyngeals, and basal branchihyals wanting or not ossified; mouth very small, bounded above by the 118 BULLETIN <>F THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. premaxill uies; post-temporal simple, coossified with the cranium; basis of cranium simple; pectoral fins with elevated bases; anterior vertebrae modified, the diapophyses much expanded; air-bladder simple, without air-duct; snout produced, bearing the small, toothless mouth at the end; gill-covers reduced to a large simple plate; skin with bony plates; muscular system little developed; the Synt/na- thuhr have neither spinous dorsal nor ventral tins; the Solenostom.Ulx of the Indian Ocean, constituting the suborder Solenostomi, have all the fins well developed, FAMILIES OF LOl’HOBRANCHII. a. Spinous and soft dorsal present: ventral fins present; gill-openings wide . Solenostomi&k, p. US aa. Spinous dorsal fin wanting; no ventral fins; gill-openings narrow . Syngnathidar, p. 119 Family XXXVI II. SOLENOSTOMlDiE. Body compressed; tail very short; snout long, compressed, all parts covered with thin skin, below which is the dermal skeleton with star-like ossifications; spinous dorsal short; soft dorsal and anal long, with elevated base; caudal long; ventrals close together, inserted opposite spinous dorsal, each of 7 rays; the fins free in the male, in the female adnate to the body, forming a large pouch for the reception of the eggs; branch iostegals 4, very thin; intestinal canal simple. Singular fishes of the East Indies, constituting 1 genus. Genus 65. SOLENOSTOMUS Lacdpede. Characters of the genus included above. Solenostomus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 360, 1803 {paradoxus). 78. Solenostomus cyanopterus Bleeker. Fig. 35. Head 2.2 in length; depth 5; D. v-20; P. 27; V. 7; A. 19; CJ 15; depth of snout at middle 4.5 in its length; eye 6.25 in snout; dorsal spines 2 in head; ventral equal to snout or a little mere; caudal a little shorter than head; caudal peduncle shorter than base of second dorsal. Color pink, with small black dots like ink specks scattered over head and upper part of body; eye red; fins pale, the spinous dorsal with 2 long black ocelli (said to be dark blue in life) on mem¬ branes of first and second spines; besides black dots, caudal with small inky spots like those on body, but more elongate, several of them drawn out into lines. The above description is taken from Jordan and Snyder’s Japanese specimen. The only Hawaiian reference is that given by Bleeker. It, is doubtful if the species really occurs in these islands. Splenostomus paradoxus, Bleeker, Nut. Tyds. Ned. Ind., Ill, 1S52, SOS (Hawaii and Ceram); Kaup, Lophobranehiates, 1856, 2 (lie de France, India, New Guinea); not of Pallas. Solenostomus ci/anopterum Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, is; >4, 507, Hawaii and Ceram; Gunther, Fishes of Zanzibar, 137, pi. XX, figs. 2, 3, 1866 (Zanzibar); Gunther, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, 151 (Zanzibar. Ceram, China); Dumgril, Hist. Poiss., J 1 , 1870, -497 (New Guinea); Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902 (Sept. 27, 1901), 4, pi. 3 (Boshu (Awa) Japan). Plate 23 Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann. type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 119 Family XXXIX. SYXT.XATH ID F. -The Pipe-Fishes. Body elongate, usually slender, covered with bony plates which are firmly connected, forming a bony carapace; head slender, the snout long, tube-like, bearing the short toothless jaws at the end; gill-opening reduced to a small aperture behind the upper part of the opercle; tail long, prehensile or not, usually provided with a small caudal fin; male fishes with an egg-pouch usually placed on the under side of the tail, sometimes on the abdomen, commonly formed of 2 folds of skin which meet on the median line; the eggs are received into this pouch and retained until some time after hatching, when the pouch opens, permitting the young to escape; dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays only; pectorals small or wanting; ventrals none; anal fin minute, usually present. Genera about 15; species 150. Small fishes, found in all warm seas, sometimes entering fresh waters. a. Hippocampinx: Tail prehensile; caudal tin small; head placed at a large angle with axis of body. . . Hippocampus , p. 119 aa. Syngnathinx: Tail not prehensile, usually with a caudal fin; axis of head usually in line with axis ol' body. b. Egg -pouch of male on body; dorsal with 25 rays; rings 184-14 . Doryrhamphus , p. 120 bb. Egg-pouch of male on tail; dorsal with 22 rays; rings 16+36 . Ichthyocampus, p. 121 Genus 66. HIPPOCAMPUS Rafmesque. The Sea-Horses. Body strongly compressed, the belly gibbous, tapering abruptly to a long, quadrangular, prehen¬ sile tail; head with a distinct curved neck, placed nearly at a right angle with the direction of the body, surmounted by a compressed occipital crest, on the top of which is an angular, star-shaped coronet; top and sides of the head with spines; physiognomy remarkably horse-like, like that of a conventional “knight” at chess; body and tail covered with bony plates, forming rings, those on the body each with 6 spines or tubercles, those of the tail with 4; pectoral fins present, short and broad; anal minute, usually present; dorsal fin moderate, opposite the vent; egg-pouch in male a sac. at base of the tail, terminating near the vent. Species numerous, in all warm seas. These fishes attach them¬ selves by their tails to seaweed and other floating substances, and are often carried to great distances by currents. Hippocampus Kafinesque, Indice d’lttiologia Siciliana, 37, 1810 (heptagonus ^hippocampus). Hippocampus Leach, Zoo!. Misc., 103, 1814 ( hippocampus ). a. Eye small, 4 in snout; a short keel in front of coronet . hilonis, p. 119 aa. Eye larger, 2.8 in snout; no keel before coronet . fishcri, p. 119 79. Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann. Plate 23. Eye about 4 in snout; snout 2 in head; D. 16, on 3 rings; rings 12+ 35. Tail a little longer than head and trunk; trunk rather deep, compressed, its width 2 in depth; eye small, equal to interorbital width, which is concave, broader posteriorly; gill-opening high, rather large; spines on head and body very blunt, rounded or obsolete, though forming knobs of more or less equal size along tail; coronet with rounded knobs, before which is a short keel or trenchant ridge; base of dorsal about 1.35 in snout. Color in alcohol, dark or blackish brown, more or less uniform. This species is known to us only from the example described above. It is closely related to the Japanese Hippocampus aterrimus Jordan & Snyder, but on comparison with the type of that species, was found to differ in the presence of the keel on the top of the head and in other minor characters. It is also close to H. ringens. Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903) , 169. Hilo. (Type, No. 50626, U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. A. M. Wilson.) 80. Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 36. Eye 2.8 in snout; snout 2 in head; D. 18, on 4 rings; A. 4; P. 15; rings 12+34. Tail longer than head and trunk; trunk rather deep, compressed, its width 1.7 in depth; eye small, equal to interorbital width ; interorbital space concave ; gill-opening small, high; spines on head and body rather high, sharp; 2 rings on trunk between each pair of larger spines; tail with 3 rings between each pair of larger spines; coronet well developed, with 5 spines; spines over eye blunt; base of dorsal about equal to snout; anal small, long; pectoral broad, rays rather long. 120 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life, trunk below middle row of rings yellowish golden, above middle row blackish brown on orange ground; knobs orange; lower portion of knobs on 8 to II rings spotted with dark brown; side and top of tail same as back of trunk; ventral side pale dirty orange; head, crown and snout dirty dark brown; an orange band across snout and one before eyes; pale brownish golden over gills; chin orange; iris yellowish golden with 8 reddish streaks radiating from pupil; fins pale; a red spot before each eye at each side of preorbital spine. Color in alcohol, pale brown, upper surface with dark brown marblings; side with small roundish dark spots. The above description is from the type, No. 50625, 1\ S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 03835), a specimen 2.6 inches long, obtained at Kailua, Hawaii, where the species was new to the natives. We have 5 Fig. 36. — Hippocampus fishcri. Jordan & Evermann: from the typo. other examples, each about 3 inches long, taken from the stomach of a dolphin ( Coryphxna sp.) which was captured at Hilo, July 18, 1901. When fresh, No. 03507, a male, was pink or pale cardinal along and near the keels; plates on back and above middle row of knobs on side mottled blackish on pale red ground; plates below middle row of knobs and on belly porcelain white; egg-pouch uniform pale cardinal-red, paler than rest of body; tail same pink or pale cardinal, mottled with blackish blotches; top of head ;pid crown blackish on pale red; cheek, jaw, and snout pink. Some examples had ventral side of tail and portion behind fourth prominent spine of tail uniform pale cardinal-red. Hippocampus flslwri Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 169, Kailua, Hawaii. Genus 67. DORYRHAMPHUS Kaup. This genus differs from Sipliostoma chiefly in the position of the egg-pouch of the male, which is under the abdomen instead of the tail. The angles of the body are strongly ridged. Tail shorter than body. Tropical seas. Doryrhamphus Kaup, Lophobranchii, 54, 1856 ( excisus ). Chceroichthys Kaup, op. cit., 55 (valencienni) . Doryichthys Kaup, op. cit., 56 ( bilincatus ). Microphis Kaup, op. cit., 63 (cuncalus) . Belonichthys Peters, Reise Nach Mosambique, IV, Flusstische, 109, taf. '20, tig. 5, 1868 (zambezetms) . FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 121 81. Doryrhamphus pleurotsenia (Gunther). Fig. 37. D. 25; osseous rings 184-14; edge of each ring terminating in a slightly prominent spine; lateral line continuous, passing into the lower caudal edge; snout with denticulated ridges; operculum with a slightly oblique raised line, below which are several other radiating keels; snout shorter than remaining portion of head; interorbital space concave, the supraorbital ridge being raised butscarcelv serrated; vent behind middle of dorsal tin, equidistant from root of pectoral and snout; distance of snout from vent 1.16 inches; distance of vent from end of caudal 0.75 inch. Color light grayish, with a brownish-black band from snout along the middle of body and caudal tin. Off Honolulu, 18 fathoms. (Gunther.) A specimen was obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1902. Flo. 37. — Doryrhamythus plrurnts’nia (Gunther): after Giinther. Our single specimen of this species was lost. The color note taken in the field is as follows: Color in life (No. 03553) with a reddish-brown lateral band from tip of snout through eye to base of caudal, other parts of body olivaceous brown; white band on top of snout from tip to forehead; 2 red spots on each side of snout a. short distance behind the angles of mouth; pectoral, dorsal, and anal transparent ; caudal brilliantly colored, dusky orange with brown, margin lemon-yellow. Doryiohthysplmrotsmia Gunther, Challenger Kept., Zool., f, part YI, Shore Fishes, 62, pi. XXVI, fig. D, 1879 (1880), oft Honolulu; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu). Genus 68. ICHTHYOCAMPTIS Kaup. Head short, with a shorter, compressed, sharp-ridged snout; orbits slightly projecting; operculum round, swollen, higher than broad, and grained like the head; tail almost as thick as the body and .sud¬ denly pointed at the’setting on of the very rudimentary caudal fin; anus situated under the beginning of the dorsal fin; the edges of the concave back coalesce with those of the tail into one line which runs without interruption to the caudal fin; egg-pouch of male under the tail. A single species of this genus is known from the Hawaiian Islands, (See Section II.) Ichthyocampus Kaup, Wieg. Archly, XIX, 1853, 231 (Syngiiathus carce); Kaup, Cat. Lophobranchii, 29, 1856. Order K. SYNENTOGNATHI. — The Synentognathous Fishes. Lower pharyngeal bones fully united; second and third superior pharyngeals variously enlarged, not articulated to the cranium, sending processes forward, the fourth small or fused with the third; vertebrae numerous (45 to 70), the abdominal ones much more numerous than the caudal; ventral fins abdominal, without spine, the rays more than 5; scapula suspended to cranium by a post¬ temporal bone, which is slender and furcate; articular bone of lower jaw with a small supplemental bone perhaps corresponding to the eoronoid hone; parietal hones much produced, well separated by the supraoccipital ; supraclavicle not distinct; no interclavicles; no mesocoraeoid; maxillary very close to premaxillary and sometimes firmly joined to it, the suture always distinct; basis of cranium double in front, but without muscular tube; no adipose fin; fins without spines; lateral line concur¬ rent with the belly, peculiar in structure; air-bladder usually large, without pneumatic duct; intes¬ tinal tract simple, without pyloric caeca. This order is allied to the Haplomi on the one hand and to the Percesoces on the other, and like these groups, it marks the transition from the soft-rayed to the spinv- rayed fishes. In their anatomical characters the Synentognalhi most resemble the latter, but there are never spines in the fins, and the lower pharyngeals are united. The group is divisible into 4 closely related families, which have usually been regarded as subfamilies of one family, Exoccetidsc or Scomberesocidse. 122 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. a. Third superior pharyngeal on each side scarcely enlarged, not longer than its anterior process, and armed with compar¬ atively few (about 15) pointed teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal distinct on each side; lower pharyngeals united into a small linear plate, armed with small teeth; vertebra with zygapophyses; both jaws produced in a long beak in the adult (the upper short in the young); teeth in jaws strong, unequal; maxillaries firmly appressed to the premaxillaries; a distinct suture along the boundary; coronoid bone (attached to the articular) -evident. Species carnivorous . Beldnidse, p. 122 an. Third superior pharyngeal greatly enlarged, covered with bluntish, tricuspid teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal wanting or fused with the third; lower pharyngeals large, fused into a thick triangular bone with transversely concave surface, covered with blunt tricuspid teeth; teeth in jaws always small conic or tricuspid; maxillary close to premaxillary, but not suturally joined to it. there being some open space between; coronoid bone present, but small; no canine teeth; no zygapophyses to the vertebra. h. Third superior pharyngeal solidly joined with its fellow to form an ovoid plate, which sends 2 processes forward; cleft of mouth narrow; lower jaw usually produced; teeth of jaws tricuspid; herbivorous species. . . Ilemiramphidx, p. 126 bb. Third superior pharyngeal more or less closely appressed, but not united; dorsal and anal without finlets; pectoral tins more or less produced, forming an organ of flight; species at least partly carnivorous . Exocoetidir, p. 130 Family XL. BEL0NID.€. — The Needle-fishes. Body elongate, very slender, ^compressed or not, covered with small, thin scales; lateral line very low, running as a fold along side of belly; both jaws produced in a beak, the lower jaw the longer, very much the longer in the young, which resemble Hcmirarnphus; maxillaries grown fast to premax¬ illaries; each jaw with a band of small, sharp teeth, besides a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical teeth; no finlets; dorsal fin opposite anal, both fins rather long; air-bladder present; lower pharyngeals united to form a long, slender, narrow plate, with flat surface covered with small, pointed teeth; upper pharyngeals distinct, the third pair little enlarged, each with some 15 moderate, unequal, pointed teeth ( Tyhjsarus marinus), fourth pair well developed, with similar teeth, but without anterior processes; vertebra numerous, with zygapophyses; ovary single. Voracious, carnivorous fishes, bear¬ ing a superficial resemblance to the gar-pikes; found in all warm seas, sometimes entering rivers. Genera 4; species about 50, the majority of them American. Their habits are ordinarily much like those of the pike, but when startled they swim along the surface with extraordinary rapidity, often leaping above the water for short distances. When thus leaping the large species of the Tropics are sources of danger to incautious fishermen, sometimes piercing the naked abdomqps of the savages. Most of them are good food-fishes, but the green color of the bones of the larger species often causes them to be avoided for no good reason. a. Gillrakers present . Belone. p. 122 aw. Gillrakers none. h. Body subterete or slightly compressed; its breadth more than two-thirds its greatest depth . Tylosurus, p. 123 bb. Body much compressed, its breadth not half its greatest depth . Athlennes, p. 125 Genus 69, BELONE Cuvier. This genus differs from Tylosurus in the possession of gillrakers, and is confined to the Old World and the islands of the Pacific. Jldone Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, II, 185, 1.817 (belone). 82. Belone platyura Bennett. Pig. 38. Head (tip of mandible slightly damaged) about 1.88 in trunk; depth in trunk a little over 16; D. 13; A. 19; P. 12; V. 6; scales about 177 or more to base of caudal; greatest width, of head equal to its depth; upper jaw aditt-le over 1.5 in head; eye 2 in postocular part of head, 1.25 in interorbital space; pectoral about 4.3 in space between tip of snout and opercle; ventral 6.5. Body elongate, depressed on the back and upper surface and also below, the sides rounded; head long, broadened and flattened above, somewhat constrained below; eye rather large and a trifle longer than deep; jaws very long and slender, the upper much shorter than the lower, and the groove of maxillary extending well beyond anterior margin of eye; teeth in mandible not extending beyond tip of upper jaw, and with a median asperous ridge; no vomerine teeth; tongue small, bluntly pointed, a rather thin fleshy flap a little free in front; nasal cavity large and close to upper surface of eye; interorbital space broad and flattened; gill-openings large, the isthmus very narrow, long, and slender: gillrakers rather large, in moderate number; no pseudobranchise; peritoneum gray, or marked with numerous dark dots. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 128 Scales moderately large and narrowly imbricated, those on middle of back enlarged; no fin flaps; scales on cheeks, opercles and a number of small ones on top of head; lateral line running low or along the ventral part of the body, and posteriorly below keel on side of caudal peduncle; origin of dorsal a little nearer that of ventral than base of caudal and well behind anal; anterior dorsal rays longest, the posterior or last rays also elongated, longer than middle ones but not as long as the anterior; anal with anterior rays longest; caudal deeply emarginafe, the rays strong, the lower lobe the longer, and the entire length of the tin a little more than that of pectoral; pectoral with rays all more or less firm and strengthened, the uppermost enlarged; ventrals rather short and placed a little nearer base of pectoral than base of caudal; caudal peduncle very broad and depressed, its greatest width twice its least depth, and with a sharp keel along each side. Fig. 38. — Belone platyura Bennett. Color in alcohol, deep blue-black above, sharply defined along the sides from the silvery white of the lower surface; pectoral, ventrals, and anal all more or less grayish. In the young there is a black lateral band and the dorsal is high. This description is from an example (No. 04992) 14 inches long, taken at Kailua. We have a number of examples taken at Honolulu and Ivailua. Several were obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and others by the Albatross in 1902. The species also occurs in Samoa. Belone platyurus Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London. 1830, 168, Mauritius; Jenkins. Bull. U. - Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 433 (Honolulu). Belone platura, Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fiseh . , 1837, 73, pi. 20, fig. 1 (Red Sea); Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 451, 1846 (Massawali); Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., II, 85, 1.S57; Gunther, Cat.. VI, 237, .181,6 (Red Sea, Mauritius, Amboyna); Streets, Bull. S. Nat, Mus., No. 7, 75, 1877 (Honolulu); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. LXX, 1900, 30(Luysan); Snyder, Bull. I-, s. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), 521 (Honolulu). Belone carinata Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 437, 1846, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Cat., VI, 236, 1866 (copied). Mastacemhdus plat unis. Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Dierk., Ill, 1866, 234 (Singapore; Amboyna). Genus 70. TYLOSURUS Cocco. Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed; both jaws prolonged into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer in young fishes, the very young resembling Herniramphus; each jaw armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales small, thin; lateral line running along side of belly, becoming median on t He tail, no finlets, dorsal fin more or less elevated anteriorly; caudal fin short, unequally lunated or forked; pectorals moderate; ventrals small, the latter inserted behind the middle of body; gillrakers obsolete; bones usually more or less green; size comparatively large. Species numerous. Voracious fishes, chiefly American, one species crossing to Europe; some of them entering rivers. Only one species is known to occur in the Hawaiian Islands. Tylo&urus Cocco, Lettere in Giornale Sci. Sicilia, XVII, 18, 1829 ( cantraini=impenalis=acus ). 124 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 83. Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel). “Ahadha;” “Amu-” Fig. 39. Heart a little over 2 in trunk; depth 9.5 in trunk; I>. 24; A. 22; P. 14; V. 6; scales about 370 or more to base of caudal; depth of head a little more than its greatest width; eye about 2.13 in post- ocular part of head, 1.3 in interorbital space; pectoral about 3.5 in space between tip of snout and opercle; ventral 3.85. Bod}' elongate, more or less rounded, the sides a little compressed; head long, flattened above, the sides compressed, somewhat constricted below; eye moderate, a little longer than deep; jaws long, strong, and rather powerful, the lower a triflt»t,he longer; groove of maxillary extending posteriorly for nearly half the eye diameter; teeth developed as large canines in both jaws, and with villiform bands along the edges; also a median roughened ridge on the mandible; no vomerine teeth; tongue small, blunt, little free in front, and fleshy; nasal cavity large, close to upper margin of eye and with a thick fleshy flap over the. nostril; interorbital space broad, slightly convex; top of head with bony striae; gill-openings large, the isthmus very narrow, long and thin; no gillrakers; no pseudobranchise; peri¬ toneum gray; scales very small, narrowly imbricated, very much smaller on back than elsewhere; no fin flaps; cheek scaled, a few scales on top of head, but opercles bare; lateral line running interiorly along side and up on side of caudal peduncle; origin of dorsal nearer that of ventral than base of caudal by about length of pectoral, the origin of anal only slightly in advance; anterior dorsal rays elongate, those forming posterior half of tin rather long, but shorter than the former; anterior anal rays form¬ ing a rather long lobe; caudal rays strong, deeply emarginate, lower lobe the longer, length of tin about 2.3 in entire length of head; pectoral rather small, upper ray enlarged; ventrals inserted nearer base of pectoral than base of caudal by a space equal to that between middle of eye and posterior mar¬ gin of opercle; least width of caudal peduncle only a trifle more than its least depth, the keel along side more or less obsolete. Fig. 39. — Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel); after Blocker. Color in alcohol more or less silvery white below, the upper surface greenish brown; fins tinted with yellowish about their bases. This description taken from an example (No. 05006) 18 inches long obtained at Honolulu. We have others taken at Honolulu, one by Dr. Jenkins in 1889. In an example from Hilo the color markings are better preserved. It has a dark or blackish lateral band from over pectoral to near base of caudal, the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral are more or less blackish, and the margin of the preopercle is broadly marked with blackish brown. This fish reaches a rather large size, one of our numerous examples being 40 inches long. It is a food-fish of considerable importance, living in the open sea. Hr! mu gigantea Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss. , 245, 1846, Nagasaki, Japan. Bekmc annulala Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist, Nat, Poiss.. XVIII, 447, pi. 550, 1846, Celebes, Tongatabu, Seychelles, Pondi¬ cherry; Gunther, cat., VI, 240, 1866 (Pinang, China, Formosa, Gilolo); Steiridachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 512 (Honolulu; Samoa). Itdonc mclanugus Bleeker, Verh.Bat. Genoot.., XXII. 1849, 11. Madura, Madura. Bdone cylindrica Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Genoot., XXIV. 1852, 13. Bijd, Soend. Martacembdus Chorum Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., ITT, 1866, 227, East Indies. Mastacembdus annulatus, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., VI, 48, pi. 258, fig. 3, 1869-71 (Java, Madura, Bawean, Cocos Island, Sumatra, Singapore, Pinang, Bangka, Celebes, Batjan, Ternate, Amboyna). Tylosurus annulatus, Seale, Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus., I, 64, 1901 (Guam). Tylosurus giganteus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 433 (Honolulu). KISHKS OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 125 Genus 71. ATHLENNES Jordan & Fordice. This genus is close to Tylonuru a, differing chiefly in the greatly compressed, almost ribbon-shaped body. The single species is American and Pacific. Atlilenncs Jordan & Fordicc, Proe. r. S. Nat. Mils. 1886, 312 {Ilians). 84. Athlennes hians (Cuvier A Valenciennes). “Ahadha.” Fig. 40. Head (tip of beak broken) 2.6 in trunk; depth 9 in trunk; D. 25; A. 26; P. 12; V. 6; scales about 520 iu a lateral series to base of caudal; depth of head about twice its width; eye about 2 in postocular part of head, 1 and a trifle over in interorbital space; pectoral 3.3 in head; ventral a little over 4. Body very elongate, narrowly compressed, the sides flattened; head flattened on top, the sides strongly compressed and the under surface narrowly constricted; eye rather large, much longer than deep; jaws long, the upper strongly arched upward at the base, so that the mouth can not be closed, the mandible very broad and deep at the base; groove of maxillary extending to below middle of eye at least; many large canines in each jaw, and the floor of the mandible with a median asperous ridge; no vomerine teeth; tongue well developed, rather small, and free in front; nasal cavity large, near upper margin of eye, and with a thick fleshy flap over the nostril; interorbital space broad, flattened; top of head with a few bony strise; gill-opening large, the isthmus a thin frenum; no gill rakers; no pseudobranch i;e. Scales very minute and narrowly imbricated; top of head and a large patch on cheeks scaled, otherwise naked; no fin flaps; lateral line running along the ventral surface of body, al o along the lower side of caudal peduncle to base of caudal; origin of dorsal a little nearer base of ventral than, that of caudal, and the anterior rays very long and forming a falcate lobe; anal similar to dorsal, the anterior rays long and forming a long falcate lobe, the origin of the fin only a trifle in advance of that of the dorsal; caudal small, the rays rigid, strong, the edge emarginate, and the lower lobe the longer; pectoral with the uppermost ray enlarged; ventrals inserted a trifle nearer anterior margin of nasal cavity than base of caudal; caudal peduncle compressed, its least width two-thirds its least depth, and no keel along sides. Color in alcohol, brown above, the lowrer portions, including the sides, silvery white, and the fins all more or less brownish; 3 large blackish blotches sometimes present on back below dorsal. This description taken from an example (No. 03561) 30 inches long obtained at Honolulu in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins. We have also 2 others collected by him at Honolulu and 5 large examples col¬ lected by ourselves from the same locality. The species is recorded by Steindachner from Acapulco. Our specimens range in length from 29 to 40 inches. 1 2( BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. This fish was common in the Honolulu market, where it is regarded as a good food-fish. We have thus far failed to find any difference between the Pacific species and the common Athlenneshians of the West Indies. Jielone hums Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss;, XVIII, 432, 1846, Havana, Bahia ; Gunther, Cat., VI, 1866, 248 (copied); Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., Ill, 64, 1875 (Acapulco). Ti/losurus hians, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 373, 901, 1883. Athlenncs hians, Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., I, 718, 1896; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903). 433 (Honolulu); Snyder, op.cit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 521 (Lahaina, Maui). Family XL1. HEM1RAMPH I D,£. — The Balaos. Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large cycloid scales; upper jaw short, lower jaw variable, sometimes much produced, the toothed portion at base fitting against the toothed pre- maxillaries; teeth equal, mostly small and tricuspid; maxillaries ankylosed to premaxillaries; gill- rakers long; caudal fin rounded or forked; if forked, the lower lobe the longer; anal fin modified in the viviparous species (Zenarchopterus) , unmodified in the others and usually similar to the dorsal; no fin lets; air-bladder large, sometimes cellular; third upper pharyngeal on each side much enlarged, solidly united with its fellow to form an oval plate, with slightly convex surface and covered with blunt tricuspid teeth; this is about as large as the united lower pharyngeals and fits into the con¬ cavity' of the latter; fourth upper pharyngeal wanting or grown fast to the third; lower pharyngeal large, thick, triangular, with concave surface; vertebras about 50. Probably not separable from the Exoccetuhe. Herbivorous fishes of the warm seas; mostly shore species, a few pelagic. They feed chiefly on green algae, and, like the related forms, swim at the surface, occasionally leaping into the air. Size rather small, about a foot in length. Genera about 7; species about 75. a. Body moderately compressed; pectoral moderate. Shore fislies. h. Ventrals inserted anteriorly, far in advance of dorsal; air-bladder simple; sides of body more or less convex . Hyparhamphus, p. 128 bb. Ventrals inserted posteriorly, not far before dorsal; air-bladder cellular; sides of body nearly vertical and parallel . . Hewiramphus , p. 127 an. Body very slender and compressed, more or less band-like; pectoral fin very long, ventral very short, inserted posteriorly. Pelagic species . Euleptnrliamphns, p. 128 Genus 72. HYPORHAMPHUS Gill. The Halfbeaks. Body elongate, moderately' compressed, the sides of body not vertical, but more or less convex, the dorsal outline parallel with that of the belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender beak, bordered with membrane, this beak shorter in the young; premaxillaries forming a triangular plate, the teeth of which fit against the toothed portion of the mandible; maxillaries joined to premax¬ illaries; teeth feeble, mostly tricuspid; gillrakers rather long; head covered with large shield like scales; scales deciduous; caudal fin more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; no (inlets; dorsal and anal similar, opposite each other, not modified in the males; last ray' of dorsal usually short; ven¬ trals small, inserted well forward, nearly midway between opercle and base of caudal. Air-bladder large, simple, not cellular. Young with the lower jaw short. Sides in our species with a distinct silvery band, as in Atherina. Oviparous. Species numerous in all warm seas, going in large schools, but usually remaining near shore, feeding chiefly on green algse. Size comparatively small. One species known from Hawaiian waters. Hyporhamphus Gill, l'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 131 (tricuspidatas = uni/asriatus). 85. Hyporhamphus pacificus (Steindachner). Fig. 41. Head (from tip of snout) 4.6 in trunk; depth 9.5 in trunk; D. 15; A. 18; P. 12; V. 6; scales about 64 in a lateral series; width of 'head about 1.5 in its depth; snout 2.67 in head; e.ye 4.25, 1.5 in postocular part, of head, about 1.67 in snout, and 1 in interorbital space; pectoral 1.5 in head; ventral 2.67. Body moderately elongate, compressed, the back rounded rather broadly; head flattened above, the sides compressed, and the lower surface narrowly constricted; snout a trifle over 4 in space FI8HES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 127 between front margin of eye and tip of beak; eye moderate, a trifle longer than deep; mouth a little less than eye; teeth in small villi form bands in jaws; no teeth on roof of mouth; tongue more or less rounded, rather thick and little free around edges; nasal cavity level with the upper part of eye in front and with a small fleshy flap over nostril; interorbital space flattened, and posteriorly the top of the head slightly convex; gill-opening with a long, thin, narrow and sharp-edged isthmus; gillrakers numerous, thin, sharp-pointed; no pseudobran eh i;e; scales rather large, very deciduous, and the sides of the head more or less scaly; no scaly fin flaps; lateral line running low along the side to base of caudal; origin of dorsal nearer that of ventral than base of caudal by a space equal to postocular part, of head, and about opposite that of anal; anterior dorsal rays the longest; anal more or less similar to dorsal; caudal well forked, the lower lobe the longer, and the length of the fin a little less than head measured to tip of snout; ventrals small, inserted a little posterior to middle of space between base of pectoral and that of caudal by a space about equal to width of head; caudal peduncle compressed, its least width 2 in its least depth. ptttflft Fig. -11. — Hyporhamphus pacificus (Steindachner). Color in alcohol, dull brown above, and as the scales have all more or less fallen, the edges of the pockets are narrowly blackish; side with a slaty and a silvery lateral band, both together running to caudal; lower surface of body silvery; all the fins more or less tinged with gray; beak blackish. This description from an example (No. 03562) 10 inches long, taken at Kailua, from which place the collection contains 69 examples, ranging in length from 3 to 10 inches. The usual length seems to be 8 to 10 inches. The species was not seen at Honolulu. Two specimens in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy (Nos. 7507 and 23338), both young, collected “near the Sandwich Islands” by Hr. Wm. H. Jones, doubtless belong to this species. Hyporhamphus sp., Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 498, near the Hawaiian Islands (young). Hemirhamphus pacifisms Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, all, Laysan Island. Hyporhamphus pacificus, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 522 (Laysan Island). Genus 73. HEMIRAMPHUS Cuvier. Body more robust than in Hyporhamphus and different in form, the sides being compressed and nearly vertical and parallel; head and jaws as in Hyporhamphus. Dorsal longer than anal fin and inserted farther forward, its last ray more or less produced in American species; ventral fins small and inserted well backward, much nearer base of caudal than gill-opening; air-bladder cellular, with many partitions (in II. hrovmi). Species probably numerous, but most of them have not been examined as to the characters which separate the genus from Hyporhamphus. Only one species known from the Hawaiian Islands. Hemi-Ramphus Cuvier. Regne Animal, Ed. I, II, 186, 1817 (brasiluwis^broumi). 86. Hemiramphus depauperatus Lay & Bennett. “Mr'rmr’e;” “ Iheihe .” Fig. 42. Head (from tip of snout) 4.3 in trunk; depth about 6.1 in trunk; D. 14; A. 13; P. 11; V. 6; scales about 60 in a lateral series to base of caudal; width of head about 1.5 in its depth; snout 3 in head; eye 4 in head, 1.4 in snout, 1.6 in postocular portion of head, about one in interorbital space; pectoral less than head by about 0.5 eye diameter; ventral 2 in head. Body moderately elongate, rather thick, the sides compressed and flattened; head compressed, more or less flattened and rounded above, the lower surface not constricted narrowly; snout about 4.6 in space between front margin of eye and tip of beak; eye moderately large, longer than deep; mouth about 1.75 in eye; teeth in small villi form bands in the jaws; no teeth on roof of mouth; tongue more or less rounded, thick, and a little free around the edges; nasal cavity moderately large above and in 128 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. front of eye, and with a thick flap over nostril; interorbital space flattened, the top of the head convex posteriorly; gill-opening large, with a long, thin, narrow sharp-edged isthmus; gillrakers rather long, thin, pointed, and numerous; no pseudobranchhe; peritoneum dark brown; scales rather large, very deciduous and narrowly imbricated, especially along the sides; no scaly flaps at bases of pectorals or ventrals; a number of small scales on the basal portions of the anterior dorsal rays. Lateral line running low along the, side to base of caudal; origin of dorsal well before that of anal and about the last fourth of the space between front margin of eye and base of caudal; dorsal with anterior rays longest; anal similar to dorsal, its base 1.5 in that of the latter; caudal forked, the lower lobe much longer and stronger than the upper; pectoral long, the upper ray enlarged and longest; ventrals rather short, the rays all strong, flattened, and the inner ones much the longer, the margin of the fin concave, ending in sharp points; caudal peduncle compressed, its least width 2 in its least depth. Color in alcohol, more or less deep silvery, dull bluish black on the back, and as the scales have all more or less fallen, the edges of the pockets are blackish; sides and lower portions silvery white; tins all more or less gray, the dorsal and caudal deeper; top of the head and beak blackish. This description is from a specimen 14 inches long (No. 03564). We have many specimens, vary¬ ing in length from 13.5 to 15.5 inches. All were taken at Honolulu, some in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins, who considers the species identical with H. brasiliensis. It maybe distinguished from the latter, how¬ ever, by its longer pectoral fin. ? Esox maxilla iiijcri.ore produda Browne, Hist. Jamaica, 443, 1756, Jamaica. ? Esox brasilimsis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X', 314, 1758, Jamaica; after Browne; the Timucu of Marcgrave wrongly included in the synonymy; Bloch, Ichth., 391, 1801, corrected synonymy and description. ? Ucrnirhamphns marg hiatus Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hila., II, 1823, 135, Lesser Antilles; not of Forskul. Hemiramphus d< paupcratus Lay it Bennett, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 66, 1839, Oahu; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hila. 1900, 199, PI. XIX, fig. 3 (Hawaiian Islands); Snyder, Bull. lT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 522 (Hono¬ lulu; Albatross Station 3834). f llemirhamphusbrnu'ni Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., XIX, 13, 1846, Guadaloupe; Martinique, f Hnnirliamphus pleii Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1. c., 19, Martinique; San Domingo; Gunther, Cat., VI, 369, 1866; Meek A Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1884, 225. ? Macrognathus brevirostris Gronow, Cat., 148, 1854, Jamaica; after Browne. ? Ih m i rhamphus Jilamentosus Poey, Memorins, II, 297, 1861, Cuba. ? Jlcmirhamphus brasiltcnsis, Gunther, Cat., VI, 270, 1866; Jordan Gilbert, Synopsis, 224, 1883. Hemiramphus brasilicnsis, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 434 (Honolulu). • Genus 74. EULEPTORHAMPHUS Gill. This genus consists of pelagic species related to Heiniramphus, the body much more slender and greatly compressed, and the pectorals very long, approaching those of thefiying-lishes; air-bladder not described, probably cellular. Two or 3 species known, 1 from the Hawaiian Islands. Euleptorhavijyhus Gill, I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1859, 151 {brevoorli = velox). 87. Euleptorhamphus longirostris (Cuvier) . “Jheihe.” Fig. 43. Head (from tip of snout) 6 in trunk; depth 10.75 in trunk; D. 24; A. 23; I*. 9; V. 0; scales about 105, according to the pockets; width of head about 1.25 in its depth; snout about 3.17 in head; eyeabout 3.17 in head, 1.17 in postocular part of head, a little greater than width of interorbital space; pectoral 1.0 in head to end of broken beak; ventral 3 in head (from tip of snout). Body very long, greatly compressed, the sides flattened, and the middle of the back with a sub- carinate ridge; head compressed, flattened on top and the lower surface narrowly constricted; snout FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 12t> about 8 in- beak (broken at tip), to front margin of eye; eye rounded, as deep as long; mouth 2 in eye; teeth in small villiform bands in the jaws and on the vomer; tongue rather thick, flattened, fleshy; ami a little free in front and around the edges; nasal cavity somewhat small, above the eye in front, and with a well developed fleshy flap; interorbital space broad and flattened and the top of the head posteriorly convex; gill-opening large, the isthmus a rather long thin narrow frenum; gillrakers short, moderately numerous, rather weak, and pointed; no pseudobranchiae; scales rather small, very decidu¬ ous, the head naked; no scaly fin flaps; lateral line running low along the side; origin of the dorsal about the last third in the space between the front of the nasal cavity and the base of the caudal and well in_advance of the anal; dorsal ray's long; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much the longer; anal long, the rays also long; pectoral very long, and reaching for more than two-thirds the distance to ventrals, the rays all strong and the upper enlarged; ventral very small, only a little posterior to the center of the space between the bases of pectoral and caudal; caudal peduncle with its least width 2 in its least depth. Color in life (No. 02993) pale bluish silvery above; scales on back with darker edges; lower side and bell}’ silvery; top of head dark bluish, side silvery; bill bluish black; fins pale bluish, anal white; upper lobe of caudal with a diffuse curved black band parallel with the edge. Color in alcohol, more or less silver}-, dull brown above, and as the scales have all more or less fallen, the edges of the pockets are narrowly blackish; side with a slaty silvery lateral band to caudal; all the fins more or less dull olivaceous gray, the anal and ventrals whitish; beak blackish. This description from an example (No. 03193) 17 inches long, taken at Honolulu, where we obtained many others. We have also examined a number of examples collected by I»r. O. P. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889. Our specimens range in length from 16 to 18 inches. ffemiramphus longirostris Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 235, 1S29, Pondicherry (after Kuddera of Russell); Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 52, 1846 (Pondicherry). Hemiramphus macrorhynchus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX. 1846, 55. pi. 556, open sea, 1770 E., 70 S. linn irhampux lorujirostris, Gunther, Cat., VI, 276, 1866 (copied); Day, Fishes of India, 513. 1877 (Coromandel, coast of India). Hemirhamphus macrorhynchus, Gunther, Cat., VI, 276, 1866 (copied). Euleptorhamphus longirostris, Putnam, Proe. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. 1870, 239: Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 434 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 522 (Honolulu). F. C. B. 1903—9 130 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Famil) XLII. EXOCIETI ll.-E. Flying-fishes. Bodj^ oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, which are rather deciduous; lateral line running very low, along the side of the belly; head more or less scaly with vertical sides; mouth moderate, terminal, the jaws not prolonged into a beak; premaxillaries not protractile, hinged at base mesially; margin of the upper jaw chiefly formed by the premaxillaries, the short maxillaries enter¬ ing the lateral margin; maxillary free from the premaxillary, its edge slipping under the front of the preorbital; dentition various, the teeth small and weak; dorsal fin without spines, inserted on the posterior part of the body, opposite the anal anil more or less similar to it; ventrals abdominal, of several soft rays, inserted posteriorly; pectoral fin inserted high, used as an organ of flight; shoulder- girdle and pectoral muscles very strong; caudal fin forked, the lower lobe the longer; no finlets; vent close in front of anal; nostrils large, double, near the eye; lower pharyngeals enlarged and fully united, forming a large, transversely concave plate, covered with large, close-set, blunt, tricuspid teeth; third upper pharyngeal greatly enlarged, not united with its fellow, both covered with large, blunt, tricuspid teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal wanting in the adult (probably co-ossified with the third) — these characters verified on Exoccetw calif ornicus — vertebra' without zygapophyses; gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus; pseudobranchiae hidden, glandular; gillrakers various; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; air-bladder very large, not cellular so far as known, and extending far backward among the hsemopophyses of the caudal vertebrae; vertebrae about 50; intestinal canal simple, without cieca. Carnivorous or herbivorous fishes. Genera 6 or 8; species about 65; abounding in all warm seas, mostly pelagic, swimming near the surface, and skipping or sailing through the air, sometimes for consider¬ able distances. a. Pectoral fins moderate, not reaching beyond middle of dorsal fin; dorsal more or less elevated; anal long, its base scarcely shorter than dorsal. />. Pectoral not reaching the ventrals . Evolantia, p. 130 bb. Pectoral reaching beyond ventrals to dorsal or for the first third of its length . . . . Pprcxoccetus, p. 131 aa. Pectoral fins very long, their tips usually reaching to base of caudal; lower jaw little prominent, snout short, c. Ventral fins inserted anteriorly, much nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, not used as organs of flight, their tips not reaching nearly to front of dorsal; anal fin long, its base nearly equal to that of dorsal . .Exoccctus p. 132 re. Ventral fins inserted posteriorly, more or less near base of caudal than tip of snout, used as organs of flight, and their tips reaching past middle of base of anal. d. Anal fin long, equal to dorsal fin . Exonautes, p. 133 del. Anal fin short, not equal to dorsal fin . Cypsilurns, p. 131 Genus 75. EVOLANTIA Snodgrass &. Heller. This genus differs from other genera of flying-fishes chiefly in the short pectoral, which does not reach the ventrals; no teeth on roof of mouth; ventrals small, midway between pectorals and base of caudal. Evolantia Snodgrass & Heller, Fishes of the Galapagos Islands, in Proc. Wash. Ac. Sei., V, 1903 (Sept. 12), 1S9 ( microptera ). 88. Evolantia microptera (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ .Unlolo." Fig. 44. Head 4.25 in length; depth 6; D. 13; A. 15; P. 12; V. 6; scales to base of caudal about 45; about 10 scales in a transverse series to middle of belly; width of head less than its depth and about 2 in its length; snout 4 in head, eye 3.5, 1.5 in postocular part of head, I in interorbital space; ventral 2.3 in head; base of dorsal 1.3; pectoral 2.75 in body. Body elongate, compressed; head elongate, pointed in front, the upper profile more or less convex; snout rather short, pointed, and rounded; eve anterior, well behind center of length of head, and the bony rim behind slightly keeled out ward; mouth small, superior, the mandible projecting well beyond the snout; teeth in jaws minute, none on roof of mouth; tongue rounded, and free around the edges; nasal cavity moderately small, above eye in front, and with a thick, fleshy flap; interorbital space broad, very slightly concave; gillrakers slender, pointed, rather numerous, and much shorter than the long gill-filaments; peritoneum brown; scales cycloid; lateral line running along the lower part of side; origin of dorsal apparently nearer tip of caudal (damaged) than base of pectoral, and well in advance of the anal; dorsal high, the median ridge elevated; anal high, the anterior rays elevated ; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe the longer; pectoral moderately long, not reaching the origin of FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 131 ventrals; ventrals small, about midway between origin of pectoral and base of caudal, and not reaching anus; caudal peduncle moderately deep and compressed. Color in alcohol, brown above, whitish beneath, washed with silvery; along the side a broad, leaden silvery longitudinal band; pectoral gray-brown, edged with whitish; dorsal and caudal dark, the anal and ventrals whitish. This description from an example 7.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins. We have a number of others 6 to 7 inches in length from the same place. This species does not appear to reach a greater length than about 8 inches. Emccetus micropterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 127, 1S46, pi. .703, Port King George, New Holland; Carteret, New Ireland; Buru; Malabar; Bleeker, Ad. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., I, 1850, 03: Gunther, Cat., VI, 279, 1800 (Amboyna). Cypsilurus micropterus, Bleeker, Nederl. Tydseh. Dierk., III. 12S, 1865 (Amboyna). Evolnntia microptera, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 434 (Honolulu). Genus 76. PAREXOCCETIJS Bleeker. Body moderately elongate, elliptical in cross-section; snout short; lower jaw not produced; roof of mouth (vomer, palatines, and pterygoids) fully provided with teeth; pectoral fins moderate, not reaching beyond middle of dorsal; ventrals long, inserted behind middle of body; anal fin about as long as dorsal; dorsal high. Small flying-fishes of the tropical coasts widely distributed. garexocatus Bleeker, Nederl. Tydseh. Dierk., Ill, 1865, 126 ( mento ). a. Head about 4 in length; D. 9; A. 10 . rostratus , p. 131 aa. Head shorter, 4.67 in length; D. 13; A. 14 . brachypterus, p. 131 89. Parexocoetus rostratus (Gunther). Head a little more than 4 in length; depth 5.5; D. 9; A. 10; scales in lateral line 40; 24 scales between occiput and dorsal fin, and 8 longitudinal series between the origins of dorsal and anal; depth of head equaling distance between extremity of snout and center of eye; eye 4.3 in head, less than width of interorbital space, which is flat. Snout much produced, its length a little more than that of postorbital part of head; mouth cleft directed upward, subvertical; dorsal beginning scarcely in advance of anal, elevated, its anterior rays when depressed extending to caudal; anal fin low; lower caudal lobe not much shorter than the head; pectoral reaching to dorsal, its length less than one-half the total body length (without caudal); ven¬ tral extending to vent. Dorsal black, with the last ray white; pectoral black, with the upper and lower rays white; ventral and anal whitish. Length (1.5 inches. Hawaiian Islands. (Gunther). Known only from the type, which is in the British Museum. Ezoccetus rostratus Gunther, Cat., VI, 2S0, 1866, Hawaiian Islands. V 90. Parexoccetus brachypterus (Solander). “J falolo;” “ PuhikVi." Plate III. Head 4.67 in length; depth 5; D. 13; A. 14; P. 12; V. 6; scales 42 to base of caudal; 8 scales in a transverse series to middle of belly; greatest width of head 1.3 in its depth; snout 4 in head; eye 3, about 1.25 in postocular part of head, 1 in interorbital space; ventral 1.2; depressed dorsal 2.75 in body; pectoral 1.88. Body elongate, spindle-shaped and laterally compressed; head elongate, compressed, pointed; 132 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. snout short, blunt; eye moderately large, impinging upon the upper profile; maxillary small, reach¬ ing to the anterior margin of the eye; teeth small, villose, the mandible projecting and pointed; nasal cavity small, and with a small fleshy flap over nostril; interorbital space broad and flattened; gillrakers fine, slender, and rather numerous; peritoneum pale or grayish, with rather dark dots or spots; scales large, cycloid; lateral line running low along the lower part of side and also lower portion of caudal peduncle to base of caudal fin; dorsal very long, the median rays the longest, the edge of the fin rounded and when depressed reaching angle in emargination of caudal fin; origin of dorsal a little in advance of that of anal, or about midway between base of pectoral and tip of upper caudal lobe; anal rather low, the rays not prolonged; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much longer than the upper; pectoral very long, reaching the first third of base of dorsal; vent.rals long, reaching below second and third anal rays. Color when fresh (No. 03418) with the upper portion of body dark ultramarine blue, the lower surface silvery white; dorsal blue, except a large blackish blotch on the upper marginal portion; pos¬ terior half of caudal blue; pectoral transparent with a rosy tinge; margin of ventral red, or the color on the first, second, third, and fourth rays rosy above. This description from an example (No. 03418) 6.5 inches long from Honolulu. Our collections from Honolulu contain 29 examples of this species (7 of them numbered 02953 to 02958, and 03418), and 2 specimens obtained at Hilo. Dr. Jenkins obtained 8 specimens at Honolulu in 1889; 2 of these are numbered 150 and 211; 2 other examples (No. 6010) were obtained by Dr. Wood. Specimens were obtained by the Albatross at station 3829 off the southern coast of Molokai. These numerous specimens are almost uniformly 7 inches in total length, which seems to be about the maximum size of this species. This flying fish is apparently the most abundant species among the Hawaiian Islands. Early in June numerous schools were seen near and in the harbor of Honolulu, and it continued a common fish in the Honolulu market during the summer. Kxocaiiif bracluipterus Solander in Richardson, Ichth. China, 265, 1816, Otaheite; Giinther, Cat., VI, 280, 1866 (China Seas); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 75, 1877 (Hawaiian Islands); Steindachner, Denkx. Ak. Wiws. Wien, LXX, 1900, 512 (Honolulu and Laysan). Exoccetus hillianus, Gosse, Nat, Sojourn in Jamaica, II, 11, PI. I, fig. 1, 1851 (Jamaica): Liitken, Vid. Medd. Natur. Foren., 397, 1876 (Atlantic; Antilles; Honolulu). Parexoccdus mesogaster, Jordan A Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1885, 47 (Hawaiian Islands); Jordan & Kvermann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer, I, 728, 1896; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 500 (Hawaiian Islands); (probably not Exoccctusmesogaster of Bloch.). Parexoccdus brachytrrus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 435 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 522 (off southern coast of Molokai). Genus 77. EX0CCETUS Linnaeus. This genus is characterized mainly by the short .vent.rals which are anteriorly placed and terminate in advance of the anal fin, not being used as organs of flight; pectoral fins very long; no teeth on palate. Open seas. Exoccetus Linnseus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 316, 1758 ( volitans ). llalocypstius Weinland, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 1858, 385 ( mesngaster=evolans=volitans ). 91. Exocoetus volitans Linmeus. “Malolo.” Fig. 45. Head 4.25 in length, depth 4.88; D. 12; A. 12; P. 15; V. 6; scales about 42 to base of caudal, 10 scales in a transverse series; head a little deeper than wide; snout 4,5 in head; eye 3.67, 1.67 in post- ocular part of head, 1.3 in interorbital space; ventral 1.75 in head; base of dorsal 1.2; base of anal 1:2. Body elongate, the sides compressed and flattened; head subconic, blunt; snout very obtuse, short, rounded; eye anterior, the posterior margin about the middle of the head ; mouth very oblique, superior, the maxillary not reaching the eye, the mandible projecting and the jaws forming a thin, horny, cutting edge; small teeth on vomer; tongue flattened, moderately broad, rounded and free; nasal cavity moderate, above the eye in front, and with a small thick flap; interorbital space broad, only very slightly convex; gillrakers slender, rather numerous and notquite half the eye; peritoneum pale; scales large, cycloid, head scaled; lateral line running low and stopping short behind anal tin; origin of dorsal nearer base of pectoral than tip of upper caudal lobe, and a trifle behind origin of anal; anterior dorsal FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 133 rays elevated and the fin similar to anal; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much the longer; pectoral very long, the second ray divided, the second and third the longer, and extending to base of caudal; origin of ventral almost midway between tip of snout and middle of base of anal; caudal peduncle rather deep and compressed. Color above, brown, the lower surface whitish, washed with silvery; pectorals dark brown with pale edges; dorsal and caudal more or less grayish; ventrals and anal whitish. Here described from an example t> inches long, taken at latitude 28° 03' 42" N. , longitude 143° 10/05"W., by the Albatross, December 21, 1891. We also have another example, a little larger, with the same data, and Dr. Jenkins obtained a small one at Honolulu, in 1889. None was seen by us in 1901. Fig. 45. — Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus; after Jordan and Evermann. An example came aboard the Albatross at night at about 24° X. and 151° W., and another at station 3808, near Oahu, during the investigations of 1902. Exococtus volitans Linmeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 316, 1758, locality not known (after Balk, who copied from Artedi); Jordan it Evermann, Fish. North it Mid. Amer., Ill, 2835, 1898; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 500 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 435 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 522 (Albatross stations 3804, 3805, and 3808). Exoccetus evolans Linnaius, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, 521, 1766 “in Oceano Hispanico” (after Gronow); Gunther, Cat.., VI, 282, 1866 (Mediterranean; Demerara; between Zanzibar and Seychelles; Java; India; China seas; north coast of Aus¬ tralia); Liitken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1876, 102, 395. Exocostus splcndcns Abel, Narr. Voyage China, 4, 1818, China (vide Valenciennes). Exoccdus georgianus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 136, 1846, 5° N., 92° W.; Gunther, Cat., VI, 279, 1866 (copied); Liitken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 101, 394, 1876 (young examples with barbel). fExoco'tus monocirrhus Richardson, Ichth. China, 265, 1846, China; Gunther, Cat., VI, 279, 1866 (Sea of China). Exoccdus chilmsis Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1860, 472, Chile. Exoccdus obtusirostris Gunther, Cat., VI, 283, 1866, Cape de Verde Islands; India; New Orleans. Exoco't as speculiger. Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, 75, 1877 (Hawaiian Islands). Halocypselus evolans, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 377, 1883; Jordan & Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, 49; Jordan it Ever¬ mann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., I, 730, 1896. Halocypselus obtusirostris, Jordan it Gilbert, Synopsis, 378, 1883. Genus 78. EXONAUTES Jordan & Evermann. Exonautes differs from Cypsilurus in the longer anal, which is as long as the dorsal and with about as many rays. Exonautes Jordan & Evermann, Check-list of North American Fishes, 322, 1895 (exsilicns). 134 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 92. Exonautes gilberti Snyder. Plate 24. Head, to end of opercular flap, 4.6 in length; depth 7; width of body at base of pectorals 7; depth of caudal peduncle 3.6 in head; eye 3; snout 3.6; interorbital space 2.6; 1). 10; A. 10; scales in lateral series beginning above base of pectoral 48; between occiput and base of dorsal 32; between lateral line and dorsal 6. As indicated by the above measurements of the body, this is one of the most slender of the flying fishes. Body quadrangular in section; back broader than belly, convex; some of the median scales of back with low keels; interorbital space concave; snout a little shorter than diameter of eye; lower jaw slightly projecting beyond upper; maxillary extending to posterior border of nostril. No teeth on tongue or roof of mouth, those on jaws scarcely perceptible; gillrakers on first arch 25, long and slender; lateral line disappearing near end of anal fin. The pectoral fin extends to within about an eye’s diameter of base of caudal; has 18 rays, first and second simple; second a third of its length longer than first, which is 3.81 times diameter of eye; third ray divided near tip of first; tip of tin formed by branches of fourth ray, those of fifth being slightly shorter; second ray of dorsal fin longest, 2 in head; base of fin equal to 2 times diameter of eye; anal inserted the width of a scale posterior to dorsal, its base shorter than that of dorsal by an amount equal to the space between 2 rays; height of first and second rays about equal to that of fourth dorsal; ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and a point anterior to the edge of operele, a distance equal to diameter of pupil; extending posteriorly a little beyond the base of anal, not beyond tip of last ray when depressed; upper lobe of caudal pointed, its length 3 times the width of the interorbital space; lower lobe an eye’s diameter longer. Color in alcohol, dark brown above, silvery below; pectoral without spots, dusky, the free edge with a white area as wide as pupil, proximal to which is a blackish band two-thirds as wide as the eye; upper or anterior edge of fin light, an indistinct dark area extending along the first to fourth rays; lower or posterior edge of fin along the last 4 rays white; middle rays of ventrals dusky, the fin indistinctly bordered with white; free edge of caudal bordered with white; dorsal dusky; anal white. In life, steel-blue above, silvery below. This species is apparently related to Exonautes rondeletii (Cuv. & Val. ) of the Atlantic. The type (No. 50872, U. S. N. M.) is the only specimen known. It is 10.43 inches long (snout to end of lower caudal lobe). It came aboard the Albatross at night near 28° 30' N. and 140° W. Exonautes gilberti Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 522, pi. 7, tig. 13, northeast of Honolulu between Albatross stations 3799 and 3800. Genus 79. CYPSILURUS Swainson. Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed; head short, blunt, narrowed below; mouth small; jaws very short, about equal; chin without barbel; maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries; teeth very feeble or wanting; eyes large; gillrakers moderate; scales large, deciduous; no finlets; dorsal fin short, opposite anal, which is considerably shorter than dorsal; caudal widely forked, the lower lobe the longer; pectoral fins very long, reaching past the beginning of anal, and serving as organs of flight, their great size enabling the fishes to sustain themselves in the air for some time; ventral fins large, posteriorly inserted, also used as organs of flight ; air-bladder very large; no pyloric coeca. Species numerous, in all warm seas, living mostly in the open water and swimming in large schools. The species are largely cosmopolitan, differing from Exonautes in the much shorter anal. Cypsilurus Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 296, 1839 (nuttalli). a. Dorsal 12; anal S; scales 43; dorsal plain . -. . . simus, p. 134 aa. Dorsal 14; anal 11; scales SO; dorsal black above . bahiensis , p. 136 aaa. Dorsal 16; anal 10; scales 60; dorsal with a large dark spot . atrisignis, p. 136 93. Cypsilurus simus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Malolo." Fig. 46. Head 4 in length; depth 4.67; I). 12; A. 8; P. 15; V. 6; scales 43 to base of caudal; 12 scales in a transverse series to middle of belly; greatest width of head about 1.2 in its depth; snout 4.67 in head; eye 3.2, 1.3 in postocular part of head, 1.4 in interorbital space; depth of caudal peduncle about 3 in head; base of dorsal 5 in body; base of anal 3 in head; ventral about 3.6 in body. EXONAUTES GILBERTI SNYDER. BULL. U. S. F. C. 1 903 PLATE 24 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 135 Bo«1y elongate, the sides compressed and flat! ad subcon ic, the sides constricted below; snoot blunt, roundel and sh**rt: ( impinging upon the upper profile of the head, and a'- its ] eter - margin a little behind the center of its length; mouth nearly terminal, small, oblique, the small maxillary reaching about below nasal cavity, the mandible included: teeth minute in jaws, none on vomer or palatines; tongue smooth, not broad, rounded and free in front: nasal cavity small, near front of eye above, and with a well developed fleshy date interorbital space broad, concave in the middle: about 13 gillrakers developed, the longest nearly a third the length of the eye. compressed and pointed; peritoneum pale: scales rather large, cycloid, and each with several stria*, at least on line running along the lower fern of the body, tailing short of base of caudal by several scales, behind anal fin: origin of dorsal a little nearer bas ral than tip of upper candal lobe and a little in advance of anus: anal originating below middle of dorsal, similar to dorsal with the anterior rays elevated; candal deeply forked, the lower lota* much the longer: pectoral very long, falling a little short of base of candal; ventrals nearer base of candal than base of pectoral, and reach¬ ing lack nearly to the posterior lose- * i anal: caudal peduncle rather deep, much compressed. Flo. 46. — i Cuvier A Valenciennes - Color in life i No. 03431 with top of head and upper parts of body reddish purple, lower parts white: membranes of pectoral covered with numerous minute black dots, upper side : ra - rolish: outer edge of soft dorsal black: ventrals and anal colorless- One specimen No. 03434 has a large Mack area on dorsal fin. the fin itself bright: top of head and body bine, ends silvery: belly white: caudal dusky: no spots on pectoral, upper surface bright purple: ventrals transparent. Other specimens were dark blue above, silvery below with blue reflections; pectoral purple. One ( No. 03542 from Honolulu had very large black spots on pectoral. Color in alcohol, brownish above; the lower surface whitish washed w-ith silvery: dorsal, caudal, and pectorals brownish: ventrals and anal whitish. Color in life, dark blue above, silvery below with blue reflections; pectoral purplish, usually with many large* round black spots. This description from an example No. 02tHo 12 inches long, taken at Honolulu. Of this spvc.es we have 21 examples taken at Honolulu, and we have examined 15 examples taken at the same place by Dr. Jenkins in 1SS9. Specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu: Waimea and Hana- maula Raw Kauai: and Napili. Molokai. The maximum length of this species is about 14 inches. This is the common flying fish seen in thousands in the sea about Honolulu. £- . • • ■ - Cuvier 3: Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. XIX. 105. is» Hawaiian Islands. Emetrluf a rpfcrtas Sleeker. Ned. Tydsch. Kert, III. ICvv 112. Sumatra: Steindsehner. Penks. Ak. Wfes Wien. LXX. 1980, 512 (.Honolulu). . fiaius. Jenkins. Bull. r. S. Fish iVimiw XXII. 1902 [Sept. 3S, 190S), 435 (Honolulu): Snyder. op. dl 1904 . 522 Honolulu: Kauai: Molokai c BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 136 94. Cypsilurus bahiensis (Kanzani). Head 4.67 in length; depth 4.75; I). 14; A. 9 or 10; P. 15; V. 6; scales to base of caudal 50, -14- snout 3.5 in head; eye 4, 1.8 in postocular part of head, 1.5 in interorbital space; base of dorsal 5.5 in body; base of anal 9; length of ventral 4. Body elongate, the sides compressed and flattened; head elongate, subconic; snout moderately elongate, flattened above, and somewhat obtuse; eye anterior, the posterior margin a little behind center of length of head, and the eyelid somewhat adipose in front above; mouth oblique, equal to eve, the maxillary reaching below nasal cavity; teeth small and sharp in the jaws, none on vomer and palatines; tongue rather small, elongate, somewhat narrow, rounded and free in front; nasal small, above and in front of eye, and with a shallow groove leading down in front of the eye, the nasal flap thick; interorbital space broad, flattened, or only slightly concave, like the top of the head in front; gill rakers in moderate number, rather short, less than the gill-filaments in length; peritoneum white; scales large, cycloid; head scaled; lateral line running along the lower part of side, stopping behind the anal a few scales before base of caudal; origin of dorsal nearer base of pectoral than tip of upper caudal lobe, before the anus, nearer origin of anal than base of ventrals, the anterior rays elon¬ gated; anal similar to dorsal, the anterior rays the longer; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much the longer; pectoral very long, reaching within a very short distance of the base of caudal; ventral! long, reaching well beyond first anal rays; caudal peduncle deep and compressed. Color in alcohol, brown above, the sides and lower surface white, washed with silvery; pectorals deep brown, more or less margined with white; dorsal with a large black blotch, otherwise pale brown; caudal pale brownish; anal and ventrals whitish. Described from a gravid female (No. 03567) 19 inches long, taken at Hilo in July. We have another example from Hilo and 8 from Honolulu, 3 of the latter taken by Dr. Jenkins in 1889 and 1 by Dr. Wood. The species is readily recognized in life when skimming over the waves by its reddish-brown pectorals. It is common in the sea about Honolulu, but less abundant than C. simus. Exwidus btMentis Ranzani. Xov. Comm. Ac. Sei. Inst. Bonpn.,V, 1S42, 32G.pl.38, Bahia; Gunther, Cat., VI, 2113, 1866; Poey, Synopsis, 384 and 385, 186S: Liitken, Via. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 402, 1S76; Jordan & Evermann. Fishes North and Mid. Amor., I, 739, 1S9G; Stcindachner, Decks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX.,1900, 512 (Honolulu). Cypsilurus bakhmtit, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amor., Ill, 2836, 1898; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 436 (Honolulu). 95. Cypsilurus atrisignis Jenkins. Plate 25. Head 4.3 in length; depth 5.5; I*. 15; A. 10; P. 14; lateral line about 60; scales before dorsal fin 34; scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line 9. Body elongate, broad dorsally, narrow ventrally, broadest just in front of base of pectorals, where it is nearly as broad as the depth; top of posterior portion of head broad, narrowing toward tip of snout, somewhat concave between the eyes; interorbital space equaling distance from posterior margin of eye to margin of opercle; eye large, its center anterior to center of head; snout less than eye, some¬ what pointed, lower jaw slightly projecting; maxillary included and falling considerably short of anterior margin of eye; pectoral reaching tip of last dorsal ray; ventral reaching to one-third the base of anal, its origin half way between eye and base of caudal; origin of dorsal much in advance of vent, its distance from first caudal ray 1.4 times head, the longest ray, the anterior one, about 2 in head; lower lobe of caudal the longer. Color in alcohol, dark purple above, light below; dorsal fin with black spot about 0.7 diameter of eye between the eighth and eleventh spines; caudal and ventrals colorless, unmarked; ventrals white, without spots; pectoral rays and membranes very dark purple above, the rays light below, the mem¬ branes with black spots on anterior and posterior portions. One specimen (No. 197), 13.5 inches in length, was taken by Dr. Jenkins in 1889 at Honolulu. Type, No. 50713, U. S. N. M. Another is in the museum of Stanford University, taken by Mr. A. P. Lundin, at Kusai (Strong Island), one of the Carolines. Cupsilurus atrisiynh Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 436, pi. 3, Honolulu. (Type, No. 50713, U. S. N. M., Coll. O. P. Jenkins.) CYPSILURUS ATRISIGNIS JENKINS. Bui:, u. S. F. C. 1903. Plate 25, FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 137 Order L. ACANTHOFTERI. — The Spiny-rayed Fishes. Anterior vertebra unmodified and without ossicula auditus; no mesocoracoid and no interclavicles (so far as known); border of mouth formed by premaxillary; maxillary normally distinct from it and always present, but sometimes coossified with it; gills laminated; shoulder-girdle attached to the skull by a post-temporal, which is normally furcate and usually not coossified with the skull; hyper¬ coracoid and hypocoracoid distinct, ossified, the former usually perforate; pharyngeals well devel¬ oped, the lower rarely united, the third upper pharyngeal largest, the fourth often wanting; pectoral actinosts. always present, opercular apparatus complete; gill-openings in advance of the pectorals; pectoral fins above the plane of the abdomen; ventral fins more or less anterior, normally attached by the pelvis to the shoulder-girdle, typically with 1 spine and 5 rays, these sometimes wanting, sometimes without spine or with many rays, or otherwise modified; anterior rays of dorsal and anal typically simple or spinous, but all the fin rays often articulate; air-bladder typically without duct in the adult; scales various, typically ctenoid; lateral line usually running high. To this group are referable the great body of existing marine fishes. Suborder PERCESOCES. Ventral fins abdominal, i, 5; branchial arches well developed, the bones all present except the fourth superior branchihyal; third superior pharyngeal much enlarged; lower pharyngeals distinct; scales cycloid ; pectorals elevated, about on a level with the upper posterior angle of opercle; spinous dorsal usually present. a. Lateral line wanting; teeth small or wanting: gillrakers present, long and slender. b. Anal with only 1 or no anal spine, weak; tirst. dorsal with 3 to S slender, flexible spines; head elongate; vertebrae more than 35; stomach not gizzard-like; intestine short . Athcrinidx. p. 137 bb. Anal with 2 or 3 spines, stouter; first dorsal with 4 stiff spines; head short and broad: vertebra fewer than 35, about 24; stomach gizzard-like; intestine long . Miujili’l.c, p. 138 an. Lateral line present, teeth very strong, unequal; gillrakers very short or obsolete . Sphyrxnidx, p. 141 Family XLIII. ATHERINIDtE. — The Silversides. Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with scales of moderate or small size, which are usually, but not always, cycloid; no lateral line; some scales often with rudimentary mucous tubes; cleft of mouth moderate; teeth small, on jaws and sometimes on vomer and palatines, rarely want¬ ing; premaxiliaries protractile or not; opercular bones without spines orserrature; gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes not connected, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudo- branchite present; gillrakers usually long and slender; branchiostegals 5 or 6; dorsal fins 2, well sepa¬ rated, the first of 3 to 8 slender flexible spines, the second of soft rays; anal with a weak spine, similar to the soft dorsal, but usually larger; ventral fins small, abdominal, not far back, of 1 small spine and 5 soft rays; pectorals moderate, inserted high; air-bladder present; no pyloric cceca; vertebra numer¬ ous, usually about 23 .-23=46; third and fourth superior pharyngeals coossified, with teeth. Carniv¬ orous fishes, mostly of small size, living in great schools near the shore in temperate and tropical seas; a few species in fresh water. All the species have a silvery band along the side, this sometimes underlaid by black pigment. Genera about 15, species 60. All that are large enough highly valued as food, hence the common name of “fishes of the king,” Pescados del Rey, or Pesce Re, or Peixe Rey. Only one genus of silversides is known from the Hawaiian Islands. Genas 80. ATHERINA (Artedi) Linnaeus. The Friars. Body oblong, compressed; mouth large, terminal, oblique; jaws about equal, their edges nearly straight; maxillary extending to front of eye; premaxiliaries narrow posteriorly, strongly protractile; villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Species numerous, mostly European. Atherina (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 315, 1758 ( hepsetus ). cm hr as Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1836 (no type indicated). 138 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 96. Atherina insularum Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 47. Head 4 in length ; depth 4.75; eye3inhead; snout 4; interorbital 2.8; maxillary 2.5; mandible 2.2; D. vi-i, 11; A. 17; scales 46, 6 rows from anterior base of anal upward and forward to spinous dorsal. Body oblong, compressed; head triangular, the sides compressed, top fiat; mouth large, oblique, maxillary reaching front of pupil, lower jaw included; teeth in rather broad villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; interorbital space very broad and flat; snout broad, truncate; origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to vertical at vent, slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; longest dorsal spine about 2.4 in head, reaching nearly to vertical at front of anal; distance between spinous and soft dorsals equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; edge of soft dorsal concave, anterior rays somewhat produced, their length 1.9 in head; last dorsal ray about one-half longer than one preceding; base of soft dorsal 1.8 in head; origin of anal considerably in advance of that of soft dorsal, the fins similar, anterior rays about 1.7 in head, base of anal 1.3in head; caudal widely forked, the lobes equal; ventral short, barely reaching vent; pectoral short, broad, and slightly falcate, its length about 1.4 in head; scales large, thin, and deep, 19 in front of spinous dorsal, 6 rows between the dorsals and 9 on median line of caudal peduncle. Color when fresh, clear olive-green with darker edges to scales; lateral stripe steel-blue above, fading into the silvery belly; fins uncolored. Color in alcohol, olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below; scales of back and upper part of side with numerous small round coffee-brown specks, disposed chiefly on the edges, median line of back with a darkish stripe; middle of side with a broad silvery band, plumbeous above, especially anteriorly, more silvery below; top of head and snout with numerous dark brownish or black specks; side of head silvery, opercle somewhat dusky, sides and tip of lower jaw dusky; dorsals and caudal somewhat dusky, other fins pale; pectoral without dark tip. This small fish is common inside the reef in shallow bays everywhere in the Hawaiian Islands. Many individuals were seen off the wharf at Lahaina on Maui. Our collections of 1901 contain 20 specimens from Kailua, from 1.5 to 3.5 inches long; 43 from Hilo, 1.5 to 2.25 inches long; and 1 from Honolulu, 2.25 inches in length. Numerous specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1902, one of which is taken as our type and three others as cotypes. Type, No. 50819, U. S. N. M., 4.25 inches long, obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu. Cotypes, No. 2741, U. 8. F. C., 3.9 inches long; No. 2302, Am. Mus. Nat, Hist,, 3.9 inches long; and No. 4063, Field Col. Mus., 3.5 inches long, all collected at Honolulu by the Albatross. A thcrinu insidamm Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903) , 170, Honolulu (Kailua; Hilo), Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 437 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Laysan Island, Albatross stations 3834, 3860, 3870, and 3905). Family XLIV. MFC, I LI !>.£.— The Mullets. Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with rather large cycloid scales; no lateral line, but the furrows often deepened on the middle of each scale so as to form lateral streaks; mouth small, the jaws with small teeth, or none, the teeth various in form; premaxillari.es protractile; gill-openings FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 139 wide, the membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branehiostegals 5 or 6, giltrakers long and slender; gills 4, a slit, behind fourth; pseudobranehhu large; 2 short dorsal fins, well separated, the anterior with 4 stiff spines, the last one of which is much shorter than the others; second dorsal longer than the first, similar to anal; anal spines 2 or 3, graduated; ventral fins abdominal, not far back, composed of 1 spine and 5 rays; caudal forked; air-bladder large, simple; intestinal canal long; peritoneum usually black: vertebrae; 24. Genera 8 or 10, species about 100, inhabiting the fresh waters and coasts of warm regions, feeding on organic matter contained in mud. “In the genus Mugil , a con¬ siderable indigestible portion of the latter is swallowed, and in order to prevent larger bodies from passing into the stomach or substances from passing through the gill-openings, these fishes have the organs of the pharynx modified into a filtering apparatus. They hike in a quantity of sand or mnd, and, after having worked it for some time between the pharyngeal hones, they eject the roughest and indigestible portion of it. The upper pharyngeals have a rather irregular form; they are slightly arched, the convexity being directed toward the pharyngeal cavity, tapering anteriorly and broad¬ ening posteriorly. They are coated with a thick soft membrane, which reaches far beyond the margin of the bone, and is studded all over with minute horny cilia. Each branchial arch is provided with a series of long gillrakers, which are laterally bent downward, each series closely fitting to the sides of the adjoining arch; together they constitute a sieve admirably adapted to permit a transit for the water, retaining at the same time every solid substance in the cavity of the pharynx.” (Gunther.) a. Jaws without true teeth; anal spines 3. h. Orbit with a well-developed adipose eyelid covering part of the iris; cilia slender, in one or few series; cleft of mouth chiefly anterior . Mugil, p. 139 bb. Orbit without distinct adipose eyelid; cleft of mouth lateral; lower jaw narrow, the upper very thick and very protractile; cilia broad, in many series, pavement-like . Cluvnomugil , p. 140 an. Small teeth in 1 or 2 series in the upper jaw, and sometimes in the lower and on the palate; no adipose eyelid; anal spines 3 . Myxus, p. 141 Genus 81. MUGIL lArtedi) Linnaeus. Body oblong, somewhat compressed, covered with large scales; head large, convex, sealed above and on sides; mouth small, subinferior, the lower jaw angulated; jaws with one or a few series of short, flexible, ciliiform teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; eye large, with a large adipose eyelid, which is little developed in the young; stomach muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl. Species very numerous, living on mud and running in great schools along the shores and in brackish lagoons of all warm regions. Mugil (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 310, 175S (ccpkalus). 97. Mugil cephalus Linmeus. “ Ama-ama Mullet. Fig. 48. Head 4 in length; depth 4.2; snout 4.2 in head; eye 3.9; D. iv-i, 8; A. in, 8; scales 40,-13, trans¬ verse series conn ted from anus upward and backward to soft dorsal; dorsal spine 1.75 in head; soft dorsal 1.6 in head; anterior base of spinous dorsal midway between end of snout and base of caudal. Body, oblong, rather robust, slightly compressed; head subconic; lower jaw slightly included; maxillary hidden; no teeth, except a single row of very small teeth in outer fleshy part of upper jaw; jaw narrow, the distance from the symphysis to posterior edge of lip being equal to greatest width of mouth; eye anterior, moderate, the adipose lid covering entire eye except pupil; head scaly; soft dorsal and anal almost naked; soft dorsal concave; anal similar to dorsal but not so concave; caudal deeply forked, upper lobe slightly the longer; pectoral not quite reaching to spinous dorsal. Color in life, -from a 10.5-inch specimen (No. 02995) taken at Honolulu, bluish gray, white below; cheek dusky; spinous dorsal and pectoral dusky; caudal pale, finely dusted with dark specks, edges dark; anal sparsely dusted; ventrals white. Ten specimens from Honolulu, from 1.5 to 10.5 inches long, and 3 specimens, 3.75 to 4.75 inches long, from Kailua. We have also examined a number of specimens collected by Dr. Jenkins at Hono¬ lulu in 1889 and 1 specimen 10 inches long collected by R. C. McGregor on Molokai in March, 1900. This species of mullet, the ama nma of the natives, is perhaps the most abundant and important food-fish of the Hawaiian Islands. It is the species which has received most attention from the natives in the way of protection and cultivation. The mullet ponds have been an institution of importance 140 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, ever since the days of the earliest kings. A full discussion of this subject is given elsewhere in this report. We are unable to find any difference between the Hawaiian ama ama and the striped mullets of the United States, Japan, Chile, or the Mediterranean. If different from any of these it is distinct from all and should receive a new name. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 316, 1758, European Ocean (based on Artedi); Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1884,263; Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North and Mid. Amer., I, 811, 1896; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 438 (Honolulu). Mugil dlbnla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, 520, 1766, Charleston, S. C. (Coll. Dr. Carden); Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 403, 1883; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Waimea, Huleia, and Hanapepe rivers, Kauai, Honolulu; Station 3844 off southern coast of Molokai). Mugil tang Bloch, Ichthyologia, XI, 134, pi. 395, 1797, Guinea, Tranquebar. Mugil plumicri Bloch, op. cit., 136, pi. 396, 1797, St. Vincent, W. I. (on a drawing by Plumicr). Mugil ocur Forskal, Red Sea. Mugil ecphalotus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 98, 1836, Pondicherry. Mugil lincatus Mitchill in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 96, 1836, New York. Mugil raminclsbergii Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Ichth., 20, 1845, Peru. Mugil bcrlandicri Girard, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 20, pi. 10, figs. 1 to 4, 1859, St. Josephs Island, Indianola; Brazos Santiago; Brazos; Galveston; all on the coast of Texas (coll. Wurclemann, Clark, and Kennedy). Mugil mcxicanus Steindaehner, Ichth. Beitrage, III, 58, pi. VIII, 1875, Acapulco (no adipose eyelid shown on plate). Mugil ccphalotus Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, I, 175, pi. 4, 1841, Sandwich Islands; Streets, Bull. IT. s. Nat. Mils., No. 7,73, 1877 (Honolulu). Mugil cephalus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 19, 1836 (Mediterranean). Mugil guentkcn. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 169 (western coastof Central America); not of Steindaehner. Mugil dobula, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VI, 214, plate CXX, fig. a, 1877 ( Hawaiian Islands); Gunther, Shore Fishes, Chal¬ lenger, 61, 1880 (Hilo, Hawaii); Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 501 (Honolulu); not of Gunther, Cat., Ill, 420, 1861, a species from rivers of western Australia. Mugil kelaartii , Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 500; ibid, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1903, 743 (Sandwich Islands); not of Gunther. Genus 82. CH.7EN0MUGIL Gill. Cleft of mouth lateral; lower jaw narrow; dentiform cilia in very many series, broad, flat, and somewhat paved; upper lip very thick; no adipose eyelid. Small mullets of the tropical shores. Chsenomugil Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 3.69 (proboscideus) . 98. Chaenomugil chaptalii (Eydoux & Souleyet) “ Uouda .” Fig. 41). Head 4 in length; depth 3.9; snout 3.75 in head; eye 3.4; D. iv-i, 9; A. in, 10; scales 43,-13. Body robust, more compressed posteriorly; head moderate; snout suhconic, rather pointed; mouth slightly oblique, its cleft deeper than long; maxillary entirely hidden; front part of upper lip very thick; lower margin of each lip covered with rather strong papilla* or weak pectinate teeth; lower jaw included, rather narrow; no teeth evident; eye large, anterior; interorbital space convex, 2 in head; first dorsal spine 2 in head; soft dorsal and anal slightly convex; caudal forked, lower lobe the longer and heavier; ventrals truncate; pectoral falcate, 1.3 in head. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 141 Color in alcohol, dull olivaceous above with silvery reflections gradually fading into lighter and becoming white on belly; top of head and snout brown; indications of bitiwn on opercles; dorsal, caudal, and pectorals dusky, pectorals the darkest; other tins pale. Eight specimens 1 to 9.2 inches long from Honolulu; 33 from 1.2 to 6.5 inches long from Hilo, and 18 specimens from 2 to 4.5 inches long from Kailua. We have also examined several specimens taken by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889. Fig. 49. — C/ucnomugil chaplain (Eydoux it Souleyet). Mugil chaplain Eydoux & Souleyet, Voyage Bonite, Zool., I, 171, pi. 4, tig. 1, 1841, Hawaiian Islands. Myxus ( Neomyxit.it ) srlatcri Steindachner, Iehth. Beitrage, VII, in Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXXVII, 1S7S, 3s4, Kingsmill and Hawaiian islands. Chxnomugil chaptali Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (September 23, 1903), 438 (Honolulu). Genus 83. MYXUS Gunther. Cleft of mouth extending on sides of snout, but not to orbit. Small teeth in a single series in upper jaw, and sometimes in lower and on palate. Upper lip not particularly thick; anterior margin of mandible sharp. Anal spines 3. My xus Giinther, Cat., Ill, 460, 1861 (elongatus). Ncomyxus Steindachner, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wein 1878,77, 384 (srlatcri). 99. Myxus pacificus Steindachner. Head about 4 in length; depth nearly 4; snout 4 in head; I), iv-i, 8; A. hi, 8; scales 39 or 40,-13.5, about 24 scales before the dorsal; head moderately small, the greatest depth about 1.4 in length; greatest breadth between opercles about 1.6 in length of head; upper profile very slightly curved to origin of second dorsal, then falling suddenly the length of the base of this fin; eye with well developed lids; upper lip moderately small; mouth cleft a little longer than broad; preorbital with the lower and posterior edge serrate; between the jaws a band of small movable teeth, those of the outer row larger than those of inner; origin of first dorsal a trifle nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, the first dorsal moderately strong, a little more than 1.65 length of head; caudal a little longer than head, length of its middle rays about 1.6 times length of head; ventral flap shorter than half length of fin; a dark band along upper edge of pectoral. Length, 5.85 inches. Laysan. (Steindachner. ) This species is known from Dr. Steindachner’s description only. Myxus pacificus Steindachner, Denies. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 500, Laysan. Family XLV. SPHYR£N1D£.- The Barracudas. Body elongate, subterete, covered with small cycloid scales; head very long, pointed, pike-like, scaly above and on sides; mouth horizontal, large; jaws elongate, the lower considerably projecting; upper jaw non protractile, its border formed by the premax diaries, behind which are the broad max- diaries; large sharp teeth of unequal size on both jaws and palatines, none on the vomer; usually a very strong, sharp canine near tip of lower jaw; opercular bones without spines or serratures; gill- 142 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. openings wide, the gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus; gillrakers very short or obsolete; branchiostegals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchise well developed; air-bladder large, bifurcate anteriorly; many pyloric cceca; lateral line well developed, straight; pectoral tins short, placed in or below line of axis of body; ventrals i, 5, abdominal, in advance of middle of body; first dorsal over ventrals, of 5 rather stout spines; second dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to anal and oppo¬ site to it; caudal tin forked; vertebne 24; first superior pharyngeal not present; second, third, and fourth separate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate. A single genus of about 20 species; carniv¬ orous, pike-like fishes, often of large size, active and voracious, inhabiting warm seas, many of them highly valued as food. Genus 84. SPHYILffiNA (Artedi) Bloch & Schneider. Characters of the genus included above. Sphyru-na (Artedi) Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ic.hth., 109, 1H01 (sphyrama). Sphxrina Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 175, 1839 ( europ,va=sphyr.rna ). c. Scales rather large, 11-85-9 . snodgrassi , p. 142 an. Scales smaller, 14-135-15 . hcllcri , p 143 100. Sphyraena snodgrassi Jenkins. “K&ku.” Fig. 50. Head 3.25 in length; depth 6.5; eye 7.3 in head; snout 2.1 ; I).v-i, 9; A, i, 9; scales 11-85-9; longest dorsal spine 3.1 in head, ray 2.5 in head; anal 2.4; ventral 3.2; pectoral 2.9; interorbital 4.7, nearly twice vertical diameter of eye; maxillary 2.2. Body and head regularly fusiform; lower jaw projecting beyond upper a distance equal to two-thirds diameter of pupil, tip blunt, not terminated by fleshy appendages; eye slightly ovate, larger and anterior; interorbital space flat; maxillary reaching front of eye; suborbital scaled; about 18 rows of vertical scales from eye to edge of preoperCle, <8 rows on opercle, those of opercle enlarged, rest of head naked; opercle without spines, but with 1 or 2 blunt flexible points; each side of upper jaw with 2 long, sharp, canine teeth in front and 5 or 6 nearly as large but broader teeth, growing gradually smaller posteriorly; lower jaw with 2 large anterior median teeth similar to anterior teeth in upper jaw- and back of them a single series of about 15 smaller teeth on each jaw; second and third dorsal spines the longest; caudal forked, lobes equal; anal fin slightly behind soft dorsal, the 2 similar in form; lateral line slightly decurved on body before second dorsal, posterior part straight. Color in life, dark olive-brown above; side silvery; about 20 very faint short blackish bars just above lateral line, their depth about 4 rows of scales, the bars rather wider than the silvery inter¬ spaces; membraneous edge of opercle jet black; first dorsal blackish, second with a jet-black Central blotch, the tips white; caudal black with white tips; anal like the second dorsal, the blackish blotch fainter; pectoral dusky at base; ventrals white; young with 13 dark crossbars. Description from a specimen 17 inches long. We have 5 specimens 13 to 18 inches long from Honolulu, one 8.25 inches long from Hilo, 6 about 5 inches long from Waialua, and one very large example (No. 04515), 33 inches long, from Honolulu. Specimens 4 to 6 feet in length were seen in the market at Honolulu. This is a large voracious species of wide range, entering the open sea. Sphynma cummrrsonU, Fowler, Pros. Ac. Nat. Set. Pliila. 1900, 501 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 438 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 143 tSphyrasnd tiussumicri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Sat. Poiss., VII. 508, 1831 Red Sea, lie de France, Bourbon. Sphyrnma modgrassi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (1901 1, 388, lit;. 2, Honolulu (coll. Drs. O. P. Jenkins and T. I>. Wood. Type, No. 49093, U. S. Nat, Mus.). Sphyrxna agarn, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 500, 1900 (Honolulu); not of Riippell. 101. Sphyrsena helleri Jenkins. “ Kawalea. ” Fig. 51. Head 3.1 in length; depth 7.8; eye 6.1 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3.1 ; interorbital 6, slightly greater than vertical diameter of eye; D. v-i, 9; A. i, 8; scales 11-135-15; 13 rows of scales on prc- opercle, 14 on opercle; longest dorsal spine 3.8 in head; ray 4.5; longest anal ray 3.8; pectoral 3.6; ventral 3.6. Body long and slender, the head tapering, the snout long, the lower jaw projecting nearly the width of pupil beyond upper, terminating in a fleshy appendage; eye large, posterior; maxillary not reaching eye, being separated from it by a distance about equal to diameter of ffT\ eye; opercle without spines; 2 sharp /// f \ canine-like teeth hooked backward, the second the larger, on the front row of upper jaw, back of these on each jaw 5 or 6 similar teeth bent inward; 2 large close-set teeth like those in upper jaw, in median part of lower jaw; back of these on each side a row of 15 to 18 smaller teeth; distances between occiput and first dorsal fin, first dorsal and sec¬ ond dorsal, and second dorsal and last vertebra equal, and each equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of eye; insertion of ventrals below front of first dorsal fin, two-thirds of eye behind tip of pectoral; caudal deeply forked; anterior hase of anal on line with that of dorsal. Color in alcohol, brown above, with bluish silvery reflections, becoming lighter below, white on belly and lower part of side; spinous dorsal color of back; soft dorsal pale, caudal dusky; anal and ventral pale; pectoral dusky. Six specimens from Honolulu 13 to 26 inches long, and 2 from Hilo 24 inches long. This fish is very abundant in the mullet ponds, where it is destructive to the mullet. It reaches but a small size, and is rarely found except near shore. Sphyrxna helleri Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XIX, 1899 (1901 ) 3S7, lie, 1, Honolulu (coll. Hr. Jenkins. Type, No. 49692, U. S. Nat. Mus.); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 438 (Honolulu). Suborder H YPOSTOMIDES. Characters included with those of the following family: Family XLV1. PEG AS I D£. Body entirely covered with bony plates, ankvlosed on the trunk and movable on the tail; barbels none; the margin of the upper jaw formed) by the iutermaxillaries and their cutaneous prolongation, which extends downward to the extremity of the maxillaries; gill-cover formed by a large plate, homologous to the opercle, preopercle and subopercle; interopercle a long fine hone, hidden below the gill-plate; one rudimentary branchiostegal; the gill-plate united with the isthmus by a narrow membrane; gill-opening narrow in front of base of pectoral fin; gills 4, lamellated; pseudo- branchiae and air-bladder absent; one short dorsal and anal fin, opposite to each other; ventral fins present; ovarian sacs closed. Genus 85. PEGASUS Linnaens. This genus contains those species of Pegasidx which have the tail short and not attenuate and compressed toward the tip, and in which the pectoral rays are all slender and simple, none of them spine-like. The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described by Dr. Gilbert in Section II. Pegasus Linmcus, Syst. Nat., XII. 418, 1766 ( volans ). Zalises Jordan & Snyder, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 2 ( rlraconis ). 144 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Suborder RHEGNOPTERI. Aetinosts of pectoral fin of 3 forms, 2 of them normal, supporting the pectoral fin, one of them longitudinal, without rays, and the fourth a plate on the coracoid, supporting 3 to 10 free and separate rays or feelers; post-temporal and shoulder-girdle normal; vertebrae 10 + 14 = 24; 2 separate dorsal fins, the first of a few spines; pseudobranchiae concealed; ventrals subabdominal, behind pectorals. One family, Polynemidiv, of uncertain origin and affinities. Family XLV1I. POLYNEMID.F. — The Threadfins. Body oblong, compressed, and covered with rather large, loosely inserted, ctenoid scales; lateral line continuous, continued on the tail, usually forked, with a branch on each lobe; head entirely scaly, snout more or less conical, projecting over the mouth, which is rather large, inferior, with lateral cleft; premaxillary protractile, its basal process vertical; maxillary without supplemental bone, extending much beyond the eye, which is anterior, lateral, rather large, with a well-developed adipose eyelid; villiform teeth on jaw's, palatines and sometimes on vomer; pseudobranchise concealed; hranchiostegals 7; gill-membranes separate and free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; 2 separate dorsals, somewhat remote from each other, the first of 8 feeble but rather high spines, the first and last spines very short, the third longest; the second dorsal of soft rays only, equal to first in height, but with base somewhat longer; anal fin either similar to or much longer than soft dorsal; caudal fin rather long, widely forked; second dorsal, anal and caudal fins more or less covered with small scales; the first 3 or 4 dorsal spines winged; ventrals i, 5, abdominal, but not far removed from pectorals; pectoral fins moderate, placed low, in 2 parts, the lower and anterior portion of several fili¬ form articulated appendages free from each other, used as organs of touch. In the young, the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins are dusky, the anal and ventral fins white; all the fins grow darker with age, the pectorals usually becoming black, the opercle blackish. Bones of the skull with a well devel¬ oped mueiferous system as in Sckmukr. Basis eranii double, with muscular tube; post-temporal bifur¬ cate; hypercoracoid with median foramen; superior pharyngeal bones 4; pectoral aetinosts divided, 2 of them normal, supporting the pectoral fin, 1 longitudinal without rays, and 1 a plate on the coracoid, supporting the pectoral filaments; stomach caecal with many pyloric appendages; air-bladder various, sometimes wanting; vertebrae 10 ; 14=24. Genera 4, species about 25, inhabiting sandy shores of tropical seas, and sometimes entering rivers. .Most of them are valued as food-fishes, their flesh being like that of the (jc.umuhr. The relations of this peculiar family appear to be with the Sciacnidx on the one hand, and with the Mugilidx on the other, but all these resemblances may be superficial. Genus 86. POLYDACTYLUS Lacepede. Anal fin not much longer than soft dorsal, of about 13 or 14 rays; vomer with teeth; free filaments of pectorals mostly shorter than body; teeth in villiform bands on both jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; preopercle sharply serrated on its posterior margin, its angle with a scaly flap; scales rather small, finely ctenoid; first dorsal with 7 or 8 feeble, rather high spines, the first and last short; soft dorsal and anal fins about equal; pectoral filaments 3 to 9; pyloric cueca in great number. Species numerous, in warm seas. Pbl/ldaclylus l.acepude, Hist. Nat. I'oiss. , VIII. 181, 1832 (plumicri—virginicus). Polynemus Gunther, Cat., II, 319, 1860 ( microstoma ); not of Linnaeus. 102. Polydactylus sexfilis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “Moi;” “ Moi-lii Head 3.3 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4 in head; snout 5.5; maxillary 2.2; interorbital 3.6; preorbital 2.75 in eye; I*, vim, 13; A. in, 11; scales 8-66-12; third dorsal spine longest, 1.4 in head; ray 1.4; longest anal 1.6; 6 pectoral filaments, longest 3.1 in body; pectoral ray 1.5 in head; ventral 2.1 ; caudal peduncle 2; distance from anterior base of soft dorsal to upper edge of gill-opening equal to distance from same base to base of caudal fin; this last distance equals distance from posterior base of soft dorsal to fork of caudal fin; distance between anterior bases of dorsals equaling distance from anterior base of spinous dorsal to posterior edge of eye; base of soft dorsal slightly greater than base of anal. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 145 Body rather deep, compressed, back slightly arched, anterior profile from snout to tip of first dorsal when depressed evenly arched; head moderate, snout conic, projecting almost its entire length beyond month, which is large, inferior, with lateral cleft; premaxillary protractile, maxillary without supplemental bone, extending for nearly half its length beyond eye; teeth in villiform band on jaws, vomer, palatine, and posterior end of tongue; the tongue free for a distance equal to two-thirds of orbit, not quite rounded in front, its straight front edge nearly equal to orbit, the front portion rather thin, becoming thick and heavy posteriorly; eye large, anterior, lateral, with a well-developed eyelid; gill- membranes free from isthmus; gillrakers 16- 13, long and slender, longest equal to diameter of pupil; preopercle serrated on its posterior margin, not serrated at angle; first dorsal falcate; second deeply forked; caudal deeply forked, upper lobe slightly the larger and longer and slightly longer than head; anal similar to soft dorsal but not so deeply forked; scales moderate, finely ctenoid on entire body and head; lateral line straight on body, slightly deeurved on base of caudal, extending to tip just below angle. Color in alcohol, yellowish white with silvery reflections, becoming lighter, almost white on belly; upper edge of spinous dorsal dark; soft dorsal tipped with dark; tips of caudal lobes dark; anal with light brown on lower half, upper part paler; ventrals pale with small plumbeous spots; pectorals dark bluish on outer third, rest dusky pale. The color in alcohol of the young examples, 2 to 4 inches long, is quite different from the larger examples. The young are brown above lateral line with 3 broad bands of darker, the first, band extending over head and to spinous dorsal, second wedge-shaped, extending from anterior base of spinous dorsal to and including about half of soft dorsal, the rest of soft dorsal pale; third band extending from posterior base of soft dorsal to base of caudal; between these bars below lateral line, silvery white; posterior half of anal and ventral white; pectoral pale; spinous dorsal dark; caudal lobes dark ; a light band across base of caudal. Six specimens 9 to 11 inches long from Honolulu and 25 specimens 3 to 4.6 inches long from Hilo. We have also examined a specimen 9 inches long taken by Dr. Jenkins in 1889 and a similar speci¬ men obtained by the Albatross in 189], both from Honolulu. The species is known also from Johnston Island. Polyiirmux scxfilis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 515, 1831, Isle of France; (iiinthcr, Shore Fishes, Challen¬ ger, 59,1880 (Hilo, Hawaii »; Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. LXX, 492, 1900 (Honolulu); Jenkins, Hull. 1'. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sejit. 23, 1903), 439 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. '(Jan. 19, 1904 i, 523 (Honolulu) Trichidion scxjilis, Bleeker, Poiss. Madagascar, 79, 1874 (Mauritius). Polynenius he.ranemus, Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 33, 1850 (Sea of Pinang); not of Cuvier & Valenciennes. Polj/daclylus p/eifferi, Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 501 (Hawaiian Islands); not of Bleeker. Pohjncmus kuru. Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 122 (Johnston Island); not of Bleeker. Suborder BERYCOIDEI. — The Beryeoid Fishes. Body naked or variously scaly, the scales sometimes highly specialized; dorsal fin with few or many spines, ventral fins thoracic or subabdominal, each with 1 spine and usually 7 soft rays, the num¬ ber of soft rays varying from 5 to 10; in one family (Monocentridse) the spine is greatly enlarged and the number of rays reduced; head with conspicuous mucous cavities; air-bladder in some species retaining its duet through life (a character verified only in Bery.r) ; vertebras in species examined 24 to 30; shoulder-girdle and pharyngeals normal; no suborbital stay, orbitosphenoid bone always present. A varied group allied to the Percoidei and Scombroidri , but characterized as a whole by the retention of the archaic characters of the persistent air-duct and the increased number of ventral rays. In the deep-sea forms the spinous dorsal is scarcely developed and the scales are usually either cycloid or wanting. In the species of tropical shores the spinous armature of tins and scales is better developed than in most, of the percomorphous fishes. The group is a very old one in geologic time, the allies of Beryj ■ being among the earliest spiny-rayed fishes known. All are marine fishes, inhabiting the tropical shores or the abysses of the ocean. Family XLYIII.- BERYCID^. Body' oblong or ovate, compressed, covered, with ctenoid or cycloid, foliate or granular scales; head with large mucifercus cavities, covered by thin skin; eye lateral, usually large; mouth wide, oblique; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary rather large, usually with a supplemental bone; subor¬ bitals narrow, not sheathing the cheeks; bands of villiform teeth on jaws, and usually on vomer and • F. C. B. 1903— 10 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 140 palatines; canines sometimes present; opercular bones usually spinous; branchiostegals 7 or 8; gill- membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiae present; gillrakers moderate; cheeks and opercles scaly; no barbels; dorsal fin continuous, with 2 to 8 weak spines; anal with 2 to 4 spines; ventral fins thoracic, mostly i, 7, the number of rays usually greater than i, 5; caudal fin usually forked; pyloric coeca numerous. Fishes mostly of the deep seas; general color, red or black. Genus 87. MELAMPHAES Gunther. Head large and thick, with nearly all the superficial bones modified into wide muciferous chan¬ nels; cleft, of mouth of moderate width, obliquely descending backward, with the jaws nearly equal in front; eye small; a narrow band of villiform teeth in each jaw; palate toothless; eight branchiostegals; pseudobranch i:e present; no barbels; opercles not armed; scales large, cycloid, rather irregularly arranged; one dorsal; ventrals with 7 rays; caudal forked; anal spines very feeble. The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II. MUopias Lowe, Proe. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1843, 90 ( typldops ); name preoccupied in entomology. Mdampbars Gunther, Cat., V, 433, 1864 ( Metopias typhlops ), Genus 88 CAULOLEPIS Gill. Contour laterally oval or broad pyriform, the body compressed, covered with small, pedunculated leaf-like scales; forehead abruptly declivous; eye small; a pair of very long pointed teeth in front of upper jaw, closing in front of lower; a similar pair of still longer pointed teeth in the lower, received in fovete of tin- palate; on the sides of each jaw 2 long teeth, terminating in bulbous tips; a row of minute teeth on the posterior half of the supramax diaries; palate toothless. The single Hawaiian species ( Caulolepis longidens) of this genus is described in Section II. Caumtpis Gill, Forest and Stream, XXI, Aug. 30, 1883, and in Proe. V. S. Nat. Mils., VI, 1884, 258 {longidens). Family XLIX. H0L0CENTRID4J. — The Squirrel-Fishes. Body oblong or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with very strongly ctenoid or spinous scales; head with large muciferous cavities; eye lateral, very large; preorbital very narrow; mouth moderate, oblique; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary very large, with supplemental bone: bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; opercular bones and membrane bones of head gen¬ erally serrated or spinesCent along the edges; branchiostegals 8; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind fourth; pseudobranchise present; gillrakers moderate; no barbels; sides of head scaly; lateral line present; dorsal fin very long, deeply divided, with about 11 strong spines depressible in a scaly groove; anal with 4 spines, the third longest and strongest; ventrals thoracic, with 1 spine and 7 rays; caudal deeply forked, with sharp rudimentary rays or fulcra at the base; vertebra; about 27; pyloric coeca 8 to 25; air-bladder large, sometimes connected with the organ of hearing. General color red. Young with snout sharp and produced (constituting the nominal genera Rhynehiehthys, Hhdmphobery i:, and Rhinoberyx, based on peculiarities of immature examples). Genera about 7; species about. 70; gaily colored inhabitants of the tropical seas, abounding about coral reefs. a. Preopercle without a conspicuous spine at its angle. b. Scales with rather rough surface. c. Scales small, about 40 to 45 in the lateral line; lower jaw projecting anil fitting in a deep notch in the upper jaw . Holotrachys, p. 147 cc. Seales large, about 29 in the lateral line: opercular spine usually elongate and rough-edged . Osticlithys, p. 147 bb. Scales with comparatively smooth surface . Myripristis, p. 149 an. Preopercle with a conspicuous spine at its angle. d. Mouth very large; chin much projecting; lower jaw considerably more than one-half length of head . ! . Flamyieo, p. 155 dd. Mouth moderate: lower jaw slightly projecting or included, its length less than one-half length of head. . Holocentrus , p. 158 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 147 Genus 89. HOLOTRACHYS Gunther. This genus is close to Myripristis, from which it differs in the small, very rough scales and in the projecting lower jaw, which fits in a deep notch in the upper jaw. Holotrachys Gunther, Fisclie der Siidsee, I, 93, PI. LXIII, tig. A. 1874 {lima). Harpage De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1884, 447 {rosea). 103. Holotrachys lima (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Plate IV. Head 2.6 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.5 in head (4.3 in an example 6 inches long); snout 5.5; inter- orbital 5.5; maxillary 1.65; P. xii, 15; longest dorsal spine 2.4 in head; A. iv, 11; longest anal spine 3.1; scales 5-42 (40 to 42)-8. Body oblong, compressed; dorsal outline evenly arched from tip of snout to base of soft caudal; ventral outline almost straight; head subconic, compressed; mouth large, nearly horizontal; jaws equal, a knob at tip of lower fitting into a depression in upper, the bony portion of preorbital slightly overhanging lip; blunt, conic, pavement-like teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue broad, free anteriorly, rounded and rather thin on anterior and thin portion; eye high, anterior; maxillary long, reaching beyond eye, its broadest part nearly equaling diameter of eye; gillrakers 11+8, longest half diameter of eye, finely serrate; fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest; soft dorsal rays of nearly equal length; caudal slightly forked; soft anal rounded; posterior edges of pectoral and ventral nearly equal; lateral line slightly arched anteriorly, thence obliquely downward to middle of caudal peduncle, across the middle of which it extends to base of caudal fin; edges of scales very rough, each scale with many rather long sharp spines, these longer on scales on posterior part of body. Color in life (No. 03164) upper parts of head and body bright rock-candy red, becoming paler on side; under parts pale rosy white, edges of scales darkest, forming red lines; membranes of spinous dorsal blood-red, the spines white; soft dorsal, caudal, and anal bright red; anal spines white; pectoral and centrals paler rosy; iris blood-red, with yellow blotches. Color in alcohol, grayish-yellow, fins all pale. This species is a very common market fish at Honolulu and Hilo, and was also obtained by us at Kailua, by the Albatross at Honolulu and Laysan Island, and by Doctor Jordan at Samoa, where it was found to be a common fish. Our numerous specimens range in length from 4 to 7.5 inches. H. rosea from the South Sea Islands is probably II. lima. Myripristis lima Cuvier A Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 493, 1831, lie de France: Gunther, Cat., I. 28, 18.79 (copied). Myripristis humilis Kner & Steindachner, Stiz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LIV, 1866, 357, pi. 1, fig. 1, Samoa. Myripristis (Holotrachys) lima, Gunther, Fisclie der Siidsee, III. 93. pi. 03, fig. A. 1874 (Mauritius; Kingsinill: Samoa: Society: Hawaiian Islands). Myripristis (Hololrachis) lima, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 492, 1900 ( Honolulu). Holotrachys lima, Jenkins, Bull. II. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 439 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904); 523 (Honolulu; Laysan Island). Genus 90. OSTICHTHYS (Langsdorf) Jordan & Evermann. This genns is closely related to Myripristis, differing especially in the very rough surface of the large scales. The opercular spine is usually elongate and rough edged. Holotrachys, another genus with similarly rough scales, differs from Oslichthys in having the scales very much smaller, about 40 to 45 in tire lateral line, instead of 29 as in Oslichthys. Oslichthys Langsdorf MS., Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 173, 1S29 ( japonicUS ): name only, passing reference. Oslichthys Jordan A Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer, I, 846, 1896 ( japonicus ). 104. Ostichthys pillwaxii (Steindachner). Fig. 52. Head 2.45 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.75; maxillary 1.9; interorbital 7.3; I), xn, 14, A. iv, 11; scales 4-29-6; Hr. 7; gillrakers short, blunt, about 7+5. Body oblong, compressed; dorsal outline somewhat more arched than ventral, in a long, low curve from nape to origin of soft dorsal, thence descending abruptly to caudal peduncle; ventral out¬ line straighten base of anal abruptly ascending to caudal peduncle; head very large and rugose, mouth very large, the maxillary reaching posterior edge of pupil; supplemental maxillary very broad; 14* BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. t.ip of maxillary (with supplemental bone) 1.25 in eye; jaws about equal, the lower fitting in a deep notch in the upper; jaws, vomer, and palatines with broad bands of villiform teeth; eye large, high up, far above axis of body; interorbital space narrow, more than 2 in eye; bones of head rough every¬ where; interorbital with 4 low rough ridges; prenasals rough, ending in 3 blunt, more or less serrated points; preorbital, postocular, preopercle, subopercle, and ope role all strongly toothed, no enlarged spine at angle of preopercle; nape rugose, with ridges radiating posteriorly; bones of mandible rough; edge of each branchiostegal rough; opercle with a moderately stout spine above, its surface rugose; caudal peduncle short and slender, its length about equal to diameter of eye, its least width 2.5 in its least depth, which is 1.4 in eye; origin of spinous dorsal about equidistant between tip of snout and base of first dorsal ray, almost directly over base of pectoral; dorsal spines strong, folding well in a groove, the fourth longest, about 2.6 in head; base of soft dorsal very oblique, 3 in head, the longest ray slightly longer than base; first anal spine very short, the third longest and strongest, its length 3.25 in head, base of anal oblique like that of soft dorsal, 2.5 in head, longest anal ray equaling that of soft dorsal; caudal forked, the longest rays about 2.1 in head; centrals short, reaching about two-lifths the distance to vent, their length about 2.25 in head; pectoral coterminous with centrals, its length 2 Fig. 52. — OsticUthyz pillwarii (Steindaehner): after Stotnflachner. in head; scales very large, firm and very spinigerous, each scale with about 16 to 22 very sharp, short spines, each of which is continued as a ridge on the surface of the scale; lateral line following curva¬ ture of back; nape and breast with strong scales; cheeks scaled, rest of head naked; base of pectoral with smaller scales; a sheath of small triangular scales at base of soft dorsal and anal; membranes of caudal fin with small, spinescent scales. Color in alcohol, pale yellowish with orange, silvery, brassy, and rosy reflections; back along spinous dorsal orange; nape rosy red; back and side with traces of about 3 or 4 rosy streaks; under parts white, with some rosy; branchiostegals orange at base. The color in life was doubtless deep red or rosy. This species differs from Holotrachys Inna chiefly in the much larger scales and the more numerous spines on the scales; also in the larger eye and in having but I enlarged spine instead of 2 at the upper edge of the opercle; the mandible and maxillary are less rough. The above description is based upon No. 05500, a specimen 12 inches long, obtained in the Honolulu market by Mr. E. Louis Berndt, through whose kindness it came into our possession. No other specimens have been seen by us. Mi/ripristis pilluHixii Steindaeliner, Beitriigc, XVI, in Sit/,. Ak. Wiss. Wien, CII, abt. I, 1.S93, 215, PI. 1. Honolulu. FISHES OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 14 V) Genus 91. MYKIPRISTIS Cuvier. This genus is closely related to Hulocenlrm, differing externally chiefly in the absence of the large spine at the angle of the preopercle. The air-bladder is divided into 2 parts by a transverse constric¬ tion, the anterior part extending to the otocrane. The plyorie circa are rather few (9). Species numerous in the tropical seas; gaily colored inhabitants of reefs and rock pools. Mi/ripristis Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. II. 150, 1820 (jacobus). Myriopristis Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philn. 1808, 87: amended spelling. llhamphobcryx Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1803, 87 (pwcilopus) . a. Scales large, 34 or more in the lateral line. b. Edge of operele blackish. c. Dorsal rays 16 or 17; scales 40 to 43 . muttiradialus, p. 149 cc. Dorsal rays 14 or 15; scales larger, 34 to 36. d. Fins golden in life; scales 34; D. x-i, 14; A. iv, 12 . . .- . chrysem, p. 150 dd. Fins red in life; scales 36; D. x-i, 15; A. iv, 14 . symmclrinis, p. 151 bb. Edge of operele pale: scales 35 to 38 . scalci, p. 151 aa. Scales smaller, fewer than 34 in the lateral line. ^ e. Edge of operele black; axil black; scales fewer than 33. /. Scales 30; vertical fins with first rays white . murdjan , p. 152 if. Scales 32; vertical fins without white rays . berndti , p. 153 cc. Edge of operele silvery or pale; axil merely dusky; scales 33 . argyromus, p. 154 105. Myripristis multiradiatus Giinther. Head 3 in length; depth 2.3; eye 2 in head; snout 7; maxillary 1.9; mandible 1.9; interorbital 3.9; D. x or xi-i, 16 or 17; A. iv, 15; scales 4—10 to 43-5. Body short, deep, and compressed; dorsal outline evenly convex from tip of snout to origin of soft dorsal; ventral outline nearly equally convex, somewhat, flattened under ventrals; head short, snout blunt; mouth small, the jaws equal, the maxillary reaching posterior line of pupil, triangular, the posterior side concave, the end nearly straight, the anterior edge with a few blunt teeth at the angle; mandible smooth, without knob at tip; no distinct notch in tip of upper jaw; eye moderate, somewhat greater than postocuiar part of head; interorbital space nearly Hat, the 2 median ridges convex, close together in front, then diverging, then coming nearly together on the nape; outside of these on the nape on each side, 4 short diverging strife; suborbital rim finely serrate on both edges; edges of opercular bones all serrate, the seme strongest at the angles; the teeth on jaws small, in narrow villiform bands. Scales comparatively small, much deeper than long, the edges striate and finely dentate; humeral scale small; lateral line gently arched. Origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral, the spines slender, the first 1.8, the second about 1.2 in eye, the cithers increasing to the fourth, the last very short; interval between dorsals very short; anterior dorsal rays slightly produced, their length about 2 in head, the edge of the fin somew hat concave, the last rays about 2.5 in first; anal similar to Soft dorsal, the anterior rays rather longer than those of dorsal, anal spines graduated, the first very small, the second somew hat larger, the third considerably longer and stronger, its length about 1.3 in eye; fourth anal spine still a little longer than the third but more slender; caudal fin widely forked, the lobes equal, their length about 1.2 in head; pectoral slender, Its length equal to that of caudal lobes, its tip reaching beyond those of ventrals; ventrals short, the spine slender, its length equal to diameter of orbit, the longest rays about equal to snout and orbit. Color of a nearly fresh specimen (No. 03163) 6.5 inches long, top of head and upper part of side rich rosy red; lower parts and side below lateral line pale rosy with silvery reflection; jaws rich rosy; cheeks and opercles rosy and whitish; upper half of edge of operele rusty reddish brown, this extending to shoulder-girdle; axil of pectoral dark reddish; spinous dorsal pale ro3y, anterior membrane and outer part of others orange; soft dorsal pale rosy, first raj' white, outer half of next 6 or 7 rays rich rosy red; caudal rich rosy red, edges paler; anal spines wdiite, the soft part same color as caudal; pectoral pale rosy; ventrals very pale rosy, the spine and its membrane white, the second membrane deeper rosy; iris clouded red above, pale, yellow below Another example (No. 03480) was red in life, though paler than M. murdjan; side coppery silvery; black opercular bar covering axil; first dorsal rosy, distal half yellowish orange; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal deep cherry red, the edge scarce!}' paler; pectoral and ventral pink, a little darker on first rays, also on anal rays behind last spine; iris red. 150 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in alcohol, rather uniform yellowish silvery, most yellow above, most silvery below lateral line and on belly; upper edge of operele black; cheek and opercle silvery; axil of pectoral dusky; fins all pale yellowish white; upper edge of eye dusky, the rest whitish and golden; side below lateral line with about 5 broad lighter horizontal stripes showing plainly only in certain lights. There is some variation in the number of rays in the dorsal, there being usually 17, but sometimes 16, and more rarely 18. The scales in the lateral line vary from 40 to 43. This species was originally described by I )< fetor Gunther from a small example, 6 inches long, from the island of Vavau, of the Tonga or Friendly Group. It seems to bean abundant fish among the Hawaiian Islands and at Samoa. Five specimens were obtained by I)r. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, one by Dr. Wood in 1896, a fine series was taken by us at Honolulu and Hilo, and it was obtained by the Albatross at Laysan Island. Our numerous specimens range in length from 3.8 to 7.5 inches. Mi/ripi'i*!/* vudtirnrUalm Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, I, 93, 1874, Vavau. one of the Friendly Islands; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 439 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Laysan Island). 106. Myripristis chry seres Jordan & Evermann. “ I’auu.” Plate VI. Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.5; eye 2.4 in head; snout 5.5; maxillary 1.9; mandible 1.8; inter¬ orbital 5; D. x-i, 14; A. iv, 12; scales 4-34-6. Body short, stout, and compressed; dorsal profile evenly convex from tip of snout to origin of soft, dorsal; ventral outline nearly straight to origin of anal, whose base is equally oblique with that of soft dorsal; caudal peduncle short but slender and not greatly compressed, its length from base of last dorsal ray to first short spinous caudal ray 1.3 in eye, its least width about 3 in its least depth, which is 1.8 in eye; head heavy, short; mouth moderately large, the gape in closed mouth reaching vertical of middle of eye; maxillary very broad, triangular, reaching nearly to vertical of posterior line of eye, with a broad, curved supplemental border; surface of maxillary roughly striated, anterior edge near the angle strongly dentate; lower jaw strong, somewhat projecting, the tip with 2 rounded, rough prominences fitting into a distinct notch in upper jaw; teeth short, in narrow villiform hands in jaws and on palatines, a small patch on vomer, none on tongue; eye very large, orbit exceeding postocular part of head; lower edge of eye on level with axis of body; snout short, 2 in orbit; interorbital space nearly flat, strongly rugose; 2 long ridges from preorbitals to nape; outside of these a short ridge beginning above front of pupil, extending backwark, and branching upon nape; supraocular ridge spineseent posteriorly; suborbital narrow, strongly dentate below, upper edge in front somewhat roughened; opercular bones all strongly toothed; opercular spine short and obscure (stronger in most of the cotypes) ; dorsal spines slender, fifth longest and strongest, its length 2.5 in head; first dorsal spine somewhat posterior to base of pectoral, its length 2 in eye, spines gradually shorter from fifth; space between dorsals very short, about equal to length of tenth spine; dorsal rays long, length of longest a little greater than orbit, last equal to pupil; first anal spine very short, second short and triangular, its length about 1.5 in pupil; third anal spine long, strong, and straight, longer than fourth, its length equal to diameter of orbit; fourth anal spine slender, its length 1.3 in orbit; anal rays longer than those of dorsal; caudal widely forked, lobes equal, their length 1.5 in head; pectoral long and narrow, its length 1.4 in head, the tip reaching past tips of ventrals; ventrals slender, pointed, nearly reaching vent and nearly as long as pectoral. Scales smaller than in M. murdjan, number in lateral line 34 in type, 35 to 38 in some of the cotypes; scales strongly dentate, and striate near the edges; a strongly dentate humeral scale. Color in life, bright scarlet, centers of the scales paler; a blackish-red bar behind and on edge of opercle, continued as red (not black) into the axil; first dorsal golden, with red basal blotches on membranes; second dorsal golden, with crimson at base, spine and first ray white; caudal golden, first ray white above and below; anal golden, the spines and first ray white; all the vertical fins narrowly edged with red; ventrals mostly pink, with golden wash on first rays; pectoral plain crimson; axil light red. Color in alcohol, yellowish or orange white, the edges of the scales paler; some of the scales with small brownish dustings on the edges; edge of opercle black; opercle and cheek somewhat silvery; fins all pale yellowish, without dark edges. In some individuals the general color is more silvery, and in one example (No. 04860) the axil of the pectoral is somewhat dusky. In life the color is more scarlet than in M. -murdjan and the fins yellow, not red as in the latter and all other Hawaiian species. Plate 2 6 NviMa3A^^Jvayop snomiuwwAS sus FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 151 Myripristis chryseres is close to .!/. murdjan, from which it differs in the smaller scales, larger eye, less black in the axil, and the absence of black edges to the dorsal and anal fins as in the life colors already noted, the yellow fins being the most conspicuous character in life. It reaches a length of 9 or 10 inches and appears to be moderately abundant at Honolulu and Hilo. Type, No. 50629, U. S. N. M. (field No. 03463), a specimen 8 inches long, obtained at Hilo, Hawaii. Our collections contain 17 excellent specimens from Honolulu and Hilo, ranging in length from 4 to 9.5 inches. Myriprislis chryscrcs Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 1*. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11. 1903), 171, Hilo. 107. Myripristis symmetricus Jordan & Evermann. Plate 26. Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.4; eve 2.2 in head; snout 5; interorbital 3.8; D. x-i, 15; A. iv, 14; P. i, 14; V. i, 7; scales 4-36-6. Body elongate, deep, compressed, greatest depth about midway between origin of centrals and anal; upper and lower profiles evenly convex; head compressed, as long as deep, its width 1.7 in its length; snout short, broad, blunt, and steep; upper profile of head straight from above. nostril to occiput; eye very large, high, hardly impinging upon the upper profile of head, its diameter greater than postocular region; mouth very large, oblique; mandible slightly projecting and reaching posteriorly to below posterior rim of pupil; distal expanded extremity of maxillary 2.35 in eye; several enlarged blunt teeth on outer front edges of mandible; teeth in jaws, on voiyer, and palatines very fine, in bands; tongue thick, pointed, free; suborbital rim narrow, finely serrate; lower posterior margin of maxillary smooth; lips rather thick and fleshy; nostrils close together, posterior very large, close to front rim of orbit; bones of head all finely serrate; opercle with well-developed spine; gill-opening large, filaments large; gillrakers long, fine, the longest longer than longest gill-filament; pseudobranchise very large; dor¬ sal spines slender, sharp, first 2.75 in head, second 2.1, third 2, fourth 1.9, tenth 6, and last 3.6; soft dorsal with anterior rays elevated, produced into a point which projects beyond tip of posterior rays when fin is depressed, first ray 1.4 in head, third 1.35, and last 3.75; anal spines graduated to last, third enlarged, 2.5 in head, fourth 2.9; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, anterior rays produced, first 1.4, third 1.3, and last 4.6; caudal elongate, deeply forked, the lobes pointed, 1.2 in head, and reaching slightly behind tips of ventrals; ventrals sharp-pointed, 1.4 in head, spine 2.2; caudal peduncle elongate, compressed, its length 1.8 and its depth 3.2; scales large, finely ctenoid, deep on middle of side; lateral line running obliquely back, slightly curved at first, and posteriorly along upper side of caudal peduncle; 4 rudimentary, slender, sharp-pointed, graduated rays along upper and lower edges of caudal; scales narrowly imbricated along middle of side. Color in alcohol, pale straw-color; fins paler, except the anterior dorsal and anal rays, which are grayish; margin of opercle above blackish; axil of pectoral black. This species was found both at Honolulu and Hilo, but does not appear to be common at either place. Our 4 specimens each about 5 inches long. Myripristis symmetricus Jordan *£ Evermaun. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11. 1903), 173, Hilo. 108. Myripristis sealei Jenkins. Fig. 53. Head 3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 2.5 in head; snout 5; maxillary 1.8; interorbital 4; IX x-i, 15; A. iv, 13; P. i, 15; V. i, 7; scales 4-37-8. Body elongate, deep, compressed, greatest depth at about tip of pectoral; upper and lower profiles about evenly convex; head compressed, rather elongate, a little longer than deep, its width 1.8 in its length; snout short, broad, blunt, convex, steep; upper profile of head nearly' straight from above nostril to occiput; eye large, high, hardly impinging upon the upper profile of head, about equal to postocular part; mouth large, oblique; mandible slightly projecting, reaching below posterior rim of pupil; distal expanded extremity of maxillary 1.7 in eye; teeth sharp, minute, not enlarged on edges of jaws; teeth in jaws and on vomer and palatines in bands; tongue elongate, rounded, free; suborbital rim narrow, finely serrate; lower posterior margin of maxillary smooth; lips rather thick, fleshy; nostrils close together, posterior very large, close to front rim of orbit; bones on head all finely serrate; opercle with Well-developed spine; gill-opening large, filaments large; gillrakers long, fine, longest longer than longest gill-filaments; pseudobranchiae very large, free for distal half; dorsal 152 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. spines slender, sharp, first 3.2, second 2, third 1.9, tenth 4.6, last 3.3 in head; anterior dorsal rays elongate, bluntly pointed, second ray 1.7, last 5.5; .third anal spine large, 2.5 in head; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, second ray 1.7, last 6.4; caudal elongate, forked, the lobes pointed; pectoral small, pointed, 1.5; ventral 1.5, spine 2.25; scales large, finely ctenoid; lateral line slightly convex, running Fig. 53. — Myripristis sralei Jenkins; from tlm type. down obliquely to base of caudal along upper side of caudal peduncle; 4 slender, sharp-pointed graduated rays above and below. Color in alcohol, pale brown, or brownish white, fins pale or whitish; no black or brown on edges of gill-opening or in axil of pectoral. This species is known only from the type and 11 other examples collected by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, ranging in length from 2.2 to 5.25 inches. Myripristis scale i. Jenkins. Bull. l\S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 439, tig. 13, Honolulu. 109. Myripristis murdjan (Forskal). “ U’u." Plate V. Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.3; eye 2.4 in head; snout 4.7; maxillary 1.75; interorbital 4.9; D. x-i, 14; A. iv, 13; P. I, 14; V. i, 7; scales 4-28 to 30-7. Body elongate, rather deep, compressed, its greatest depth about base of ventral; head rather large, its depth about, equal to its length; snout blunt, obtuse, broad, its upper profile convex, beyond which the upper profile of the head is nearly straight from above the nostril to occiput; eye very large, high, hardly impinging upon the upper profile of head, and its diameter nearly equal to postocular part of head; mouth very large, oblique; mandible slightly projecting, and maxillary not reaching posteriorly to below posterior margin of eye; distal expanded extremity of maxillary 1.65 in eye; several enlarged and blunt teeth on the outer front edges of jaws; teeth tine, in broad bands in jaws, on vomer, and palatines; tongue rather thick, pointed, free; suborbital rim narrow, finely serrate; lower posterior margin of maxillary with blunt denticulations; lips rather thick and fleshy; nostrils very close together, the posterior very large, close to front rim of orbit; bones on head all finely serrate; opercle with well-developed spine; gill-opening large, filaments large; gillrakers long, fine, the longest longer than longest gill-filaments; pseudobranchiae very large, 'longer than gill-filaments; dorsal spines rather slender, first spine 3.5 in head, second 2.8, third 2.25, tenth 6.8, and eleventh 4; anterior dorsal rays the highest, base of fin 2.3 in head; origin of soft anal behind soft dorsal, base of fin 2.5 in head, ante¬ rior rays highest; third anal spine enlarged, equal to fourth, which is slender; caudal rather small, forked; pectoral small; ventral reaching two-thirds distance to anus, 1.7 in head; ventral spine slender, 2.2 in head; caudal peduncle elongate, compressed, its length 2.3 in head and its depth 3.6; scales FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 158 large, ctenoid, deep on middle of side, lateral line obliquely curved at first, then running obliquely down to base of caudal, also running obliquely along upper side of caudal peduncle; 4 rudimentary caudal rays above and below, slender, sharp pointed, and graduated. Color in life, red, the center of each scale pale; a black bar across opercular region down to axil of pectoral; first dorsal with pink spines, membranes of basal half translucent pearly, of upper half orange-yellow; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal crimson, the first rays white in each case; pectoral red, its axil blackish blood-red. Another example (No. 03487) was deep brick-red in life; the opercular blotch very plain, including axil; first dorsal orange, whitish at base; lobes of second dorsal, anal, and caudal largely black; soft anal, caudal, and ventral with first ray white; iris red. In alcohol, pale straw-color, fins plain and paler; upper margin of operele and axil of pectoral blackish. Described from an example (03464) taken at Honolulu. This species is the common U’u of Hawaii, a food-fish always in the markets, taken in rocky places with the hook. The natives have a curious method of fishing for it. A live individual of the same or a closely related species is attached to a line and dropped in the water in front of the rocks inhabited by the U’u, where, with fins spread, it arouses the enmity of its rivals, who at. once attack it. They are then drawn upward in a net, and one of them takes the place of the first decoy. Our collections contain 25 specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua, ranging from 4 to 11.25 inches in length. Specimens were also secured by the Albatross at Laysan. The species is abundant at Samoa. Seisena murdjan Forskal, Descript. Animal., 48, 1775, Djidda, Red Sea. Perea murdjan, Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 8(5, 1801 (Arabian Seas). Myripristis murdjan, Riippell, Fisehe Roth. Meer., 86, pi. 23, tig. 2, 1828; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, III, 92, Pis. LX I and LXII, 1874 (Hawaiian Islands), (not Intermedia and adjusta); Steindachncr, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900.492 (Hawaiian Islands); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 501 (Honolulu); Seale, Occas. Pap. Bishop Mils., I. 67, 1901 (Guam); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 440 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Laysan Island). Myripristis melanophrys Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 207, 1839; founded on Ruppell’s figure. 110. Myripristis berndti Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 54. Head 2.8 in length; depth 2.4; eye 2.7 in head; snout 4.7; maxillary 1.7; interorbital 4.9; D. x-i, 16; A. iv, 14; P. i, 14; V. i, 7; scales 4-32-7. Fig. 54. — Myripristis hentdti Jordan Evermann; from the type. Body elongate, deep, compressed, its greatest depth at base of ventral; head large, compressed, its depth less than its length; snout short, blunt, convex, its width about twice its length; upper profile of head straight from above nostril to occiput; eye large, high, its diameter a little less than posterior 154 BULLETIN OF TIIE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. part of head- and its upper rim hardly impinging upon upper profile of head; mouth very large, oblique; mandible slightly projecting, the maxillary not reaching posterior margin of eye; distal expanded extremity of maxillary 1.7 in eye; several enlarged, blunt teeth on outer front edges of jaw and sides of mandible; teeth in jaws fine, in broad bands, also on vomer and palatines; tongue thick, pointed, and free in front; suborbital rim narrow, finely serrate; lower posterior margin of maxillary with blunt denticulations; lips gather thick and fleshy; nostrils close together, posterior very large, close to front rim of orbit; bones of head all finely serrate; operele with well-developed spine; gill¬ opening large, filaments rather large; gillrakers long, fine, the longest longer than longest gill-filaments; pseudobranchise very large, outer portions free for half their length; dorsal spines slender, first 3.4 in head, second 2.6, third 2.2, fourth 2.2, tenth 6.4, and last 3.5; anterior dorsal rays elevated, produced into a point, first 1.8, second 1.7, and last 8; first and second anal spines short, third 2.6, and fourth 2.8; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, anterior ray 1.75, third 1.8, and last 6; caudal forked, lobes pointed, 1.2; pectoral rather small, pointed, 1.4; ventral 1.6, reaching 0.65 distance to anus; caudal peduncle elongate, compressed, 2.2 in head, its depth 3.25; scales large, ctenoid, deep; lateral line slightly arched, running obliquely down on side along upper part of caudal peduncle; 4 rudimentary caudal rays above and below, slender, sharp pointed, and graduated. Color in life (03370), deep red, with silvery luster; no stripes on side, a blood-red band across gill-opening and base of pectoral; fins deep red, without white edgings, distal half of spinous dorsal shading into orange. Color in alcohol, pale straw-color, fins plain and paler; upper margin of operele blackish, and axil of pectoral black; anterior margins of soft dorsal and anal whitish. Described from one of 16 excellent specimens 7 to 9 inches long, obtained at Honolulu. It was not seen at Hilo. Myriprislis berndti Jordan & Evermann, Hull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 170, Honolulu (Type, No. 50627 U. S. N. M.); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu). 111. Myripristis argyromus Jordan & Evermann. Plate 27 and Fig. 55. Head 3.5 in length; depth 2.75; eye 2.4 in head; snout 5; maxillary 1.8; mandible 1.6; interor¬ bital 3.75; D. x-i, 15; A. iv, 13; scales 4-33-5. Body rather long ami compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines about equally and evenly convex from snout to origin of anal and soft dorsal fins; head rather large but short; mouth moderate, max¬ illary reaching vertical at posterior edge of pupil, the exposed portion broad, triangular, the upper edge concave, the end rounded, and the anterior edge with short blunt teeth, strongest at angle; tip of Fig. 55 . — Myripristis ai'fPjromu* J ordan & Evermann; from the type. B u 1 1. U. S. F.C. 1903 Plate 27 Myripristis argyromus Jordan & Evermann, Type FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 155 upper jaw with a shallow notch roughened at its outer edges; jaws equal, lower fitting into the notch of upper and with 2 patches of strong blunt tooth-like tubercles at its tip; eye large, its middle above level of tip of upper jaw; interorbital space wide and slightly convex; 2 low, nearly parallel median ridges from tip of snout to nape, diverging slightly at their middle, another low ridge from above orbit backward to nape, and another backward around orbit; ridges on nape divergent; suborbital narrow, dentate on both edges; opercular bones all striate, and dentate at the edges; opercle with a short, flat, triangular spine; scales large, rough, striate near the edges, which are finely toothed; a series of 4 or 5 large modified scales across nape, and a series of triangular scales along bases of dorsal and anal; about 10 scales in front of dorsal; origin of dorsal about over lower base of pectoral; dorsal spines slender, the first 3.2 in head, third and fourth longest, about equal to orbit; interval between dorsals very short; anterior dorsal rays somewhat produced, their length equal to snout and eye; edge of fin concave, last rays nearly 3, or equal to pupil; anal spines graduated, the first very small, second short but stout, third much longer and stoutest, its length 1.3 in eye, fourth still longer and more slender; anterior anal rays produced, their length about equal to that of longest dorsal rays, free edge of fin concave; caudal evenly forked, the lobes equal to length of head; pectoral long ami pointed, reaching beyond tips of ventrals, about 1.3 in head; ventrals shorter, 1.6 in head, their tips equally distant between their bases and that of first anal ray. Color in alcohol, pale yellowish-white, brightest above, more silvery' on side and belly; opercular bones with fine round brownish specks; edge of opercle not black, scarcely dusky; axil dusky inside but not showing above fin; fins pale yellowish-white without any dark on edges. Type, No. 50631, U. S. N. M. (field No. 04829), a fine specimen 9.5 inches long, obtained by us at Hilo, Hawaii. M. argyromus is related to M. berndti, but is distinguished by the more slender body, the absence of black on the opercle, and the paler axil. It does not appear to be abundant and is represented in our collections by only 8 specimens, ranging in length from 6.5 to 9 inches. All but the type are from Honolulu. ilyriprietis argyromus Jordan A: Evermanu, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 179, Hilo. Genus 92. FLAMMEO Jordan & Evermann. This genus is distinguished by the very large mouth and projecting chin. The lower jaw is con¬ siderably more than half length of head, and the chin projects beyond upper jaw. In the species properly referable to Ilolocentrus, the lower jaw is slightly projecting or included and its length is less than one-half the head. Renewed comparison of the varied forms seems to show that Flammeo should be regarded as a subgenus of Ilolocentrus. Flammeo Jordan A Evermanu, Fishes North and Mid. Arner., Ill, 2871, 1898 ( nmrianus ). a. Color in life, dull crimson brown or maroon, side with 10 more or less distinct dark stripes; in alcohol, silvery with distinct dark stripes . sammara, p. 155 an. Color in life, red, paler on sides, side with 10 to 12 narrow yellow stripes; in alcohol, pale, without stripes . scythrops, p. 157 112. Flammeo sammara (Forskal). Fig. 56. Head 2.75 in length; depth 3.25; eye 3.75 in head (3 to 3.75); snout 4.5; interorbital 4.2; maxillary 2.6; D. xi, .12, longest dorsal spine 2.2 in head, ray 2.2; A. iv, 8, longest spine 1.6 in head; pectoral ray 2; ventral ray 1.9; scales 4-38 to 44-6; opercular spines 2, about equal, rather short; preopercular spine short. Body oblong, compressed, very spindle-shaped in large examples; dorsal outline arched from tip of snout to caudal peduncle; ventral outline less arched than dorsal, not so marked in small examples; head subconic, compressed; mouth large, nearly horizontal; lower jaw prominent, produced, its pro¬ duced tip forming a straight line with anterior part of head; each jaw, vomer, and palatines with blunt, or slightly conic, close-set, rather pavement-like teeth, 1 on tongue; tongue king, narrow, rounded, the long, narrow anterior part and sides, free; maxillary extending to anterior edge of pupil in large examples, nearly to posterior edge in small ones; eye high, anterior; interorbital flat; first dorsal spine two-thirds second, the third the longest, tapering evenly from it to the last, which is one- half the first; third soft dorsal longest; caudal evenly forked; fourth anal spine three-fourths of third, the latter sheathed, its upper part almost hidden in the latter when fin is depressed. 156 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in alcohol, dull silvery, with bluish reflections, darker above; each scale, with many dark punctulations, these more numerous and distinct in the posterior center of each scale, and forming longitudinal stripes along each row of scales; upper portion of membrane before third dorsal spine black, making a black blotch on fin; other fins pale. Color in life, dull crimson brown or maroon; sidessilvery, faint dark stripes and dots along rowsof scales; lateral band in a distinct maroon stripe; sides of head much dotted; eye silvery with a streak of red anteriorly; spinous dorsal translucent, the base and tip opaque white, the outlines irregular, a large blood-red blotch on anterior 3 spines and membranes; soft dorsal maroon in front and at base, t he rest pale golden; caudal maroon on each lobe, the middle dull orange; anal pale yellowish, mem¬ branes of first spines maroon; pectoral light red; ventrals pure white. The above description from specimen 03374, 10.75 inches long, from Honolulu, where the species is rather common in the market. Another example (No. 03407) had general color silvery in life, lake red on back, and with deeper streak along lateral line; eye silvery, with streak of red anteriorly; belly pale yellowish white; 2 par¬ allel lines of dark spots on anterior 15 scales of the first 2 rows above lateral line; anterior edge of spinous dorsal white, tapering to a point posteriorly and below a transparent bar in which spines are tinged with lake-red; a series of milk-white spots at base of spinous dorsal just behind each spine, FIG. 56. — Flammco sammar a (Forskal). the first the highest and extending in front of jet black ocellus edged with lake-red which extends over first 3 spines; first 3 rays of soft dorsal lake-red, then tinged with yellow over fourth and fifth, and the rest of the fin more or less transparent; a pale yellow line on soft dorsal along upper edge and base of fin, the former growing narrower posteriorly, fourth anal spine and first ray lake-red, rest of fin like soft dorsal; caudal with outer rays lake-red, last outside ray above and below white, center colorless, edge pale yellow; pectoral with pale-red tinge on rays; ventral colorless. Our collections contain 8 specimens taken by us at Honolulu in 1901, 4 secured bv Dr. Jenkins at the same place in 1889, 1 by Dr. Wood in 1898, 4 by the Albatross at the island of Makemo in 1899, and many others obtained by Dr. Jordan at Samoa in 1902. The Albatross obtained specimens at Hono¬ lulu and Laysan in 1902. The species has been recorded from Guam by Mr. Seale, and it is common at Samoa. Scixna sammara Forskal, Descr. Animal., 48, 1775, Djidda; Schneider, Syst. Ichtli., 89, 1801 (after Forskal). Labr)is imtjulosrs I,ac6p’i)de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 430, pi. 22, fig. 1, 1801, no locality. Holocentrus xammara, Ruppell, Atlas, zu der Reise im Nordl. Afrika, 85, pi. 22, fig. 3. 1828. Holocentrumsamnara, Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. 1 1 1.216. 1829 (Sea of the Indies); Gunther, Fische der Stidsee, 100, 1875 (Society and Paumotu islands). Holocentrum christianum Ehrenberg in Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. nr, 219, 1829, Cosseir. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 157 Holocentrus/uscostriat ux Seale, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, I, No. 3, 69, 1901, Guam. lloloceiitrumtahiticum Kner, Novara Fische, III, 9, pi. 16, fig. 2. 1869, Tahiti. Flammi’o scmmara, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903). 440 < Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu; Laysan Island). Holocent.hi'us thomtonensix Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1904, 231, Thornton Island; young. 113. Flammeo scythrops Jordan & Evermann. Plate VII and Fig. 57. Head (measured to end of flap) 2.75 in length; depth 3; eye 3 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.1 ; mandible 1.8; interorbital 5; I>. xi, 13; A. iv, 9; scales 5-18-7, 5 rows on cheek; Br. 7. Body oblong, rather slender; dorsal outline gently and rather evenly curved from tip of snout to origin of soft dorsal, more nearly straight from tip of snout to nape; ventral outline less convex; head long; snout long and pointed; maxillary broad, with a strong supplemental bone whose lower edge forms a broad angle; end of maxillary slightly concave; lower jaw long, much projecting, tip promi¬ nent; mouth large, not greatly oblique; maxillary nearly reaching vertical at posterior line of pupil; lips broad, rounded, and soft; eye large, lower edge of pupil on axis of body; interorbital space with a broad, shallow groove between low ridges, 1 on each side; space between ridge and eye with short, curved ridges; nape on each side with a grouj> of 8 or 10 short, sharp ridges, diverging backward and Fig. 57. — Flammeo seylhrops Jordan & Evermann; from the type. ending in short, sharp spines; posterior part of supraocular with a patch of short spines; suborital dentate on its lower edge; preorbital with 2 blunt prominences in front, a strong, recurved spine below, ridges and spines on its upper surface; opercular bones all strongly striate, the stria? ending in short spines; entire surface of interopercle striate; opercle with 2 strong spines, the lower the stronger, its length 1.6 in orbit; preopercle with a very strong spine at angle, its length nearly equaling diameter of orbit, its surface striate, and its base with a series of small spines; undersurface of dentary somewhat roughened; surface of articular bone much rougher; jaws each with a broad baud of villiform teeth, the outer series on upper jaw stronger; a narrow series on each palatine and a patch on vomer; scales moderate, the surfaces usually nearly smooth, the edges finely toothed; a series ot strongly striate scales across nape, and a strong, striated plate at shoulder; lateral line well developed, little arc bed, with about 45 pores; bases of soft dorsal and anal eacli with series of modified triangular scales; caudal with small scales on base and fine scales on membranes, extending well toward tips of outer rays; origin of spinous dorsal in advance of base of pectoral or over middle of upper opercular spine; dorsal spines in a broad, deep groove, moderately strong, middle one longest, 2.3 in head, first a little shorter than snout, tenth more than half eye; dorsal rays longer than spines, longest 2.2 in head; first anal spine very short, second about 3 times as long; third anal spine very long and strong, but little curved, 158 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. reaching past base of anal, its length 1.5 in head; fourth anal spine shorter and more slender, its length 2.25 in head and equaling longest anal rays; last anal ray much shorter, L6 in eye; pectoral long and slender, 1.2 in head, the tip nearly reaching vent; ventrals shorter, equal to snout and eye; caudal forked, the lobes equal, not strongly divergent, their length about equaling that of third anal spine; rudimentary caudal spines 5 above, 4 below, strong and sharp. Color in life, head red above, paler on sides, nearly white below; tips of jaws rich red; side of body with about 10 or 12 narrow yellow stripes separated by red or rosy stripes of about same width, those below paler and somewhat purplish; under parts purplish or pinkish white; the stripes begin¬ ning at edge of opercle and ceasing at base of caudal peduncle, which is rich red above, becoming paler on side and below; membranes between the first and third dorsal spines rich blood-red, those between other spines white at base, each with distal portion lemon-yellow in front and red behind, last 2 or 3 membranes with little or no yellow; dorsal spines pale rosy, nearly white; soft dorsal, anal, pectoral, and ventral with rays rosy, membranes pale; ventral with a little yellow at base; anal spines somewhat dusky; caudal rich blood-red, paler distally; eye red, a narrow yellow ring around pupil. Another example (No. 03041), much faded, was bright red; stripes on side equally bright golden; fins red; edges of dorsal membranes pale; no markings evident on fins. Color in life of another example. (No. 03451), side with 10 or 11 longitudinal golden or yellow bands; Spinous dorsal more or less white; membranes between first and third dorsal spines more or less deep Vermillion, except the upper marginal portion behind second spine, which is white; a red blotch along margin of membranes just before each of the other dorsal spines. Color of another specimen (No. 03490) when fresh, violet-rose with 10 stripes of bright golden on side; dorsal red, mottled with golden, the first 2 spines deep red; soft, dorsal and other tins rather light red without edgings, and scarcely darker behind third anal spine; pectoral and ventrals pink; a red dash across cheek, space above and below whitish; temporal region deep red; iris red. All these colors fade in alcohol and the fish becomes a pale yellowish white, the longitudinal lines on side show¬ ing faintly as duller and brighter stripes of yellowish white; fins all whitish or yellowish white, membranes of spinous dorsal whiter. The above description from the type, No. 50633, U.S.N.M. (field No. 034S8), a specimen 9 inches long, obtained by us at Honolulu. An examination of our large series of cotypes shows but slight variations, the characters appearing quite stable. In some examples the upper opercular spine is the larger, in others the two are equal; in 2 examples we find 3 opercular spines each. This species has several times been called Iluloceutrum argenteum. The species described under that name by Quoy and Gaimard from New Guinea resembles this in the slender body and general coloration, but differs in having the lower jaw included, eye much smaller, mouth smaller, and the preopercular spine weaker. It was intended for Holocentrus lacteoguttatus of the East Indies, a species wrongly called punch ttissimus by Meeker. This is one of the most abundant species in the markets at Honolulu and Hilo. It reaches a length of 8 to 10 inches. Our 30 specimens range in length from 5 to 10 inches. Holocentrum argenteum, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 492 (Honolulu and Laysan); not of Cuvier A Valenciennes. Fta'inmen scytl/rops Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 174, Honolulu. Genus 93. HOLOCENTRUS Scopoli. “Alalhi.” Body oblong, moderately compressed, the ventral outline nearly straight, the back a little elevated, the tail very slender; head compressed, narrowed forward; opercle with a strong spine above, below which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at angle of preopercle; orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, interopercle, subopercle, occiput, and shoulder-girdle with their edges sharply serrate; mouth small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting in the adult; in the young (which constitute the supposed genera lihynchichthys and Iihinoberyx) the snout is much produced; maxillary broad, striate, with a supplemental bone; eye excessively large; scales moderate, closely imbricated, the posterior margin strongly spinous; lateral line continuous; dorsal deeply emarginate, the spines usually 11, depressible in a groove; soft dorsal short and high; anal with 4 spines, the first and second quite small, the third very long and strong, the fourth smaller; caudal widely forked; both lobes with the rudimentary rays spinelike; ventrals large, i, 7, the spine very strong. Species numerous, remarkable for the development of sharp spines almost everywhere on the surface, of the body. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 159 Holocentrus Bloch, Ichthyol., VII. 46. 1767 (sogo). llolocenthrus Scopoli, lilt. Hist. Nat., 149. 1778 (rostral us i .■ misprint for Holocentrus. Rhynchichthys Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss.. VII. 503, 1831 (pdamidis; young). Rhinoberyx Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 237 (brack i/rhynchus; young). Sargocentron Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1904, 230 (Ico). Holoccnlrum of authors generally. a. Two opercular spines. b. Head 3 or more in length (3 to 3.25). c. Eye rather large, 2.75 to 2.9 in head. d. Axil of pectoral grayish; spinous dorsal mainly black; head 3.25; depth 2.75; dorsal rays 13; anal rays 9; scales 4—18-8 . diadema, p. 159 dd. Axil of pectoral brown; spinous dorsal mainly pale; head 3; depth 3: dorsal rays 14; anal rays 10; scales 4—17-7 . microstomus, p. 160 cc. Eye rather small, 3.4 to 4.7 in head. e. Mouth rather large, maxillary reaching beyond posterior margin of pupil . spinifer, p. 161 ce. Mouth rather small, maxillary reaching about to front margin of pupil. /. Eye comparatively small, 4.5 in head; dorsal bright red; side with longitudinal violet bands.. .erythr&u$,\>. 161 //. Eye comparatively large, 3.4 in head; side with alternating longitudinal red and white bands; dorsal pale, with large red spots near edge . punctatissimus, p. 162 66. Head less than 3 in length (2.8) . xanthenythrus, p. 164 aa. One opercular spine . . . . ensifer, p. 165 114. Holocentrus diadema Lacepede. “Alaihi kalaloa.” Plate X. Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.75; eye 2.9 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 3.1: interorbital 4.5; II. xi, 13; A. iv, 9; P. i. 13; V. i, 7; scales 4 — 17—7. Body elongate, deep, compressed, greatest depth about midway between origin of ventral and anal; upper and lower profiles evenly convex; head compressed, longer than deep, its width half its length; snout short, broad, blunt, steep; upper profile of head slightly convex, eye very large, imping¬ ing upon upper profile, anterior, the posterior margin of pupil a little before middle of bead, and its diameter a little less than postocular region; mouth small, slightly oblique; maxillary reaching a little beyond front rim of orbit, but not to pupil, small and its distal expanded extremity 1.6 in pupil; teeth in jaws, on vomer and palatines, pointed, crowded, small; tongue pointed, free; suborbital rim nar¬ row, finely serrate; lips thick, fleshy; nostrils close together, anterior very large, close to eye; bones on head all finely serrate, the opercle with 2 well-developed spines, the upper the larger; preoperele with a strong spine reaching beyond gill-opening; gill-opening large, filaments rather long, gill rakers compressed, short, in moderate number; pseudobranchise large; dorsal spines sharp, pointed, first 3.5 in head, second 2.2, third 1.8, fourth 1.6, eleventh 4.2; anterior dorsal rays produced, pointed, third l. 6 in head, last 5; third anal spine enlarged 1.3, fourth 2; anal similar to soft dorsal, first ray longest, 1.5, last 4.5; caudal rather small, deeply forked; pectoral 1.7; ventral 1.1; caudle peduncle elongate, compressed, its length 1.8, depth 3.8. Color when fresh, side and upper parts rosy, deep or dark red in life; about 11 very distinct horizontal white lines, the upper narrower and somewhat rosy, these separating a corresponding number of rosy lines; head with 3 oblique white stripes on cheek, interspaces rosy; spinous dorsal deep blood-red, fading to blackish; a narrow white stripe near the base, ending at the fifth spine; a similar less regular stripe from ninth spine to end of fin above middle of spine, each spine tipped with white; soft dorsal light rosy, first ray deep red; caudal light rosy, upper and lower margins deep red with a very narrow white edge; anal light rosy, membrane from third spine to first, soft ray deep blood red; pectoral pale rosy, without dark spot at base; ventral spine and first ray white, the second ray and membrane deep red, rest of fin light rosy; iris red. Color in alcohol, pale silvery brown or whitish, each scale on hack sprinkled with many fine dark brown dots; side with 8 narrow white longitudinal lines; inside of pectoral grayish; spinous dorsal black, except upper extremities of membranes between each 2 spines; a narrow line on lower part, of fin running as far as sixth spine, and another running from seventh spine on upper part to end of fin; membrane between third anal spine and first soft ray at first whitish and then blackish; ventrals whitish. Described from an example(No. 03162) taken at Honolulu. This is a small species, very abundant along the shores of the Hawaiian Islands; also abundant at Samoa. Our collection contains one example from Hilo and 22 from Honolulu. Dr. Jenkins records 11 specimens obtained by him at Honolulu in 160 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 1889. The A Ibatross secured specimens at Honolulu, Laysan Island, and at station 3834, on the southern coast of Molokai, in 8 fathoms. Our specimens range from 4 to 6.5 inches in length. Holocentrus diadema LaccpMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 335, 372, 374, pi. 32, tig. 3, 1802, South Seas; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 501 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 440 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu; Laysan Island; Albatross Station 3834). Perea pulcliella Bennett, Zool. Joum., Ill, 377, pi. 9, fig. 3, 1827, Sumatra. Holoeentrum diadema, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 213, 1829 (lie de France; Timor; Borabora; Society Islands); Gunther. Fischc der Siidsee, 97, 1873 (Samoa; Tahiti; Tonga; Hawaiian Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 492, 1900 (Honolulu; Laysan). 115. Holocentrus microstomus Gunther. Fig. 58. Head 3 in length; depth 3; eye 2.75 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.7; interorbital 5; D. xi, 14; A. iv, 10; P. i, 14; V. i, 7; scales 4-48-8. Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about ventral fin, upper and lower profiles evenly convex; head compressed, longer than deep, and pointed, its width a little less than half its length; upper profile of head slightly convex; eye very large, impinging upon upper profile, the posterior margin of pupil nearly midway in length of head, and a little less than postocular reg on; mouth Fin. 58. — Holocentrus microstnmus Gunther; after Gilnther. small, slightly oblique; maxillary reaching a little beyond anterior margin of pupil, small, its distal expanded extremity 1.25 in pupil; teeth minute, crowded; tongue pointed, free; , suborbital rim very narrow, finely serrate; lips thick, fleshy; nostrils close together, anterior very large, close to eye; bones on head all finely serrate, the opercle with two well-developed spines, the upper the longer; preopercle with a strong spine reaching beyond gill-opening; gill-opening large, filaments rather long, gillrakers compressed, short, in moderate number; pseudobranchiie large; dorsal spines sharp, pointed, first 3 in head, second 2.3, third 2, eleventh 6; anterior dorsal rays elongate, fourth 2 in head, last 5; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, last ray 5; caudal small, forked, lobes pointed; pectoral small, 1.6 in head; ventral reaching three-fohrths distance to anus, fin 1.4 in head, spine 2; caudal peduncle elongate, its length 1.19, its depth 3.9. Color in alcohol (No. 03486) pale silvery brown or whitish, side with 9 or 10 narrow white longi¬ tudinal lines; axil of pectoral brown; spinous dorsal pale, with a broad blackish band from middle of membrane between first 2 spines, edged above and below with whitish in front; fins pale or whitish. Described from an example (No. 04263) taken at Honolulu. We have examined 2 other specimens obtained at Honolulu by Dr. Wood and recorded by Dr. Jenkins. They range from 5.5 to 6.2 inches in length. The species is common at Samoa. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 161 Jlolocentrum microstoma Gunther, Cat., I, 34, 1859. Amboyna; Gunther, Fischc ears to be common at the former place. The 9 specimens we have examined are ti to 9.75 inches long. Holocentrus ensifer Jordan & Evermann, Bull. f. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr, 11. 1903), 170. Honolulu. Family L. POLYMIXIIDtE. — The Barbados. Body rather elongated and compressed; scales not serrated; lateral line continuous with back; head compressed and with a declined profile; preopercle serrated; mouth with a lateral and nearly horizontal cleft; teeth villiform, on both jaws and on palate; branchiostegal apertures large, the gill- membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branchioetegals 4; dorsal moderately elongated, with several spines, increasing backward; anal opposite tile posterior portion of dorsal, armed with 3 or 4 spines; pectoral with branched rays; ventral fins thoracic, each with a spine and 6 or 7 rays. Vertebra in increased number (29). The family is distinguished by the combination of chin barbels, increased number of rays, and small number of branehiostegals. The increased number of ventral rays and the structure of the fins seem to point to berveoid rather than percoid affinities. Mr. Starks has shown that the structure of the barbels is quite unlike that seen in the M ullidtc, notwithstanding the strong external resemblance. A single genus, with 1 to 3 species, inhabiting rather deep waters in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 166 Genus 94. POLYMIXIA Lowe. Barbudo. Characters of the genus included above. The species are fully described in Section II. Polymixia Lowe, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1838, 198 ( nobilis ). Nemobrama Valenciennes, Berher-Webb & Berthelot, Ieh. lies Canar., 40, 1844 (nvlibli). Dinemvs Poey, Memories, II, HiO, 1800 (venustvs). Suborder SELENICHTHYES. This group is especially characterized by the presence of 14 to 17 rays in the ventral tins. The long dorsal is made of soft, rays only, and the hypocoracoid bone is greatly dilated. It is probably allied to the group of Scombroidei. One family, the Lampridse. Family 1.1. LAMPRIDSE. — The Mariposas. Body ovate, comoressed and elevated,, covered with minute, cycloid scales; head small, rather pointed; mouth small, terminal, without teeth in the adult, its angle with slits in the skin to permit motion of jaws, as in the tunnies; premaxillaries protractile; opercular hones entire; dorsal fin single, very long, elevated, and falcate in front, without distinct spines; anal long and low, not at all falcate; both fins depressible in a groove; ventral fins thoracic, but behind the pectorals, attached to a very long pubic bone, composed of 14 to 17 soft rays; pectoral fins large, falcate, their bases horizontal; caudal fin moderately forked, its peduncle short and slender, without keel; a pit at base of caudal, above and below, as in certain sharks; lateral line present, much arched in front; branchiostegals 6; gill-membranes free from isthmus; esophagus not armed with spinous teeth; air-bladder ,arge, bifur¬ cate behind; pyloric appendages very numerous; vertebra- 45; hypocoracoid very much dilated, as in Bratna, the entire shoulder-girdle very heavy; the pubic bone much longer than in Bnmui. Fishes of large size and gorgeous coloration, inhabiting the open seas, the flesh firm and rich. A single genus with probably but one species. It resembles the tunnies in the character of the flesh, but the form is very different, and the character of the anal fin separates it widely from all mackerel-like fishes. Genus 95. LAMPRIS Retzius. Mariposas. Characters of the genus included above. The single species is cosmopolitan, most beautifully colored, and unsurpassed as food, the flesh rich, firm, and delicate. Lampris Retzius, K. Vet. Ac. Nya Handlingar, XX, 1799, 97 ( yutlatm ). Ch rysotos us Laef-pM c , Hist. Nat. Poiss., It'. 586, 1802 (luna=guttatns). 121. Lampris regius ( Bonnaterre ) . Head 3.25 in length; depth 1.75; D. 53 to 55; A. 38 to 41; V. 14 to 17; vertebras 23 + 22=45. Body short and very deep, sides much compressed; mouth toothless; longest dorsal ray shorter than pectorals, which are nearly as long as head; anal very low in front, a little higher behind. Color a rich brocade of silver and lilac, rosy on belly; everywhere with round silvery spots; head, opercles, and back with ultramarine tints; jaws and fins vermilion; flesh red, of varying shades. Skeleton strong and firm. Length 3 to 6 feet. Open waters of the Atlantic and Pacific; frequently taken off the coasts of Europe; not rare off Madeira; occasionally taken off Newfoundland, Maine, and Cuba; also at Monterey and other places in California, and in Japan. Mr. Berndt sends a photograph of a specimen of this species, weighing 1 76 pounds, taken off Honolulu. One of the choicest of fishes, the flesh rich, firm, and of delicate flavor. Zeus regius Bonnaterre, Eneycl. Ichth., 72, pi. 39, 178$, Torbay, England; after Opali of Pennent. Zeus guttatus Briinnich, Danske Selskr., Ill, 398, 1788, Elsinore, Denmark. Zeus luna Gmelin, Syst. Nat., III. 1225, 1789. Normandy; after Poisson du Lune, Du Hamel, Des Peche.s, III, 74. Lampris luna, Gunther, Cat.. II. 416, 1860; Day. Fish. Great Britain, 118. Lampris regius, Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 223, 1896. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 167 Group SCOMBROIDEI. — -The Maekerel-like Fishes. Body variously formed, usually adapted for rapid swimming; the scales usually small and cycloid or wanting, sometimes transformed into rough or bony plates, but rarely ctenoid; lateral line various, usually undulate or with an anterior arch and a posterior straight part, at least not regularly arched; sometimes wanting; flesh in typical forms, firm, oily, and reddish in color, but in some cases pale and soft; caudal peduncle almost always slender and strong, the caudal fin, if present, more or less deeply forked, except in certain deep-sea forms and in aberrant families, the structure typically adapted for swift propulsion; dorsal fin usually long, the spinous portion generally shorter than the soft part, sometimes absent; the spines seldom very strong, sometimes not differentiated from the soft rays; anal fin always more or less similar to soft dorsal; ventrals thoracic, subjugular, or subabdominal, usually with one slender spine and 5 rays, sometimes many-rayed, sometimes rudimentary or wholly wanting; branchiostegals few, usually 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gillrakers various; gill-mem¬ branes usually separate, sometimes joined together, rarely attached to the isthmus; mouth and dentition various; skeleton firm or variously soft, the structure as in spinous-raved fishes generally; the shoulder-girdle attached to the; cranium by a distinctly forked post-temporal, which is not adnate to the cranium; no orbitosphenoid ; vertebra; varying from 24 to more than 100, the high numbers found in pelagic species; intestinal canal short. This group of mackerel-like fishes is not capable of exact definition, its deviations from the ordinary type of spiny-rayed fishes being various and in various directions, so that no set of diagnostic characters will cover them. The group is not a suborder, as the term is generally understood; it is incapable of simple definition, and in its divergence some members approach to other groups more nearly than to typical or even extreme members of their own. The group is, however, a somewhat natural one, as by the common consent of ichthyologists its different types have always been kept near each other in the system of classi¬ fication. a. Ventral tins with fewer than 8 soft rays, usually I, 5, sometimes wanting. b. Bones of snout and upper jaw prolonged into a distinct sword; vertebne about 21; ventrals and teeth wanting in the adult; scales obsolete . Xiphiidse , p. 167 bb. Bones of snout not prolonged in a sword. c. Body fusiform or band-shaped, with many vertebrae (30 to 120), small or minute scales and dis- tinetly forked caudal on a slender peduncle (the fin sometimes wanting); dorsal and anal long, the spinous part of dorsal well developed. d. Caudal fin present. e. Soft dorsal and anal distinct from spinous part, the anterior rays forming a more or less distinct lobe; body moderately elongate, fusiform; caudal peduncle with a distinct keel; finlets always present; ventrals I, 5 . Scombridse, p. 168 ee. Soft dorsal and anal more or less continuous with spinous dorsal, their anterior rays not forming a distinct lobe; ventrals rudimentary . Lepidopidse, p. 176 cc. Body and fins various, not showing the combination noted under c. /. Vertebne 10 + 12 to 15 = 22 to 25; dorsal spines not long and filamentous; anal with 2 free spines in young . Caraiigidx, p. 179 //. Vertebne 30 or more (in excess of 10 + 14); dorsal fin with a distinct spinous part; spinous dorsal little developed, of 3 or 4 weak and slender spines continuous with the soft rays; dorsal fin beginning behind the head; body ovate; scales firm, not very small . Bramidse, p. 202 ///. Vertebree 30 or more (in excess of 10 + 14); dorsal fin without spinous part, all the rays branched and articulate; dorsal beginning as a crest on the head; body oblong; scales very small . Coryptusnidx, p. 203 Family LI I. XIPHIID.4L — The Swordfishes, Fishes of great size, with the body elongate, naked, the young covered with rough granulations; upper jaw very much prolonged, forming a “sword,” which is flattened horizontally and composed of the consolidated vomer, ethmoid, and premaxillaries; teeth wanting in the adult, present in the young; dorsal fin long, usually divided in the adult, continuous in the young, without differentiated spinous part, each part composed of soft rays, the posterior portion much smaller than the anterior and placed on the tail, resembling the second dorsal of a shark; fin rays enveloped in the skin; anal fin divided in the adult; caudal peduncle slender, with a strong median keel; caudal fin widely forked in the adult; ventral fins entirely wanting; no pelvic arch; gills of peculiar structure, the lamina; of each BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 168 arch joined into one plate by reticulations; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; pseudobranchise present; branehiostegals 7; air-bladder present, simple, large; pyloric cceea very numerous; intestinal canal long, with many folds; vertebrae short, 14 | 12 = 26 in number, the neural and hseinal spines normal; ribs very few. One species, an enormous fish of the open sea, rivaling the largest sharks in size and of immense strength of muscle. Very young or larval individuals differ much from the adults; the fins are high, both jaws are prolonged into a beak, and the head is armed with long spines. Genus 96. XIPHIAS Linnaeus. Swordfishes. Teeth and ventral fins lacking; body somewhat compressed; dorsal fins 2, the anterior beginning opposite the. gill-openings, falcate and elevated, its height rather less than that of the body; second dorsal very small, on the tail, opposite the small second anal. In the young, teeth are present and the 2 dorsal fins are connected, the fin being elevated as in Istiophorus. First anal similar to first dor¬ sal, but smaller, less falcate, and far behind it; pectoral fins moderate, falcate; skin naked, more or less rough, especially in the young, which have rudimentary scales; sword flattened and trenchant; caudal keel single; intestines long, sinuous; air-bladder simple; pelvic arch obsolete. Fishes of great size, reaching a weight of 300 to 400 pounds, the flesh red and rich in flavor, highly valued as food. Xiphias Linnaeus; Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 24S, 1758 ( gladius ). 1122. Xiphias gladius Linnaeus. Fig. 61. “ A’u.” Head about 2.25 in length; depth about 5.5; snout 3 in length; D. 40-4; A. 18-14; vertebra' 14+12; cleft of mouth extending beyond eye. Color dark metallic purplish above, dusky below; “sword” almost black above, below lighter; fins dark, with silvery sheen. Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts; most abundant between Cuba and Cape Breton; not rare off Cape Cod and the Newfoundland Banks; rather common in southern Europe; also found in the Pacific, occasionally taken about the Santa Barbara Islands, but not elsewhere recorded from the eastern Pacific. The object of extensive fisheries in the Atlantic. A single specimen was seen by us at Hilo. Others were seen by Air. Snyder at Honolulu. Xiphias gladius Linnseus, Syst, Nat., Ed. X, 248, 1758, Europe (after Xiphias, of Artedi); Bloch, Ichthyologia, III, 23, pi. 76, 1786: Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII. 255, 1831; Gunther, Cat., II, 511, 1860; Storer, Fishes Mass., 72. 1853; .Iordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 420, 1883; Snyder, Bull. t\ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu). Xiphias rondeleti Leach, in Wern. Mem.. II, 58, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1818, Frith of Forth. Family LI 1 1. SCOMBRID.F. The Mackerels. Body elongate, fusiform, not much compressed, covered with minute cycloid scales, the scales anteriorly sometimes forming a corselet; lateral line present, its course undulate; head pointed anteriorly, subconic; mouth rather large, with lateral cleft; premaxillary not protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone; jaws with sharp teeth, large or small; vomer and palatines toothed or not; preopercle entire; operele unarmed; in the very young the preopercle is armed with radiating FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 169 spines, which are later absorbed and lost; gill-openings very wide, the membranes not united, free from the isthmus; gillrakers usually long; pseudobranchiie present, large; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; branchiostegals 7; dorsal fins 2, the first of rather weak spines, depressible in a groove, the second similar to the anal; the elevated anterior lobe always distinct; anal spines weak; last rays of dorsal and anal detached and separate, forming in each case a series of finlets; caudal peduncle extremely slender, keeled, the caudal lobes abruptly diverging, falcate, the. fin adapted for rapid motion; ventral fins well developed, thoracic, i, 5; vertebra? in greater number than in Carangidu', the number ranging from 31 to 66; first upper pharyngeal present without teeth, third and fourth coossified, with teeth; lower pharvngeals separate; stomach sac-shaped; pyloric cceca numerous; air- bladder small, sometimes absent. Coloration metallic, often brilliant, the prevailing shade steel-blue. Genera about 12; species about 60. Fishes of the high seas, many of them cosmopolitan, and all hav¬ ing a wide range; most of them are valued as food-fishes, the flesh being firm and oily, but sometimes coarse. a. Caudal peduncle without median keel on each side . Scomber, p. 169 an. Caudal peduncle with a median keel on each side: a small keel above and one below this. h. Dorsal spines 10 to 16; gills normal, the laminae not forming a network, c. Body scaleless; excepting about the lateral line and corselet. d. Dorsals well separated, the interspace more than half head . Aiuia, p. 170 dd. Dorsals contiguous, the interspace more than 5 in head . G ymnosarda, p. 171 cc. Body wholly covered with small scales, those on the corselet and lateral line sometimes larger. e. Vomer and palatines with villiform or sand-like teeth; body robust, not compressed; verte¬ brae 39 to 41 . Germo, p. 174 ec. Vomer toothless; palatines with a single row of rather strong, conical teeth; body elongate, slightly compressed; vertebra? 60 to 54 . Sarda, p. 176 bb. Dorsal spines about 25; gills with the lamina? forming a network . Acanthucybium, p. 176 Genus 97. SCOMBER Linnaeus. The Mackerels. “ Opelu.” Body fusiform, rather elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal peduncle slender, without median keel, but with 2 small keels on each side; mouth wide, with a single row of rather small, slender teeth in each jaw and on the vomer and palatines; maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital, a fleshy lohe on each side of lower jaw near its junction with maxillary; scales very small, not forming a corse¬ let; first dorsal of 9 to 12 feeble spines, separated from the second by an interspace greater than the base of the fin; second dorsal small, followed by 5 to 9 detached finlets; anal similar to second dorsal, with similar finlets; pectorals and ventrals small, the former placed high, on the level of the eyes; caudal fin small, widely forked; pyloric appendages exceedingly numerous; air-bladder small or want¬ ing; vertebra; normally formed, 14 17=31; gillrakers long and slender. Species few, widely distri¬ buted, usually swimming in large schools; carnivorous and migratory; everywhere highly valued for food. Scomber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 297, 1758 (scombrus) . Cordylus Gronow, Cat., 163, 1S54 (scombrus). Pueumatophorus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882 (Apr. 25, 1883). 593 ( pneuniatophorus ). 123. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn. “ Opelu palahu;” Chub Mackerel. Fig. 62. Head 3.9 in length; depth 5; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3. 1; maxillary 2.9; mandibl 2; interorbital 4.5; D. ix-i, 12-v; A. i-i, 11— v; scales 16-210-34 ; gillrakers 13+20, with long, slender, sparse teeth on anterior edge, the longest gillraker 1.4 in eye. Body slender, not compressed, the dorsal outline gently elevated; caudal peduncle not compressed and not keeled; head long; snout very long and pointed, the outline from tip to nape straight ; mouth large, slightly oblique, the jaws subequal; maxillary reaching near anterior edge of pupil; a single row of small teeth of uniform size in each jaw; similar teeth on vomer and palatines; no teeth on tongue; eye large, strongly adipose; preopercle broad; no blunt teeth or spines on shoulder-girdle; scales very small, covering entire body, deciduous, not forming a corselet; top of bead with a large, translucent area; no groove connecting dorsals; first dorsal higher than long; origin of anal slightly behind that of soft dorsal; pectoral short, not reaching tips of ventrals, 2.3 in head; ventrals 2.6 in head. Color in alcohol, bluish above, with about 30 wavy, darker blue streaks which reach just below 170 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. lateral line, these somewhat reticulated and inclosing paler areas; middle and lower part of side paler, with small dark spots; belly pale, with small round dark spots; axil dark. Color in life (No. 035116), upper half of head and body blue, with brilliant silvery and blue reflec¬ tions; lower half white, with metallic reflections; back and upper part of side with more than 30 transverse zigzag dark bauds; lower half covered with numerous inconspicuous roundish and oval Fig. 62. — Scomber japonicus Houttuyn; after Jordan and Evermann. dusky spots; spinous dorsal transparent; soft dorsal slightly dusky; anal whitish; ventrals white, with reddish base; pectoral dusky; caudal dusky, with the edge yellowish. The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04022) 15.75 inches long, taken at Hilo. One other was obtained at Hilo. The collection contains 2 examples obtained at Honolulu August S and 13, and another was seen in the Honolulu market August 13. This mackerel is not often seen among the Hawaiian Islands. The only specimens known from there are those here noted. It is apparently identical with the chub mackerel of the Atlantic anil with the common Japanese s aba. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, Verhand. Holt. Maatsch. Haarl., XX, 1782, 331, Japan; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 276, 1902, with figure; Jordan A Snyder Proc. tJ. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, 745, 747. Scomber aiiratus Houttuyn, 1. <•., 333, Japan. Scomber colim Gmelin, Kyst. Nnl., 1329, 1788, Sardinia; Dresslar & Fesler, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., VII, 1887, 432, PI. II, Jordan ck Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., I, 866, PI. CXXXIII, fig. 364, 1S96. Scomber lacertus Walbaum, Art. Pise,., 209, 1792, Sardinia. Scomber jmeumatophorns he la ltoche, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, XIII, 1809, 315 and 334, Balearic Islands. Scomber macmphthalmiix Rafinesque, Indiee, 15, 1810, Palermo. Scomber grez Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Philos, Soe. N. V. 1815, 422, New York. Scomber maculatm Couch, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 1832, 22, England. Scomber undulalus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 409, 1839, Sicily. Scomber (iracUte Swainson, op. cit., II, 410, 1S39. Sicily. Scomber dieyo Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1856, 101, Santa Barbara. Scomber dekayi Storer, Hist. Fishes Mass., 130, pi. 11. fig. 1, 1S53, Massachusetts coast. Genus 98. AUXIS Cuvier. The Frigate Mackerels. Body oblong, plump, mostly naked posteriorly, anteriorly covered with small scales, those of the pectoral region enlarged, forming a corselet; snout very short, conical, scarcely compressed; mouth rather small, the jaws equal; teeth very small, mostly in a single series, on the jaws only; tail very slender, depressed, with a rather large keel on each side; flrst dorsal short, separated from the second by a considerable interspace; second dorsal and anal small, each with 7 or 8 finlets; pectorals and ven¬ trals small; no air-bladder; branchiostegals 7 ; pyloric coeca dendritical; gillrakers very long and slender, numerous; vertebrae 39 in number, peculiarly modified, essentially as in Gymnosarda. One species, pelagic, widely distributed. Aurcis Cuvier, Rogue Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. II, 199, 1829 (rocha —t. hazard) . FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 171 124. Auxis thazard (Lac^pcde). Frigate Mackerel. Fig. 63. Head 3.6 in length; depth 4.75; eye 5 in head; snout 4.1; interorbital 4.2; maxillary 3; D. x-12-vm; A. 13— vi i ; gill rakers 30 10, serrate, longest nearly equal to eye. Body robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at caudal peduncle; least .depth of latter 1.3 in least width, strongly keeled; head long, subconic; snout pointed; jaws equal; small teeth in a single series in each jaw; tongue long, rounded, free, a thin flap on each upper side, narrowing poste¬ riorly and giving a trough-like appearance; maxillary reaching below anterior edge of pupil, slipping under preorbital for nearly its entire length; eye moderate, high, anterior; interorbital flat; operele very broad; tins small; dorsal spines rather stiff, longest equal to snout and eye; soft dorsal very low, its longest ray about equal to eye; caudal crescent-shaped, lobes equal; longest anal ray equaling base of fin, its origin under posterior base of soft dorsal; pectoral short, reaching slightly beyond ventrals, past middle of first dorsal, longest ray 2.5 in head, its upper base on a line with upper edge of pupil; ventrals 2.6 in head, base under upper base of pectoral; scales of corselet and along anterior dorsal region comparatively large. Color in alcohol, blackish blue above, lighter below, becoming silvery on belly; color of fins same as adjacent body color. The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04021) 10.5 inches king, from Ililo. We have a specimen (No. 04027) 14.5 inches long, from Honolulu, and have examined one obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu. The species was found abundant at Hilo. It, is taken with the trolling hook in the open sea, and is one of the best game fishes of the islands. Scomber thazard Lucepede, Hist, Nat. Poiss., Ill, 9, 1801, between 6 and 7 S. lat., on coast of New Guinea. Scomber rochci Risso, Ichth. Nice, 165, 1810, Nice. Scomber bis it* Rafinesque, Caratteri, 45, 1810, Palermo. Thynntis rochcanus Risso, Eur. Merid., Ill, 417, 1827, Nice. Auxis vulgaris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 139, 1831, Mediterranean. Auxis tape inosom a Bleeker, Fauna Japan, in Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, 408, Nagasaki. A uxis thynnoides Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VIII, 301, 1855, Ternute, V, Ternate. Jims thazard , Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., 867, fig. 365, PI. CXXXIII, 1896; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 277, 1902, with figure; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 441 (Honolulu). Genus 99. GYMNOSARDA Gill. The Little Tunnies. This genus differs from Thunnus (1) in the absence of teeth on the vomer; (2) in the complete absence of scales outside of the corselet, while in Thunnus of the same size the skin is covered with small scales; the limits of the corselet in the tunny and albicore are obscure, so that it can not properly be said to be a distinct character in those species; and (3) in an important osteological character, namely, the peculiar development, in the form of a network or trellis, of a portion of the abdominal part of the backbone, between the vertebrae proper and the hsemapophyses; vertebrae 38. Species of smaller size than the tunnies, also pelagic and of little value as food. Gymnosarda Grill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 125 (unicolor). Thynnus Lutken, Spolia Atlantica, 460, 1880 (pclamys): not of Cuvier & Valenciennes. 172 BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES PISH COMMISSION. Thynnichthys Giglioli, Catal. Pesci Italiana, ‘25, 1880 ( thunnina ); not Thynnichttiy's Bleeker, a genus of Cyprinidse. Euthynnus Liitkeu MS. (in Jit. Feb.. 1881). Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 429, 1883 (thunnina). a. Lateral line with a decided curve below second dorsal: 4 lengthwise stripes on sides of body below lateral line . :..pclaniis , p. 172 a a. Lateral line without distinct curve: no stripes below lateral line . alletterata, p. 173 125. Gymnosarda pelamis (Linnaeus). “Aku;” a Ocean Bonito. Fig. 64. Head 3.5 in length; depth 4; D. xv-12-vm; A. ii, 12-vii. Body oblong, robust; lateral line making a decided curve immediately beneath the second dorsal; corselet strongly developed, covering the entire space between the diagonals connecting the posterior extremity of the spinous dorsal and the base of the pectorals; posterior margin of preopercle about 1.5 in inferior margin; pectorals reach vertical from tenth dorsal spine. Back bluish; belly silvery; 4 brownish stripes on each side of belly, parallel wdth the lower curve of body; no spots below' pectorals. Warm seas; pelagic; not very common, north to Cape Cod and Bermudas on the Atlantic coast of America; once recorded from California. A specimen (No. 04439) 32 inches long, from Honolulu, is described as follows: Head 3.3 in length; depth 4.4; eye 7.75 in head; snout 3.2; maxillary 2.7; mandible 2.3; gape,2.7; interorbital 3.6; D. xvi-12+8; A. ii, 12+7. Body rather short, stout, not compressed; head and caudal peduncle uniformly pointed; head rather large, long, conic; snout small, sharply conic; mouth moderate, the jaws subequal; maxillary reaching middle of pupil, slipping under preorbital, width at tip 1.7 in eye, lower edge convex, fitting into a concavity in mandible; teeth small in both jaw's, none on vomer or palatine; short, sharp teeth on base of tongue; interorbital space broadly convex; eye rather small in anterior half of head; opercle and preopercle with fine but soft serrations; caudal peduncle short, depressed, and strongly keeled; origin of spinous dorsal slightly behind base of pectoral, the anterior spines produced, 2 in head, the fin folding in a groove; distance between dorsal fins very short, not exceeding diameter of eye; anterior dorsal ray produced, 3.1 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under last dorsal ray, its anterior rays produced, equaling those of dorsal; caudal extremely broadly forked, the lobes small, scarcely exceeding snout and eye in length; pectoral moderately long, pointed, 1.9 in head; ventrals shorter, 2.75 in head; corselet well developed; a large naked area on side anterior to line connecting origin of soft dorsal to tip of pectoral; lateral line with an irregular arch above the pectoral, thence descending in an irregular wavy line to keel of caudal peduncle. U In ancient tradition the ‘■Aku” and th e“Opelu" (mackerel) accompanied Pili on his voyage to Hawaii. “ Aku ” ' helped to paddle the canoe, and “ Opelu " calmed the winds when too strong. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 173 Color in alcohol, bluish black above, pale on sides, whitish below, lower part of side with 4 broad bluish-black lines, broadest posteriorly and separated by broad silvery bands, which are broadest anteriorly. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 04439) 32 inches long, obtained in the market at Honolulu. We have another specimen (No. 04440), 27 inches long, from the same place, and also the head (No. 04018) of a large example seen at Hilo. In the collection made by Dr. Jenkins is a specimen ( No. 798), 14 inches long, which does not agree fully with current descriptions of this species. It has 6 narrow brown lines along lower part of side instead of 4, and there is a narrow row of blunt tubercular teeth on each palatine bone. This species is pelagic and occurs in all warm seas, being abundant about Hawaii in summer. It has been found on the Atlantic coast of America as far north as Cape Cod, and it is frequent about the Bermudas. It has been recorded from the coast of southern California. Scomber prfamix Linnams. Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 297, 1 7.7S, “in pelago inter Tropicos." Scomber pelamidcs Laccpvilc, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 14. 1802; after Linnreus. Thynnus pelamys, Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 113, 1831; after Linntcus. Gymnoaarda pelamis, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 808, 1890 (Oct. 3); Jordan A Evennann, American Food and Game Fishes, 278, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. t*. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 411 (Honolulu). 126. Gymnosarda alletterata (Rafinesque) . “ Knwakawa;” Little Tunny; Bonito. Fig. 65. Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.9; eye 5.4 in head; snout 3.3; interorbital 3.75; maxillary 2.3; D. xv-12-viii; A. 13-7; gill rakers 22 - 9, serrate, longest nearly equal to eve. Body robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at caudal peduncle, least depth of latter 1.3 in least width, strongly keeled; head long, subconic; snout pointed; jaws subequal, lower slightly the shorter; teeth on both jaws and palatine arch, the latter very minute; those on jaws small, sharp, Fig. On. — G t/mnosarda alletterata (Rafinesque): after Jordan and Evermann. conic, wide set; tongue long, rounded, free, a thin flap on each upper side narrowing posteriorly, giving a trough-like appearance; maxillary reaching center of pupil, slipping under the preorbital for nearly its entire length; eye moderate, high, anterior; interorbital rounded, wide; opercle broad; fins small; dorsal spines stiff, longest equal to snout and eye; soft dorsal very low, its longest ray not quite equal to its base; caudal crescent-shaped, lobes equal; base of anal tin equal to longest ray, its origin under posterior base of soft dorsal; pectoral short, reaching slightly beyond ventrals past middle of first dorsal, longest ray 2.4 in head, its upper base on a line with middle of pupil; ventrals 3 in head, base behind upper edge of pectoral; scales of corselet and anterior dorsal region comparatively large. Color in alcohol, blackish blue above, lighter below, becoming silvery on belly; back with about 12 oblique, wavy, dark streaks, separated by bluish silvery interspaces; side with 10 to 13 darker bands; several black blotches size of pupil or slightly larger on side between ventrals and pectoral; fins color of body. The above description based chiefly on a specimen (No. 04019), 10.5 inches long, from Hilo. We have one other specimen (No. 04020), 10 inches long, from Hilo, and one (No. 04025), 17.75 inches long, from Honolulu. In the larger examples the spots on the side between the ventral and pectoral are fewer — only 2 or 3 in number. 174 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. This species is common in the markets at Honolulu and Hilo in the summer, being taken with the hook in the open sea. Scomber (inatlripunctatus Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Descr. Egypt. Poiss., pi. 24, tig. 5, 331. about 1814. Red Sea. Scomber alleltcratus Uafmesque, Caratteri, 46, 1810, Palermo. Thynnus leachianus Risso, Eur. Merid., II, 414, 1826, Nice. Tliynnus thunnina Cuvier& Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 104, 1831, Mediterranean. Thynnus braeUiams Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit. , VIII, 110, 1831, Brazil. Thynnus brevipinnis Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., VIII, 112, 1831, Mediterranean. Gymnomrda allcterata Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. A trier. , 869, tig. 366, I’l. CXXXIV, 1896; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 278, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. 1'. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 441 (Honolulu). Genus 100. GERMO Jordan. The Albacores. Pectoral fins very long, saber-shaped, their length in the adult about two-fifths the length of the body. Otherwise essentially as in Thiininis, to which this genus is vert- closely related. Size large, but much less than that of the species of Tliunnus. Orcynus Cuvier, Rcgne Animal, Ed. 1, II, 314, 1817 (alalonyn) ; not Orcynus Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, which is equivalent to Scombroides. Germo Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1888, ISO ( alalonya ). 127. Germo germo (Lacfipede). “Alii;" Albacore. Fig. 66. Plead 3.6 in length; depth 3.9; eye 5.7 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3; maxillary 2.5; mandible 2.2; gape 2.7; I>. xiv-ii, 124-8; A. li, 12-(-7. Body short, stout, fusiform, scarcely compressed, dorsal and ventral profiles curving gradually, body deepest at the middle; head moderate, sharply conic; snout short, pointed, the jaws subequal; maxillary reaching below middle of pupil, slipping under the thin preorbital; teeth on jaws in a single row, small and bluntly conic, villiform patch on vomer, none on palatines; eye large, in anterior half of head; opereles smooth, skin of preopercular edge finely denticulate, as is also the upper edge of opercle; caudal peduncle slender, short, depressed, least depth not exceeding half diameter of eye, the least width 1.5 in eye; origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral, the first spine 2.5 in head, the fin folding completely in a groove; soft dorsal and anal similar, rays elevated, each about 3 in head; caudal very broadly forked, each lobe about 1.3 in head; pectoral long, slender, reaching origin of anal, inserted below line of eye, the length equaling that of head; ventral* short, fitting into a depression, their length 2.7 in head; scales small, cycloid, covering entire body, somewhat larger along back; corselet distinct, scales on it large, coarsely ctenoid. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 175 Color in life of a specimen (No. 03455), 17 inches long, from Honolulu, dark above, with steel-blue reflections; silvery below; very faint light bands, every other one a solid band separated by rows of spots curving downward and backward from pectoral region to ventral line; some very faint indica¬ tions of similar narrow' bands behind pectoral, vertical above, curved backward below; soft dorsal and anal and dorsal ami anal finlets bright lemon-yellow; caudal dusky white with yellow border; ventrals white on under surface, black above, a small black spot on base of each; pectoral very dark-blue above, black on surface next body, silvery grayish blue on opposite surface; no dark bands or spots on body. Color in alcohol, brownish black above, paler on the sides, bluish-white below; fins all dusky; pectoral almost black. The albaeore is known from all related species by the bright yellow color of the finlets. It reaches a large size and is occasionally taken on the hook in the open sea and brought into the markets of Honolulu and Hilo. Itis less common about the Hawaiian Islands, however, than in southern Japan. The Japanese shibi (gerrno sibi) is apparently the same fish. Scomber gcnno Lae6p6.de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 598, and III. 1, 1802, 170 S. latitude and 103° W. longitude. Thynnus sibi Schlegel, Fauna Japon., Poiss., 97, pi. 50, 1844, Nagasaki, Japan. Germo sibi , Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 {.Ian. 19, 1904), 520 (Honolulu). Genus 101. SARDA Cuvier. Body rather elongate, covered with small scales, those of the pectoral region forming a corselet; caudal peduncle slender, strongly keeled; head large, pointed, compressed; mouth large; teeth in jaws rather strong, conical, slightly compressed; similar teeth on the palatines, but none on the vomer; maxillary not concealed by preorbital; gillrakers long and strong; first, dorsal long and rather low, of 18 to 22 rather stout spines, which are gradually shortened behind; interval between the last spine and the second dorsal slv *t; second dorsal small, followed by 8 or 9 finlets; anal fin similar, usually with one fewer finlets; paired tins small; pectorals placed below the level of the pupil; no air-bladder; pyloric coeca very numerous, dendritical; vertebne. normally formed, 50 to 54 in number. Fishes of rather large size, of metallic coloration. Two species known, one from the Hawaiian Islands. Sarda Cuvier, R6gne Anim., Ed. 2, II, 199. 1829 ( pelamys=sarda ). Pelamys Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 149, 1831 ( sarda ); not Pelamys of Damlin, a genus of snakes. 128. Sarda chilensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). California Bonito. Head 3.75; depth 4.75; D. xviii-i, 12-vm; A. n, 11-vi. Head pointed, conical, naked; maxillary not reach URg^eye; teeth strong, curved, about 40 in each jaw; pectoral placed just below tin; level of pupil, scarcely half as long as head; gilli-akers long, strong, hi or 17 below angle; .corselet moderately developed; lateral line undulating, making a sharp curve below soft dorsal. Dark metallic blue; sides dusky; several blackish stripes running obliquely upward and backward from the pectoral region to the upper edge of the tail, these variable in number and direction. Length 2 to 3 feet; weight 16 pounds. San Francisco to Patagonia and Japan; abundant northward in summer; very similar to the Atlantic bonito, Sttrda sarda, but with the spinous dorsal always shorter, its flesh similarly coarse, dark fed, and oily. A specimen about 2 feet long recently received from Honolulu belongs without doubt to this species. Head 3.5 in length; maxillary extending to a vertical through posterior edge of orbit; 6 dark oblique stripes on body, the uppermost and lower ones being indistinct; dorsal with 18 spines. This is the first record from Hawaii. It tends to add further probability to the supposition that Sarda lineolata Girard, from California, and Sarda orientals!) (Schlegel), from Japan, are fully identical with Sarda chilensis , as was indicated by us in our Fishes of North and Middle America. Pelamys chilensis Cuvier *& Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 163, 1831, Valparaiso, Chile; (lunther, Cat., II, 868, i860. Pdamys oriental is Teniminck & Selilegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 99, pi. 52, 1850. Japan. Pelamys lineolata Girard, Pac. R. R. Sun ., X, 106, 1858, San Diego, Cal. Sarda chilensis, Jordan & Everniann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer.. I, 872, 1896. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 17G Genus 102. ACANTHOCYBIUM Gill. The Petos. Body elongate, fusiform; head very long, slender, and pointed, the mandible being longer than upper jaw; jaws forming a sort of beak; cleft of mouth extending to below eye; posterior part of maxillary covered by the preorbital; both jaws armed with a close series of trenchant teeth, ovate or truncate, their edges finely serrate; villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; gills as in Xiphias, their Laminae forming a network; scales small, scarcely forming a corselet, those along the base of dorsal enlarged and lanceolate; keel strong; caudal spinous; dorsal very long, its spines about 25 in number. One species, a very large makerel-like fish, widely distributed; especially abundant about the Florida Straits. This remarkable genus marks a long step from Scomberomorus toward the type of swordfishes. Acanthocybium Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 125 ( sara— solandri ). 129. Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier & Valenciennes), “ Ono.” Head 4; depth 6.5; eye 5 in snout; gape more than half length of head; premaxillaries in front prolonged in a sort of beak, which is nearly half length of snout; teeth somewhat irregular, the posterior much the largest, all strong, serrated, about 50 in each jaw. Dorsal spines mostly subequal; lateral line descending abruptly under sixteenth dorsal spine, the highest, behind middle of fin, 5.6C in head; dorsal and anal lobes low; caudal lobes short, very abruptly spreading, their length about two-thirds head; pectoral 2.25 in head; corselet small. Color steel-blue; dark above, paler below; no distinct markings; young faintly barred; fins colored like the body. This fish is not abundant, but a single specimen, 48 inches long, was seen by Doctor Jenkins in 1889, in Honolulu, and Mr. Snyder obtained it there in 1902. The Ono was said by the ancient Ilawaiians to be the parent of the Opelu (mackerel). Cybiiim solandri Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 192. 1831, open sea of the Pacific, exact locality unknown. Cybium sara Lay & Bennett, Beechey’s Voyage, Zool., 63, pi. 20, fig. 2, 1849, Loo Choo. Cybium petus Poey, Memories, II, 234, pi. 16, fig. 1, 1.860, Habana. ? Acanthocybium petus Poey, Synopsis, 363, 1868 (Cuba). Cybium nerany Doderlein, Giorn. de Sc. Nat., Ed. Econ., VIII, 1872, Palermo. Aeanthocybiunc solandri, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. M us, 1884, 119; Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., 876, 1896; Jordan & Evermann, Atner. Food and Game Fishes, 288, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 441 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu). Family L1Y. LEP1D0P1 1)JE. — The Escolars. Mackerel-like fishes with the body rather elongate, more or less compressed, covered with minute scales; lateral line various, sometimes obsolete, sometimes with a dorsal branch; head large, com¬ pressed, with very strong teeth, usually compressed, some of the anterior canine-like; lower jaw pro¬ jecting; gill-openings wide, the membranes not united, free from isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind fourth; opercles in adult unarmed; in young, the preopercle with radiating spines as usual in scombroid fishes; dorsal fin long, a notch separating the weak spines from the soft part, which always forms a distinct lobe anteriorly, similar in form to the anal fin; f inlets often present; caudal peduncle slender, usually not keeled, the fin moderate in size, always forked; ventrals small, often reduced to a single spine; vertebra? numerous, 32 to 53 in number; pyloric ececa rather few; air-bladder usually present. Colora¬ tion metallic, usually brilliant. Genera about 6; species about 12. Fishes of the high seas, widely distributed and descending to considerable depths; usually breeding about rocky islands; most of them used as food. The Lepidopidtr are closely allied to the Scombridie, from which they diverge in the direction of the Trichiuritl tr. The successive steps are indicated by the progressive elongation of the body, the progressive reduction of the ventrals and vertical fins, and on the other hand by the progressive elongation of the lower jaw and the specialization of the dentition. Dr. Liitken calls attention to the fact that the Lepidopidie possess a system of dermal or subcutaneous ribs, composed of slender bony filaments, close-set, directed backward and upward, and backward and downward from the median line. This character has been verified in Thyr sites, Xealotux, and Oempylus. a. Body moderately elongate, the dorsal spines fewer than 30, the finlets usually few. h, Ventrals well developed, their rays I, 5 . . . RuvettUS , p. 177 Ur Ventral tins each reduced to a single spine . Promethichthys, p. 178 me Body greatly elongate, the dorsal tin with about 30 spines, the spinous part continuous with tin* soft part; dorsal and anal finlets 6; dentition strong; ventrals I, 5, very small . . . Lcmnisoma, p. 179 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 177 Genus 103. RUVETTUS Cocco. Body fusiform, moderately elongate, the skin covered with bony tubercles remote from each other and obliquely placed; mouth large, with strong teeth, some of the anterior in each jaw canine-like; lateral line obscure, little developed; abdomen keeled; tail not keeled; dorsals near together, well differentiated; dorsal and anal each with 2 fin lets; ventral rays i, 5. Color black. One species. A large, deep-water fish, generally valued as food in the Tropics. Ruvettus Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicilia, XI, II, 2, 1829 (prctiosus). Acaiithodcrma Oantrainc. Mem. Ac. Sri. Belles-Lettres, Bruxelles, X, 1835 (tcmmincki). Aplurus Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond.. II, 1811, ISO (simplex). 130. Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco. “ Wnlu.” Fig. 67. Head 4.15 in length; depth 5.4; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2.6; maxillary 1.9; gape 2.16; interorbital 2.25; D. xiii tl, 15— n ; A. 10-n; V. i, 5; P. 13; C. ix, 9 j 9, vm; prickles in about 85, — 38 series. Body moderately elongate, compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines very gently elevated, body deepest under middle of pectoral fin, the outline tapering regularly to caudal; head rather large, conic; snout long and pointed; mouth large, somewhat oblique, maxillary reaching posterior line of orbit, its greatest width nearly 2 tn eye, the gape reaching anterior third of pupil; lower jaw long, slightly pro¬ jecting, its sides forming an acute angle; teeth strong, canine-like, a single row in each jaw and on each palatine; about 5 large, backwardiy directed canines on the vomer; teeth of .jaws larger on sides than at tips; eye large, entirely above axis of body, chiefly in anterior half of head; interorbital space broad and flat; anterior nostril nearly round, the opening directed forward, midway between tip of snout and middle of pupil; posterior nostril a long, vertical slit, opening backward, its length 1.5 in pupil; gill rakers short, but strong, sparsely placed; opercular margin soft, the spine obscure; belly with a low, broad keel; caudal peduncle nearly round, its least depth equal to its least width or about 2 in snout; fins small, origin of spinous dorsal over edge of opercle, its distance from snout equal to half of head; spinous dorsal low, the spines slender, folding in a groove; distance between dorsals short, 1.5 in eye; origin of soft dorsal anterior to that of anal, anterior rays elevated, their length equal to snout, the last ray scarcely greater than pupil; distance between base of last dorsal ray and first ray of dorsal finlet 1.4 in eye; length of second ray of dorsal finlet 2.2 in snout; distance from base of dorsal finlet to caudal 1.6 in snout; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin somewhat posterior, its anterior rays elevated and about equal to those of dorsal, base of fin somewhat shorter than that of soft dorsal, length of last anal ray equal to that of last dorsal ray; anal finlet with 2 rays and entirely similar to dorsal finlet; caudal large, broadly forked, a number of supporting spines along each edge, the lobes 1.6 in head; pectoral short, 2 in head; ventral shorter than pectoral, 3 in head; skin covered with small, irregular, somewhat embedded, cycloid scales, among which are rows of glossy forked prickles, arranged somewhat definitely in rows, each with 2 sharp points and 2 or 3 roots; scales of head very small, densely covering top of head, cheeks, and operoles, the head everywhere, except tip of snout, rough to the touch; body with numerous small but conspicuous pores, usually at bases of the prickles. Color in alcohol, dark, dirty brown, the prickles showing as lighter yellowish silvery lines; fins mostly dark. F. C. B. 1903—12 178 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. We have one large example of this species, No. 04314. It, has a total length of 4 feet G inches, measured from tip of snout to tips of middle caudal rays, and weighs, after evisceration and having been in alcohol several months, 40 pounds. This specimen agrees with current descriptions except that the dorsal and anal spines and rays are somewhat fewer. It was sent us by Mr. E. L. Berndt, inspector of the Honolulu market, and furnishes the first record of the occurrence of this species in the Pacific. Puvettus pretiosus Cocco, Giorn. di Seienzc per la Sicilia, XLII, 21, 1829, Messina; Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 1%, 1896; Jordan & Evernmnn, Fishes North and Mid. Amer.. 1,879, 1890; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 289, 1902; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu). Tetragonurns simplex Lowe, Proc. Zool. Roc. Lond. 1833, 143, Madeira. Porcius temmivkii Cunt mine, Giorn. Sri. ct Litt., Pisa, 1833; vide Poey. Arantlindcrma tcmminkii Cantraine, Nouv. Mem. Ac. Sci. Belles-Lettres, Bruxelles, X, 6, PI. I, 1837 (Jan. 17, 1835), Sicily. Thyrsiies ae.anthnderma Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1839, 78, Madeira. Itavdtus tcmminkii , Valenciennes, Poiss., in Webb & Berthelot Nat. Hist. Canary Islands, II, 52, PI. II, 1837-44. Aplurns simplex, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond., II, 1841, 180. Thyrsiies scliolaris Poey, Memories, T, 372, pi. 32, fin. 1, 1851, Havana. ThyrsUes pretiosus, Gunther, Cat., IT, 351, 1800 (Mediterranean). Genus 104. PROMETHICHTHYS Gill. Conejos. Body elongate, slender, fusiform; mouth large, with 2 strong canines in front, of each jaw; spinous dorsal long, contiguous to the soft, which is rather high; 2 finlets above and 2 below; pectorals comparatively low; caudal without keel; ventrals represented by a pair of minute spines; no dagger-shaped spine behind vent. Preopercle unarmed except, in young. Lateral line descending in an oblique line, undulating below- the front of the spinous dorsal. Scales very minute, smooth. Voracious fishes of the open .seas, reaching a moderate size. Prometheus Quoy & Guimard, MS. Prometheus Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1841, 184 ( atlanticus ); name preoccupied. fDierotus Gunther, Cat., II, 349,1860 (nrmatus). Promethichthys Gill, Mem. Nat, Ac. Sci., VI, 115, 123, 1893 ( atlanticus ; substitute for Prometheus of Lowe). 131. Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Plate 29. Head 3.5 in length; depth 7.8; eye 5 in head; snout. 2.6; interorbital 6.1, in eye 1.3; maxillary 2.2; D. xix— i, 19— ii; A. n, 17-n. Body subfusiform, elongate, low, uniform, compressed, slender; head long, compressed; snout long, lower jaw the longer, rounded, with 2 long, sharp, canine teeth in front, slipping outside upper jaw; teeth on both jaws, vomer, palatines and tongue, the latter small and villiform as are those on the palatines, those on vomer 6, long and fang-like; rather blunt, wide-set, conic teeth in jaws; tongue thick, rather pointed, free for a short distance; maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil; mandible reaching vertical slightly beyond posterior edge of pupil; eye large, median; interorbital concave with a deep groove, pointed posteriorly; middle dorsal spines highest, about 3.2 in head, last spine over vent; caudal forked; anal and soft dorsal similar, highest anteriorly; dorsal and anal finlets 2 each; ventrals each composed of a single spine about as long as eye, the base slightly anterior to base of pectoral; pectoral 2 in head; scales small, thin, cycloid, deciduous; lateral line straight to under fourth dorsal spine, thence abruptly downward and backward, reaching a line on middle base of pectoral at the tip of pectoral, thence straight to fork of caudal fin, running on lower side of caudal peduncle and rising slightly on posterior portion of peduncle. Color in alcohol, uniform blackish brown; head black; fins all dark, dorsal membranes black. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 04215) 16 inches long, obtained at Honolulu. Three other examples were obtained at. Honolulu (Nos. 04213, 14 inches; 04214, 15 inches; and 04216, 8.5 inches). We are unable to discover any differences between these and Japanese specimens with which we have compared them. Gempylus prometheus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I'niss., VIII, 213, 1831, St. Helena; Valenciennes, Ichth. lies Canaries, 51, PI, XL, 1836-1844 (Canary Islands). Gempylus solandri Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 215, 1831, New Holland. Prometheus ntlantirus Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond., II, 1841, 181, Madeira; Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 3S39, 78; Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 1, 141, pi. 20, 1SI3; Gill, I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phi la. 1862, 12G; Poey, Synopsis, II, 364, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enumemtio Piseium Cubensium, 73, 1875. dum. u.o.r.L, iyuo Plate 29 Prom ethichthys prometheus 'Cuvier & Valenciennes). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 17'.) Thyrsitcs promethean, Gunther, Cat., II, 351, 1860 (Madeira); Gunther, Challenger Kep. XXII, 268. 1887, and XXXI, 7, 1889 (north of Hawaiian Islands); Goode, Amur. Journ. Sci. Arts, XIV, 291, 1877 (Bermuda). Promethickthys promcthens, Gill, Mem. Nat. Ac. Sri., VT, 1893, 115: Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology. 200, 1S96; Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer.. I, 882, 1896. Genus 105. LEMNISOMA Lesson. Snake Mackerels. Body very elongate, compressed and band-shaped, approaching the form of Lepidopus; head long, pointed anteriorly, the lower jaw projecting, the anterior teeth in upper jaw very long, canine¬ like; scales minute or obsolete; spinous dorsal very long, of about 30 spines; soft dorsal low, but with a distinct lobe, similar to anal, and each followed by 5 to 7 finlets; ventrals I, 5, but extremely minute; caudal fin rathersmall, well forked; lateral line single, arched anteriorly; vertebra* 28+25=53; air-bladder present. The young have the “ Dicrotus" form, with large head, spinous ventrals, and spinigerous preopercle. Deep sea. Lemnisoma Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Poissons, 160, 1S30 ( thyrsitoidcs ). Gempylus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist Nat. Poiss., VIII, 207, 1831 (serpens). Zifphothyca Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 239, 1839 (coluber). 132. Lemnisoma thyrsitoides Lesson. “HatUiuli puhi.” Head 5.25 in length; depth 17; D. xxx-i, 13-v; A. ii-i, 11-vn; V. i, 5; vertebra* 28 + 25=53; eye 7 in head; maxillary nearly reaching front of pupil; each jaw with a series of compressed triangu¬ lar, trenchant teeth; about 6 long canines in front of upper jaw, some of these with an emargination, as in Sphyrrrna; palatines with a row of small teeth, none on vomer; usually a single canine at tip of lower jaw; lateral line st raight except anteriorly ; dorsal spines slender; soft dorsal and anal small, with numerous finlets; pectoral pointed, rather long; ventrals minute. Color dark metallic blue. Flesh firm. Deep seas; a rare fish, widely distributed, reaching a length of 3 feet or more. A painting of this species made in Hilo by Andrew Garrett is preserved by Dr. Francis Wetmore, resident in Hilo. The specimen came from Puna to the south of Hilo. D. xxix-ii-vir; caudal forked; ventral very short; dorsal divided. There is also a painting in the collection of Mrs. ,T. B. Dillingham, in Honolulu, called “ Hauliuli Puhi.” Lemnisoma thyrsitoides Lesson, Voyage Coquille, II, 160, 1S30, South Pacific, near Paumotu Islands, lat. 170 S-, long. 1080 E. Gempylus serpens Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, ‘207, 1831, Martinique; Gunther, Siidsee, 10G, pi. 68, tig. B., . 1875 (Sandwich Islands). Gempylus coluber Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. fit., 211, Otaite. Gempylus ophidianus Poey, Memorias, II, 246, tab. 18, fig. 1, 1861, Cuba. Family LY. CARANGIDJE. — The Patnpanos. Body more or less compressed and often elevated, sometimes naked, or more usually covered witli small, thin, cycloid scales; head compressed, the occipital keel prominent, usually trenchant; mouth of varying size, the dentition various, the teeth generally small; premaxillaries usually protractile; maxillary with or without a supplemental bone; preopercle usually entire in the adult, in the very young armed with 3 or more spines; lateral line complete, anteriorly arched, the posterior part straight, sometimes armed with bony plates; dorsal fins more or less separated, the spinous part rather weak, the spines usually depressible in a groove; anal fin long, similar to the soft dorsal, always pre¬ ceded by 2 stiff spines, usually separate, but in the young often more or less connected with the fin or with each other; these sometimes disappear with old age, and sometimes the spinous dorsal also van¬ ishes; often a procumbent spine before the dorsal fin; ventral tins thoracic, well developed, i, 5; caudal peduncle very slender, the fin widely forked; pectoral fins narrow; gill-openings very wide, the mem¬ branes usually not united, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the last; gillrakers usually long; branch iostegals commonly 7; air-bladder present, often bifurcate behind; pseudobranchiae large, present in all our genera, sometimes disappearing with age; oesophagus unarmed; pyloric coeca gen¬ erally numerous; vertebrae fewer than in the Scombridse, usually 10+ 14 = 24 in number; first superior pharyngeal without teeth; second, third, and fourth separate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate. Coloration generally metallic and silvery or golden. Genera 29, species about 200, abounding ISO BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. in warm seas, often moving northward in summer, like the Seombridir. They swim swiftly, often with the dorsal fin above the surface of the water. Most of the species are widely distributed, and nearly all are valued as food. a. Premaxillaries not protractile . - . Scombenridw, p. 180 an. Premaxillaries protractile. I). Anal tin much shorter than the soft dorsal, its base not longer than the abdomen. c. Dorsal and anal fins without finlets. d. Dorsal spines I or 5, the connecting membrane disappearing with age . Xaucrates , p. 181 dd. Dorsal spines about 7, the connecting membrane persistent . Seriola, p. 182 re. Dorsal and anal fins each with a two-raved detached finlet . Eiai/atis, p. 185 bb. Anal fin about as long as soft dorsal, its base longer than abdomen. e. Dorsal and anal fins each with a single detached finlet . Decapterux, p. 18(1 ee. Dorsal and anal fins without finlets. /. Shoulder-girdle with a deep cross furrow at its junction with the isthmus, above which is a fleshv projec¬ tion: body elongate . Tiurhii nips, p. 187 ff. Shoulder-girdle normal, its surface even: body deeper. p. Teeth of jaws not forming villiform bands, but variously in one or more series . Caraiipns. p. 188 gg. Teeth of jaws, if present, forming villiform bands. h. No teeth on vomer or palatines; teeth of jaws wanting in adults, sometimes appearing in young . Caranx, p. 197 fih. Teeth present on vomer and palatines; teeth of jaws of adults present, persistent, t. Body oblong, not much elevated; none of the dorsal rays filamentous . Carailgoides, p. i98 it. Body rhomboid, deep, strongly compressed; first rays of dorsal more or less filamentous - Aleclis. p. 200 Genus 106. SCOMBEROIDES Lacepede. Body compressed, oblong or lanceolate; caudal peduncle slender, not keeled; head short, com¬ pressed, acute; occipital keel sharp; mouth rather large, with small, sharp teeth in bands on jaws, tongue, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; jaws about equal, the upper not protractile, except in the very young, in which it is movable as in other Curangiihr; maxillary very narrow, with a supplemental hone; gillrakers rather long; scales rather narrow, but more or less normally developed, embedded in the skin at different angles; lateral line unarmed; dorsal spines rather strong, 7 in number, nearly free in the adult; second dorsal very long, its posterior rays penciliated and nearly or quite discon¬ nected, forming finlets; anal rather longer than soft dorsal, much larger than the abdomen, its last rays forming similar linlets; anal spines strong; ventral fins depressible in a groove; pectoral fins very short. Species few. Scombcroides Lacgpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 192, 1801 (Coryphxna scombbroides). Chitrinrm us Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 367, 1831 ( eommersonianus ). a. Body deep, fusiform, depth 3.5 in length . . : . tolooparah, p. 180 an. Body more slender, depth 4.3 in length . sancti-petri , p. 181 133. Scomberoides tolooparah (Riippell). “Lae." Head 4.25; depth 3.5; eye 4; snout 3.5; interorbital 3.75; maxillary 1.9; D. vii-i, 19; A. ii-i, 18. Body fusiform, compressed; head moderate; snout rather narrow, pointed; jaws subequal, lower the longer and prominent; mouth slightly oblique, rather large; edge of upper lip on a line with upper edge of pupil; small hands of setiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, those on lower jaw slightly larger and in 2 rows, not handed anteriorly, those in upper jaw similar hut smaller, in 1 row, handed anteriorly; maxillary reaching slightly past posterior edge of pupil; eye slightly above median line, anterior, not quite as long as snout; dorsal spines broad, flat, low, longest about equal to eye, tip of last spine reaching origin of soft dorsal; longest soft dorsal ray 2 in head; caudal deeply forked, lobes equal; anal similar to soft dorsal, its first ray under origin of soft dorsal, longest ray 2.4 in head; tip of ventral reaching vent, and equal to tip of pectoral, 2.2 in head; pectoral 2 in head, its anterior base slightly in ad vance of base of ventral; lateral line slightly arched above pectoral fin, descending to line under base of soft dorsal, thence straight to base of caudal. Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, white silvery below; 8 or 10 spots about size of pupil, extending on either side of lateral line to middle of soft dorsal; a dark blotch on upper anterior soft dorsal, similar spots on each dorsal ray; caudal dusky, other fins pale; no spots on anal. The above description based chiefly on a specimen (No. 02927 ) 8 inches long from Honolulu. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 181 This fish appears to he fairly common. We obtained it at Honolulu, Hilo, and Waialua. It was obtained at Honolulu also by Jenkins, Wood, and Jordan and Snyder. Our numerous specimens are 1 to 10.25 inches long. Lirhia tulao-parah Ruppell, Atlas zu cter Reise im Nordl. Afrika, 1)1. 1828, Massowah; not Toloo parah Russell, Fish. Yi/;t gapatam, II, 29, plate 137, 1803, which is nonbinomial. Chorincmus moadettu Ehreaberg in Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Xat. Poiss., VIII, 382, 1831, Massuah, coast of Abys¬ sinia, Red Sea, Trincomali, Ceylon (not Riippell, Klunzinger, Day, Peters); Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wis- Wien, LXX, 1900, 495 (Honolulu). < 'horinemus mauritianus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. . 1' 1 1 1 . 382, 1831. Isle of France, Mahe, Vanicolo, Celebes. Chorincmus tolooparah Ruppell, Neue Wirhelthiere, Fiscli., 45, 1837. ? Chori iicmus sanctipetri Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Genoot., XXI V, 1852, 45 (not of Cuvier Valeueieunes, Riippell, Klunzinger); Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, V, 138, 187G (part) . Chorincmus toloo Riippell, Verzeich. M us, Senckenberg, Sammlungen 12. 1852. Chorincmus tot Riippell, Verzeich. Mbs. Senckenberg, 12, 1852. Chorincmus toloo, Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. hot,, Ges. Wien, 1870, 447 (not tnlooparah Russell, not Chorincmm toloo Cuvier X Valenciennes, Bleeker, and Day). Scomberoifles tala, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 441 (Honolulu). 134. Scomber.oides sancti-petri (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Head 4.3; depth 4.3; eye 4.3; snout 3.(5; interorbital 3.4; maxillary 2; 1). vii-i, 20; A. ii-i, IS. Body lanceolate, slender, and compressed; head moderate, profile slightly depressed over eyes; snout rather narrow, pointed; jaws subequal, lower being slightly the longer and prominent; mouth moderate, slightly oblique; small bands of setiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, those in lower jaw slightly larger and in 2 rows, banded anteriorly; in upper jaw similar but smaller teeth, in 1 row, banded anteriorly; maxillary reaching posterior edge of orbit; eye slightly above median line, anterior, not quite so large as snout; dorsal spines broad, flat, low, longest not quite equal to eye, tip of last spine, when depressed, reaching origin of soft dorsal; longest soft dorsal ray 2.3 in head; caudal deeply forked, lobes equal; anal similar to soft dorsal, its first ray under origin of latter, longest ray 2.(55 in head; pectoral reaching tip of ventrals, 2 in head; centrals 2.25 in head, base slightly behind upper anterior base of pectoral, tips reaching vent. Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, white silvery below; 3 or 4 spots slightly larger than pupil below the lateral line anteriorly, 7 or 8 similar spots above this line extending farther posteriorly; a large black blotch on anterior upper part of soft dorsal, a similar smaller spot on each fallowing ray; anal pale; a spot the size of pupil on middle of second and third rays; ventrals pale; pectorals dark, pale at tips. The above description based on a specimen (No. 04033), 1(5.25 inches long, from Honolulu. This species does not appear to be common. It was obtained by Streets, also by Gunther, St -indachner; Jordan and Snyder, and by the . llbalnm, but was not seen by Jenkins or Wood. < )nly one example was secured by us. Jordan and Snyder obtained one specimen, 7.5 inches long, in 1000 at Honolulu. Chorincmus sancti-petri Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI II. 379, plate 230. is;>l, Malabar; Gunther, Fische tier Siidsee, V, 138. 1S70 (Kingsmill, Samoa, Society, Hawaiian Islands); Streets. Bull. IT. S. Nat. Mils., No. 7, 70, 1S77 (Honolulu); Steindachne'r, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 1% (Honolulu). Scombroides sancti-petri. Smith & Swain, Proe. IT. S. Nat. Mils., V, 1882, 124 (Johnston Island). Seomberoidcs sancti-petri, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190*2 (Sept. 23, 1903), 142 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu). Genus 107. NAUCRATES Rafinesque. The Pilot Fishes. This genus differs from Seriola only in the reduction of the spinous dorsal to a few (4 or 5) low, unconnected spines. The young, called Nauclcrus ami Xystophorus, have the spines of t lie dorsals connected by membrane, and a more or less distinct strong spine at the angle of the opercle. A single pelagic; species, widely distributed in the open seas. Centronotus LacepOde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 311. 1802 {conductor ductor); not Ccntronotus Bloch & Schneider, 1801, which equals Pholis. Naucrates Rafinesque, Caratteri, 44, 1810 ( conductor ). Pompilus Minding. Lehrb. Nat. Fische, 108, 1832 (ductor). Nauclcrus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 247, 1833 (compressus = young). Xystophorus Richardson, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 52, 1814 (very young). 182 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 135. Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus). Pilot-fish; Romero; “Annexation-fish.” Fig. 68. Head 4 in length; depth 4; eye 5 in head; snout 3.5; 11. iv-i, 26; A. ii-i, 16. Body rather elongate, little compressed; snout rather blunt; mouth terminal, oblique, small; maxillary scarcely reaching orbit; caudal keel large, fleshy; pectoral short and broad; ventrals rather large. Bluish, with 5 to 7 broad, dark vertical bars, extending on the fins. Length 2 feet. A pelagic fish, found in all warm seas; occasional on our Atlantic coast from Cape Cod to the West Indies. The earliest evidence we have of the occurrence of this fish among the Hawaiian Islands is that furnished by a painting made by Mrs. .1. B. Dillingham from a specimen obtained by her in the Fig. 68. — Naucrates iluctor (Lmuxus); after Jordan and Evermann. Honolulu market. The painting was examined by us and is undoubtedly of this species, which is locally known as “annexation fish,” having appeared at the date of the annexation of Hawaii to the jurisdiction of the United States. A specimen in good condition, collected by Dr. Julius llosenstein, is in the museum of the California Academy of Sciences at San Francisco. Gastcrosteus ductor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 295, 1758, “in Pelago.” Gastcrosteus antecessor Daldorf, Skriv. Nat. Selskab. Kjob., II, 155, 1800. Scomber ki dr ruteri. Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth.,570, 1801. locality not given. Centronotus conductor Lactfpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 311, 1801. Naucrates fanfar us Itafinesque, Caratteri, 41, 1810, Sicily. Naucrates iudicus Lesson, Voyage Goquille, 157, pi. 14, fig. 2, 1830, India. Naucrates noveboracensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 325, 1831, New York. Scrinla dussumicri Cuvier &. Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 217, 1833, Gulf of Bengal. Scriola succincta Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 218, 1833, between Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena. Nauclcms comprcssus Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 249, pi. 263, 1833, Molucca. Naadcrus abbrcvititus Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 251, 1833, Indian Ocean. Nauclcrus brachyccn.tr ns Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 253, 1833, Indian Ocean, Moluccas. Nauderus annularis Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit.. IX, 254, 1833, between the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena. Nauderwtieticums Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 255, 1833, between the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena. Naucrates cyanophrys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 412, 1839, Palermo, Nice. Naucrates serratus Swainson, op. cit ., 413, 1839 (on Scomber ductor Bloch). Xystopliorus sp., Richardson, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 52, pi. 30, lig. 22, 1844 (young). Tht/nnus pompilus Gronovv in Gray, Cat. Fishes, 123, 1S54, Mediterranean Sea, Spain, America. % Naucrates ductor , Gunther, Cat., II, 371, 1860 (Polperro, Falmouth, Madeira, Cape Seas, south Pacific, northwest coast of America); Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amcr., I, 900, pi. 139, fig. 379, 1896; ibid., Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 298, with figure, 1902. Genus 108. SERIOLA Cuvier. The Amber-Fishes. Body oblong, moderately compressed, not elevated; occiput and breast not trenchant; head usually more or less conical, not very blunt; mouth comparatively large, with broad bands of villiform teeth on jaws, tongue, vomer and palatines; a broad, strong supplemental maxillary bone; premaxillaries protractile; scales small, lateral line scarcely arched, a keel on the caudal peduncle, not armed with bony plates; sides of head with small scales; first dorsal with about 7 low spines, connected by membrane; second dorsal very long, elevated in front; anal similar to the soft dorsal, but not nearly so long, shorter than the abdomen, preceded by 2 very small free spines, which disappear in old FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1S3 fishes; no finlets; ventral fins very long; pectorals short and broad; gillrakers moderate. Species of moderate or large size, often gracefully colored; most of them valued as food-fishes. Scriola Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 205, 1829 ((luma' ill) . Micropteryx Agassiz, Pise. Brasil., 101, taf. LiX, 1829 (cosmopolUa)', substitute for Scriola, used iu botany; not Micropterix Hubiier, 1816, a genus of insects. Zonicltthys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 218, 1820 ( fasciatus ). lUdatraclus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 442 (duuu rili) ; substitute for Scriula, used in botany. Lepidomcgas Thominot, Bull. Sci. Philom. Paris (7), IV, 178, 1880 (muellcri). a. No scales on opercle; anterior dorsal rays somewhat elevated, the longest about 2.5 in head; gillrakers on lower arch few, about 13 . purpurascens, p. 183 aa. Upper part of opercle densely scaled; anterior dorsal rays scarcely elevated, 3.7 in head; gillrakers more numerous, about 22 on lower arch . sparim, p. 184 136. Seriola purpurascens Schlegel. “I'&akahala;” “ Kahdla.” Fig. 69. Head 3.75 in length; depth 4; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2.9; interorbital 3; maxillary 2.4, reaching middle of pupil; mandible 2; gape 2.6; D. vi-i, 30; A. i, 19; scales about 175. Body long and slender, the back scarcely elevated; head large, not much compressed; mouth large, jaws equal and covered with broad bands of strong, villiform teeth; vomer, palatines, roof of Fig. 69. — Seriola purpurascens Schlegel: after Gunther. mouth and tongue with similar teeth ; eye moderate, high up, in middle of head; interorbital space strongly convex; maxillary very broad at tip, its width equaling eye, the supplemental bone very broad; body from origin of anal fin tapering slowly to the short caudal peduncle, whose least depth is equal to eye and whose width is somewhat greater; origin of spinous dorsal over middle of pectoral; spines small and weak, longest somewhat greater than eye, the last obscure; anterior dorsal rays somewhat produced, their length 2.4 in the head and somewhat exceeding that of longest anal rays; caudal widely forked; pectoral short, its length equaling distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil, its origin somewhat anterior to base of ventrals; ventrals somewhat longer than pectoral, their lengtii equal to snout and eye; scales very small, cycloid; lateral line well developed, nearly straight, curved slightly upward over tip of pectoral, broadly and shallowly decurved under first third. Color in life, upper part of body, head, and tail light brown, with scales at certain angles showing bluish; lower parts lighter to whitish; a lemon-yellow band from upper articulation of maxillary through lower two-thirds of eye and along whole length of body as wide as pupil, becoming narrower and losing itself on caudal peduncle; iris edged with yellow; edge of caudal fin edged with lemon- yellow; pectoral and anal suffused with yellow; soft dorsal light brown with show of yellow on posterior portions, more marked on outer ends of rays; spinous dorsal lemon-yellow on ground of light brown; ventrals white on lower surface, somewhat dusky on upper surface. A specimen 4 inches long from Hilo had in life a golden stripe from head to tail. 184 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in spirits, dull olivaceous white above, paler on sides, under parts dirty whitish; tins all dusky white. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 03410), 31 inches Ions, from Honolulu market, where several other large examples were seen July LS. A smaller specimen (No. 03304), 8 inches long, may he described as follow's: Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.3; eye 5 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.3; I). viii-j, 31; A. ii— i, 20; gillrakers 13 + 4, serrate, longest three-fourths diameter of eye. Body rather fusiform, compressed; head a fourth longer than deep; mouth rather large; snout rounded; jaws subequal, the lower prominent and slightly the longer; broad bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; tongue broad, rounded, thin, and free for most of its length; maxillary broad, 0.8 diameter of eye, reaching to center of pupil; eye just above median line, ante¬ rior; interorbital broad and very convex; dorsal spines short and weak, connected by membrane and folding in a groove; soft dorsal long and low1, highest anteriorly, the longest ray about 2.5 in head; caudal forked, lobes moderate, equal to distance from snout to edge of preopercle; anal similar to soft dorsal, the spines very short and blunt, the longest rays equal to snout; origin of anal under lirst third of soft dorsal; ventral 2.1 in head; pectoral broad, falcate, short, 2.4 in head, its lower base slightly in advance of base of ventral; lateral line arched anteriorly, no caudal keel; scales small, none on operele, snout, and top of head. Color in life, golden olivaceous on back, golden on side below lateral line and on belly; 2 short darkish postocular lines; dorsal and anal rich orange, the dorsal with narrow bluish edge; caudal dirty yellow; pectoral pale yellow; ventrals yellow, the rays whitish; iris whitisli and brown. Color in alcohol, grayish olivaceous above, becoming silvery white below; dorsal edged with dark; other fins pale. Another example had head 3.7; depth 3.75; maxillary broad, 2.2 to front of pupil; D. i, 29; A. i, 20; color when fresh, olive with a golden stripe from head to tail. We have examined a score of examples at Honolulu, 4 to 31 inches long. This species has hitherto been known only from Japan. Seriolapurpurasccna Sclilegel, Fauna Japonica. Poiss., 1 IS, PI. LXI. 1842, seas of Japan: Richardson, Ichth. Chin., 271,1840 (after Schlegel) (Sea of Japan); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu). St'riola auruvittata Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 115, I’l. LXII, fig. 1, 1812, Japan; Richardson, Ichth. Chin., 271, 1859 (Canton). Scriola quinqueradiata Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 115, PI. LXII, fig. 2, 1842, Nagasaki, Japan; Richardson, Ichth. Chin., 272, 1846 (China). Scriola dumerilii, Gunther, Cat., II, 462, 1860 (China, part); Gunther, Fisohe der Sudsee, V, 136, taf. XC, Fig. A, 1876 (Hawaiian Islands, part); Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Meercs, I, 103, 1884 (Red Sea, part). 137. Seriola sparna Jenkins. “Kaluila opio.” Fig. 70. Head 3.7 in length; depth 3.7; eye 5.2 in head; snout3.2; maxillary 2.6; interorbital 3.5; D.vi-32; A. ii, 20; scales about 220. Body rather long, fusiform, not much compressed, the back greatly elevated, the ventral outline little convex; head rather long, conic; snout long, gently curved; mouth large, little oblique, the jaws equal; maxillary reaching front of pupil, its posterior margin oblique, its width nearly equaling vertical diameter of eye; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and tongue; eye small, anterior, in axis of body; adipose eyelid moderately developed, especially behind; interorbital space broad, strongly convex, the nape slightly keeled; least depth of caudal peduncle less than its least width; preopercle entire; gillrakers longer than diameter of pupil, 22 on lower arm of first arch; spinous dorsal low, the rays short and weak, the second spine 6.3 in head, the first scarcely more than one-third the second, the others regularly decreasing in length, the fifth shorter than the first; soft dorsal low, the first rays scarcely elevated, their length 3.7 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, but much shorter, its first rays 1.25 in snout; caudal deeply forked, the lobes slender, about equal, 1.3 in head; pectoral short, about 2 in head; ventrals short, 2 in head, reaching less than halfway to vent; body covered with very small scales; cheek, preopercle and upper part of operele densely scaled, rest of head naked; breast scaled; lateral line nearly straight, slight arch above pectoral; scutes scarcely developed, perceptible only on the caudal peduncle, where they are very weak. Color in alcohol, pale brownish or purplish above with silvery reflections, lower part of side and under parts yellowish silvery. Recently seen in the Waikiki aquarium. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 185 The above description is based upon tiie type, 10.5 inches long, the only example known, obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1S89. Scriola s]Mma Jenkins, Bull. r. S. Fish Comm, XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 412, fig. 14, Honolulu; type, No. 50S45, U. S. N. M. (field No. 712), coll. O. P. Jenkins. Genus 109. ELAGATIS Bennett. The Runners. Body long and slender; second dorsal and anal long, each with one detached finlet, composed of 2 rays, behind the rest of the tin; otherwise essentially as in Scriola. One species, pelagic. Elagatis Bennett, Narrative Whaling Voyage, II, 283, 1840 ( bipinnuUUus ). Sn ioliclitln/s Blocker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Neederl. Ind., VI, 196, 1854 (bipmnukitus). Vccaplus Poey, Memories, II, 391, lsoi ( pinnulatus ). 138. Elagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Head 4. 3 in length; deptli5.5; eye 7.3 in head; snout 2.6; D. vi-i, 25 -(- 2; A. i, 18 + 2; interorbital 2.9; maxillary 3.1; mandible 2.5; scales about 100. Body oblong, pointed, the back little elevated; head moderately long and pointed; snout Ion®, conic, the jaws subequal; maxillary broad, triangular, its greatest width 2 in its length; supplemental maxillary long and narrow, slipping under the thin preorbital; teeth in broad villiform patches on jaws, vomer, and palatines, tongue naked; eye small, somewhat anterior; interorbital space broad, con¬ vex; preopercloand operele ent ire; gillrakers about all below the angle, cephalic ones gradually shorter, longest about 1.5 in eye; fins moderate; origin of spinous dorsal over tips of pectorals, the rays weak and short, folded somewhat in a groove, the longest 2 in snout, the fin not connected to soft dorsal; soft dorsal long and low, anterior rays elevated, longest 2.9 in head, last ray equal to eye; last ray of dorsal finlet produced, its length 3.6 in head; distance between dorsal finlet and base of last dorsal ray I in eye; distance from last ray of dorsal finlet to base of caudal lobe 3.6 in head; origin of anal under about the fifteenth dorsal ray, the fin very low, anterior rays slightly elevated, the longest! in head; detached anal spines obsolete; caudal very deeply forked, lobes long and slender, their length equaling distance from snout to first third of pectoral; pectoral short, scarcely falcate, 2 in head; cen¬ trals about equal to pectoral; scales small, numerous, cycloid; head naked, except cheek and postocular region; scales on cheek in about 7 series; scales on nape and antedorsal region smaller than elsewhere; lateral line well developed, continuous, forming a very low keel on last part of caudal peduncle. Color in alcohol, dark blue or leaden above, becoming paler and yellowish below; under parts dirty white; fins dusky, yellowish, or olivaceous. In life 2 conspicuous blue bands on side of body, the upper beginning at orbit and passing to dorsal margin of caudal peduncle, its width about equal to that of eye, the other beginning at snout and passing along the lower margin of orbit across operele and above pectoral fin to the caudal; caudal yellowish with a darker margin; centrals and pectoral yellowish with some blue. 186 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 04446) 3 feet long obtained in Honolulu market, which is the only record of the species in these islands. It reaches a length of 3 feet and is found in all tropical seas, on the Atlantic coast straying as far north as Long Island. It was obtained by Poey at Havana and was originally described from the Keeling Islands. srrinla Mpinnulata Quoy & Guimard, Voy. Uranie, I, 363, pi. 61, fig. 3, 1824, Isles of Papous, or the archipelago between New Guinea and Celebes. Elagatis bipinniilatus, Bennett, Whaling Voy., II, 283, 1840 (Pacific Ocean; Indian Arch.); Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., I, 906, 1896. Scriolichthys b ip innulatus, Blocker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, 196 (Batavia). Scriola pinnulata Poey, Memorias, II, 233, I860, Habana. Striolichthys lincolalus Day, Proc. Zool. Soe. Loud. 1867, 559, Madras. Elagatis p innulatus, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 446, 1883. Genus 110. DECAPTERUS Bleeker. The Mackerel Scads. Body elongate, little compressed, almost perfectly fusiform; head short, pointed; mouth rather small; jaws about equal, the dentition feeble; maxillary rather broad, with a supplementary bone; premaxillaries protractile; scales moderate, enlarged for the whole length of the lateral line, but spinous and bony posteriorly only; second dorsal and anal each with a single detached finlet.; free anal spines very strong; first dorsal well developed, persistent; pectorals comparatively short; abdo¬ men rather shorter than anal fin; gillrakers long and slender. Species numerous. Only one known from the Hawaiian Islands. Decapterus Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydsebr., VIIT, -117, 1855 ( kurra ). Eustomatodus Gill, I’roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 201 (kurroides). (rymnepigritithus Gill, op. cit., 261 ( macrosoma ). Evcpigymnus Gill, op. cit., 261 ( hypodus ). 139. Decapterus pinnulatus ( Eydoux A Souleyet). “Opi'lu." Plate 30. Head 3.9 in length; depth 5.5; eye 4 in head; snout 3; interorbital 4; maxillary 3.4; mandible 2.5; I), vm— i, 32-1 ; A. i-28-i; scutes 25; scales 116. Body oblong, little compressed, almost perfectly fusiform; head moderate, pointed; mouth rather small, slightly oblique; jaws equal; a few very small teeth on palatines and tongue, no others evident; tongue long, narrow, rounded, free for almost entire length; eye slightly above axis, anterior; adipose eyelid covering nearly entire eye; interorbital wide, slightly convex; longest dorsal spine 2.2 in head, longest ray 3, origin of soft dorsal just over vent; caudal forked, lobes moderate; anal similar to soft dorsal, its longest ray 3.5 in head; ventrals 2.8 in head; pectoral scarcely falcate, 1.65 in head, base anterior to base of ventrals; lateral line nearly straight from origin to interdorsal space, thence gently descending until over about fifth anal ray, whence it continues straight to caudal fin; scales deciduous, enlarged for whole length of lateral line, minute on nape and forward to interorbital space; small embedded! scales on cheek, operc.le, preopercle and preorbital, rest of head naked. Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, lighter below, becoming white on belly; dorsal fins and caudal with dark punctulations, other fins pale; upper edge of operele with a black spot; base of pectoral dusky. The above description is based on a specimen (No. 03306) 12 inches long from Honolulu. It seems to be a common fish at times at Honolulu, where it is highly prized by the natives as food. It was first noticed by Eydoux and Souleyet. Jenkins’s specimens were taken by Dr. Wood and Mr. McGregor. The identification of this species with Decaplerus sanclse-helerue and Decapterus maruadsi as Steindachner has indicated, is apparently not correct. Our species is quite distinct in color in that it has no yellow or golden stripe or, in fact, no yellow anywhere. Caranx piimulatus Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., 1, 165, pi. 3, fig. 1, 1841, Hawaiian Islands. Dci.apt.crus sancta’-helenx. Steindachner, Denks. Ak, Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 495 (Honolulu). Decapterus canonoidcs Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 442, pi. 4, Honolulu. (Type, No. 50846, U. S. N. M.; field No. 2737; coll. Dr. Wood). Plate 30. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 187 Genus 111. TRACHTJROPS Gill. The Big-eyed Scads. This genus is close to Carangus, differing in the more elongate form, and especially in the structure of the shoulder-girdle, which has a deep cross furrow at its junction with the isthmus, with a fleshy projection above the furrow. Species few. Found in all warm seas. One species known from the Hawaiian Islands. Trachurops Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 18ti'2, .131 ( crumcnophthalmus ). 140. Trachurops crumenophthalma ( Bloch) . “A bile;” “ ffatalalu.” Fig. 71. Head 3.4 in length; depth 3.5; eye 3.2 in head; snout 3.3; maxillary 2.3; interorbital 4.5; I). vii-i, 26; A. n— x, 22; scutes 35. Body oblong-elongate, little compressed, the back not much elevated; head long, rather pointed, the lower jaw somewhat projecting, maxillary reaching middle of pupil, slipping under the preorbital, exposed portion triangular, posterior portion somewhat wavy; eye very large, longer than the snout and greater than the interorbital width; adipose eyelid strongly developed; mouth moderate, some¬ what oblique; a single series of small teeth in each jaw, very wfik teeth on vomer and palatines; a small patch of teeth on tongue; shoulder-girdle near isthmus with a fleshy projection, in front of which is a deep cross furrow; an angle at lower posterior portion of opercular region as in Clupca; dorsal spines moderate, their length 2 in head, the tin folding in a groove; dorsal rays low, scaled at base, folding in a groove; anal low, resembling soft dorsal, longest rays 2.(1 in head; free anal spines strong, their length 2 in eye; caudal* small, forked, the lobes equal, 1.6 in head; pectoral moderately Fig. 71. — Traclmrops crumenophthalma (Bloch); after Jordan and Evermann. long and falcate, 1.25 in head; ventrals barely reaching vent, 2 in head; scales small; lateral line nearly straight, the scutes little developed except on caudal peduncle; cheeks and breast scaly. Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, paler below, with brassy reflections, under parts white; dorsal and caudal fins somewhat dusky; other fins pale. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 02924) 12 inches long from Honolulu. An abundant and well-known species, next to the ulna and the amanmu the most important food fish of Honolulu. It was obtained in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins, and has been recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by Gunther, Steindachner, Fowler, and Snyder. Numerous specimens were obtained by us at Honolulu, Kailua, Hilo, Hoopuloa, and Hanalei Bay, Kauai, varying in length from 5 to 12.25 inches. The synonymy of this species is open to some question. Our specimens probably correspond to Trachurops torva Jenyns, described from Tahiti. Scomber cnunenopthalmus Bloch, Iehthyologia, pi. 343, 1793, Acara, in Guinea. Scomber plum ieri Bloch, Iehthyologia, X, 07, pi. 344. 1797, Antilles. Scomber balantiophthalmus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 29, 1801, Guinea. Caranx daubentoni Laeepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 58, 1801, no locality. Caranx mauntiunua Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranic, Zool., 359, 1824, Mauritius. Caranx macrophthalmus, Riippell, Atl. Reis. Nord. Ai\, 97, pi. 25, fig. 4, 1828, (Red Sea); Agassiz, Spix, Pise. Bras., 107, pi. 56a, fig. 1, 1829 (Brazil). 188 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION Carmix plumicri, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist.. Nat. l’oiss., IX, 65, 1833. Caranx torvus Jenyns, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 69, pi. XV, 1841, Tahiti. Sdar torvus, Bleeker, Verh. Batavia Genoot., XXIV, 1852, 51, (Batavia). Trachurops brachychirus Gill, I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 261, Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Trachurops crunicnophthalmus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 432 (Beesley Point, New Jersey! ; Jordan Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., I, 911, l’l. CXLI, fig-. 385, 1896 (Cape San Lucas, Mazatlan, Aeapuleo, Panama); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 501 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 443 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai). Trachurops jflumieri, Poey, Enuni. Pise. Cubens., 78, 1875. Caranx c runic, no pthalmus, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, V, 131, 1876 (Cape tie Verde Islands, west coast of Africa, St. Helena, West Indies, Mexico, Bay of Panama, Hawaiian Islands, South Seas, East Indies, Seychelles, Red Sea); Gunther, Rept. Shore Fish., Challenger, Zool., I. Part VI, 59, 1880 (Honolulu); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 495 (Honolulu). Trachurops ma ur Manus, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 68, 1877 (Honolulu). Caranx (Sclar) macrophthalmus , Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Meeres, I, 97, 1884 (Red Sea). Genus 112. CARANGUS Griffith. The Cavallas. “ Papiopio” small size; “ Pa'upa'u” medium size; “ Ulua ,” large size. Body ovate or oblong, compressed, the back sometimes considerably elevated, sometimes little arched; head moderate or rather large, more or less compressed; mouth moderate or large, oblique; maxillary broad, with a well-developed supplemental bone extending to below eye; premax diaries pro¬ tractile; teeth developed in 1 or few series, unequal, or at least not in villiform bands; villiform teeth usually present on vomer, palatines, and tongue, wanting or deciduous in some species; gill rakers long; eye large, with an adipose eyelid; dorsal spines rather low, connected; second dorsal long, usually elevated in front, both fins depressible in a groove; anal tin similar to second dorsal and nearly as long, preceded by 2 rather strong spines, its base longer than the abdomen; caudal tin strongly forked, the peduncle very slender; ventral fins moderate; pectorals falcate; no tinlets; preopercle entire in the adult, serrate in the young, usually with a membranaceous border. Species very numerous in all warm seas, most of them valued for food. About 9 species of this genus are now known from the Hawaiian Islands. Carangus Griffith in Cuvier, Animal King., X, Pisces, 355, 1834 ( carangus ). a. Teeth on vomer and palatines, small and villiform. h. Soft dorsal high; spinous dorsal rather low; scutes of straight portion of lateral line fewer than 40. c. Scutes in straight portion of lateral line fewer than 30 (27 or 28). d. Body short, stout, depth 3 in length to base of caudal; dorsal vm-i, 21; anal ii-i, 19 . ignobilis, p. 188 dd. Body more slender, depth 3.4; dorsal vii-i, 19; anal ii-i, 16 . elacatc, p. 190 cc. Scutes in straight part of lateral line more than 30 (32 to 35). e. Opercular spot present; anal pale, not black, dusky or tipped with black . marginatus, p 191 cc. No opercular spot; anal black, dusky or tipped with black. /. Scutes in straight portion of lateral line 35; anal rays 18 or 19. g. Dorsal spines comparatively long, longest 2.8 in head; body sometimes with transverse dusky 'bands . forstcri , p. 191 gg. Dorsal spines rather low, longest 4.3 in head; body without transverse dusky bands . nulampygus , p 192 ff. Scutes in straight portion of lateral line 32; anal rays 16 . rhabdotus. p. 193 bb. Soft dorsal rather low; dorsal spines comparatively long; scutes of straight portion of lateral line 40 or more. h. Body with dusky transverse bands; anal dusky; scutes 40 . politus , p. 194 hh. Body without transverse dusky bands; anal pale; scutes 43 . a (finis, p. 195 aa. No teeth on vomer or palatines. i. Lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper; dorsal v-i, 28; scutes in straight portion of lateral line 35 . hclvolus, p. 196 ii. Lower jaw not projecting beyond the upper; dorsal vm-i, 24; scutes about 38 . chcilio, p. 196 141. Carangus ignobilis (Forskal). “ Pauu’n.” Fig. 72 Head 3.5 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.1; preorbital 4.8; D. vn i— i, 21; A. ii-i, 19; scutes 27. Body short, stout, and compressed; head short and heavy; snout short and blunt, the anterior profile rising abruptly to nape, the dorsal outline strongly elevated from tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal; ventral outline relatively straight; portion of body covered by soft dorsal and anal fins tapering rapidly to the short caudal peduncle, which is much depressed, its least depth about 2 in FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 189 its least width; mouth large, nearly horizontal, the jaws equal; moderately strong, canine-like teeth in a single row in each jaw, sparsely set, especially on upper jaw, a patch of villiform teeth on vomer; palatines and tongue with granular or villiform teeth; maxillary reaching vertical at posterior edge of orbit; supplemental maxillary well developed and slipping under the broad preorbital; eye moderate, about 1.5 in interorbital; adipose eyelid strongly developed posteriorly; interorbital and nape strongly keeled; tins moderate, origin of spinous dorsal somewhat behind base of pectoral, the spines folding in a groove, the longest 3 in head; anterior dorsal rays produced, their length 1.8 in head, equal to that of longest anal rays; caudal widely forked; pectoral ray very long and falcate, tip reaching about to base of seventh anal ray, the length 2.8 in body and equaling base of soft dorsal; ventrals short, reaching vent, 2.1 in head; scales rather large, covering entire body, entire cheek, and upper part, of opercle with fine series, rest of head and nape naked; breast naked, except a small central patch of scales; lateral line with a strong regular arch above pectoral fin joining the straight part over origin of anal, chord of arch part, slightly shorter than length of straight part; scutes well developed on entire straight portion. Color in alcohol, greenish olivaceous above, becoming paler on the sides and below; head green- mm mm Wmm ^V,v,y 1 mil* mmi ■ Fig. 72. — Car mu/us ignobilis (Forskal) ; from the* type of C. hippoides Jenkins. ish, silvery on cheek, lower jaw paler, the head with a yellowish or brassy tinge; axil black; no spot on opercle; dorsals, anal, and caudal dusky; more or less yellow in life; soft dorsal and anal each with a narrow, pale border; edge of free portion of caudal paler, upper part of caudal peduncle dusky; pectoral and ventrals somewhat dusky; no spot on lower pectoral rays. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 04448) 22 inches long, from Honolulu. A much smaller example (No. 02918) 8 inches long, from Honolulu, may be described as follows: Head 3.2 in length; depth, 2.4; eye 3.fi iii head; snout 3.4; maxillary 2.25; interorbital 4; I), vm-i, 20; A. n-t, 17; scutes about 30. Body short and deep, greatly compressed, the back strongly elevated, the dorsal profile strongly and regularly convex from tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal; outline from origin of anal to snout nearlv straight; head as long as deep; snout short, very steep, bluntly rounded; jaws subequal, the lower heavy; bands of villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, those on jaws in a single row, small, sharp, conic, and wide-set; tongue rather thick, rounded, and free for most of its length; max¬ illary reaching to posterior border of pupil; eve anterior, somewhat above axis of body; interorbital BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 190 trenchant; spinous dorsal low and weak, 2.5 in head; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of snout and fork of caudal, longest ray 1.5 in head; caudal deeply forked; longest anal rav 1.65 in head, origin of fin under about seventh soft dorsal ray; ventrals short, reaching past vent, 2.1 in head; pectoral long and falcate, reaching beyond arch of lateral line, slight!)' longer than base of anal; arch of lateral line dropping rather suddenly from under last dorsal spine to the straight part under third soft dorsal ray, chord of arch 1.4 in straight part; scutes on entire straight part; breast naked except a small patch of scales near center; cheek, postocular region, and upper part of opercle scaled, rest of head naked, body completely scaled; dorsal and anal fins scarcely sheathed. Color in life, very pale olive, side white: head greenish; no opercular spot; no spot on pectoral; base of pectoral dark; both dorsals edged with blackish; upper lobe of caudal blackish, especially the edge, lower lobe bright yellow; anal bright, light yellow, the edge whitish; ventrals whitish with yellowish streaks along the rays; pectoral pale, the axil blackish. Color in alcohol, slaty silvery, becoming lighter below, almost white on belly; spinous dorsal dusky; soft dorsal pale, edged with dark, other fins pale, inner axil of pectoral black. This species is related to Carangus hippos of the Atlantic, with which it agrees in the small patch of scales on the otherwise naked breast, the character of the lateral line, and the teeth. It is, however, a much deeper fish, the snout is shorter, the anterior profile rises more abruptly, and there is no black spot either on the opercle or on lower rays of the pectoral. The yellow color of the anal fin seems to be constant and diagnostic, especially in the young. The species is common at I lonolulu, from which place we have examined 13 specimens 2.5 to 22 inches in length. Scomber ignobilis Forskal, Rescript. Animal., 55, 1775, Red Sea. Scomber Sansun Fbrskkl, Descript. Animal., 56. 1775, Red Sea. Caranx sansun, Rvippell, Atlas zu dcr Reis. Nordl. Af., 101, 1828 (Red Sea); Riippell, None Wirbelthiere, 1838, 48, pi. 13, fig. 3 (Red Sea); Gunther, Cat., II, 447, 1860 (Mauritius, India); Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. But, Ges. Wien, 1871, 466 (Red Sea); Day, Fishes of India, II, 216, Pi. L, fig. 5, 1876 (Madras). Caranx sem Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 105, 1833, Pondicherry. Caranx lessonii Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist, Nat. Poiss., IX, 113, 1833, New Holland. Cnranx belcngcrii Cuvier A' Valenciennes, op. eit, 116, 1833, Malabar. Carangus sansun . Bleeber. Fauna de Madag., 1874, 99, (Mauritius). Caranx ignobilis, Kluipanger, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I , X X X , Abt, I, 1879, 377 (Port Darwin and Clevelands Bay, Australia); Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Mecres, 18, S4, 100 (Red Sea); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 495, 1900 (Honolulu and Laysan). Carangus hippoidcs Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 443, fig. 15, Honolulu. Type, No. 50710 U. S. N. M. (field No. 749); coll. O. P. Jenkins. 142. Carangus elacate Jordan & Evermann. Plate 31. Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.4; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3.8; interorbital 3.8 in snout; maxillary 2.1; preorbital 8.5; mandible 1.9; D. vii-i, 19; A. ii-i, 16; scutes 28. Body slender, compressed, not greatly elevated; snout rather short, profile ascending to nape in a gentle curve, slightly trenchant; mouth large, slightly oblique; lower jaw somewhat projecting; max¬ illary reaching posterior edge of orbit, its width at tip 1.5 in orbit; supplemental maxillary well developed, its width 3.25 in entire width; gape reaching vertical of posterior edge of pupil; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, those on jaws in a single row, small and somewhat canine¬ like; eye large, anterior; adipose eyelid strongly developed behind; supraocular region with 2 ridges, extending to humeral region, the lower the stronger; posterior half of body, beginning at origin of soft dorsal, long and gently tapering to caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle much depressed, its least depth scarcely half its least width; distance from base of last dorsal ray to origin of caudal fin equal to snout and pupil; fins small; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base of pectoral by a distance equal to eye; longest dorsal spine slightly greater than snout; anterior rays of soft dorsal somewhat produced, about 1.8 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under eighth soft dorsal ray, anterior ray produced, but scarcely equaling longest soft dorsal rays; caudal widely forked, lobes apparently equal; pectoral long and falcate, reaching past origin ofnnal, exceeding head in length by 0.65 diam¬ eter of eye; ventrals short, 2.4 in head; scales rather large, a low sheath at base of soft dorsal and anal anteriorly; breast entirely scaled; lateral line strongly arched above pectoral, joining straight portion under sixth dorsal ray, chord of arched portion 1.6 in straight part. Color in alcohol, rusty olivaceous above, paler on side below lateral line; belly white; top of head dark olive, side and lower jaw lighter, with strong brassy tinge on postocular and on lower portions Bull. U.S.FC. 1903 CO U _l Q_ ' w Carangus elacate Jordan & tvERMANN. Type ,«u»sBIE«>co.um FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 101 of opercle; lower jaw profusely covered with line brown points; a black spot at upper end of opercular opening; axil black; vertical fins all more or less dark; produced part of soft dorsal almost black, low part of soft dorsal black at base, then lighter, narrowly tipped with dark; anal dark brown, with a subterminal stripe of yellowish white along edge of fin; pectoral and ventrals pale. The above description based upon the type, No. 50638, U. S. N. M. (field No. 04452), a large example, 27 inches long, from Honolulu. This species somewhat resembles Carangus marginatus , from which it differs in the much more slender body, larger eye, and dark anal fin. The type is the only example obtained. (ftrangus rlacate Jordan & Evennann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm . XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 177, Honolulu. 143. Carangus marginatus (Gill). “ Ulua.” Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.8; eye 4 in head; snout 3.75; interorbital 4; maxillary 2; I), vm-i, 22; A. ii— t, 16; scutes about 34. Body oblong, compressed, dorsal outline evenly arched to nape, rather steep thence to tip of snout; head slightly longer than deep; snout bluntly pointed; mouth moderate, slightly oblique, lower jaw prominent, slightly produced; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines and tongue, a single row of small, wide-set, sharp, conic teeth in each jaw; tongue rounded, rather thick, free for most of its length; maxillary reaching to posterior edge of pupil, its width 1.25 in eve, sheathed by preorbital for the greater part of its length; eye anterior, pupil above axis; interorbital slightly trenchant; dorsal spines weak, longest 2.75 in head; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of snout and fork of caudal, longest soft dorsal 1.75 in head, 2 in base of fin; caudal deeply forked, anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals reaching just beyond vent, 2.35 in head; pectoral long and falcate, reaching considerably beyond end of arch, slightly longer than head, equal to base of soft dorsal; arch of lateral line nearly straight to under sixth dorsal spine, then descending rather abruptly to straight part under about the fifth dorsal ray, making rather a sharp angle, arch 1.35 in straight part; scaleson entire body, cheeks, and upper parts of opercle; breast scaly; scaly sheath of fins not greatly developed. Color in alcohol, grayish silvery, with slight bluish reflection above, becoming light, below and white on belly; spinous dorsal dusky, the produced part of soft, dorsal black, rest of fin edged with dark; caudal edged with dark; anal pale, a row of about 10 spots at its base, these seeming to be pro¬ duced by the bone showing through the membrane; other fins pale, the pectoral with a black spot at its axil; a small black spot on opercle at upper part of gill-opening. The above description based on a specimen (No. 04052) 11.25 inches long from Honolulu. We have examined 7 others from Honolulu, 8 to 11.25 inches long. Comparison with specimens from Panama fails to show any differences. Caranx marginatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 166, Panama; Jordan A Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., I, 922, 1896; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 306, 1902. Carangus marginatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 444 (Honolulu). 144. Carangus forsteri (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . “ Ulua Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 5.5 in head; snout 3.5; interorbital 3.8; maxillary 2.6; D. vit-l, 23; A. ii— i. If); scutes about 35. Body oblong, greatly compressed, dorsal outline arched, steeper anteriorly, straight from nape to tip of snout; ventral outline curved from caudal peduncle to origin of anal, straight thence to tip of snout; head subconic, longer than deep, greatly compressed; snout bluntly pointed, lower jaw slightly produced; mouth moderate, slightly oblique; small villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, a single row of larger, wide-set conic teeth on each jaw; tongue rounded, thin, free for most of its length; maxillary broad, its widtli 1.2 in eye, reaching anterior edge of pupil, and slipping under preorbital for most of its length; interorbital very convex, trenchant; dorsal spines slender and weak, longest 2.8 in head; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of snout and fork of caudal, just over second anal spine; longest dorsal ray 1.6 in head, 2 in its base; caudal deeply forked; longest anal ray 1.8 in head; ventral short, reaching past vent, 2.5 in head; pectoral long, falcate, 1.1 in head, reaching con¬ siderably beyond arch of lateral line; lateral line arched to under fifth dorsal ray, chord of arched part greater than head, 1.3 in straight part; scutes on entire straight portion, obscure anteriorly; entire body scaly; breast not naked. 192 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life, of specimen (No. 02998) from Honolulu, pale bluish above, changing to silvery white on side and belly; dorsals, anal, and caudal dusky; pectoral rich lemon-yellow, iris yellowish white. Color of another specimen when fresh (No. 03450), silvery with golden reflections; 5 transverse dark bands on side, one over caudal peduncle, about as wide as length of snout, and distinct above lateral line; an indistinct dark band over head through eye; fins colorless. Color in alcohol, light grayish silvery with bluish reflections above, paler below, becoming white on belly; dorsal spines pale, produced part of soft dorsal dark, edge of rest of fin dark; caudal edged with dark; the produced part of anal dark; ventrals and pectorals pale; no dark opercular spot; axil dusky but not showing above fin. This species may be known in life by the dusky anal and yellow pectoral. In C. ignobilis the yellow is brightest on the anal fin. The above description based chiefly on a specimen (No. 0404(1) 1 1 inches long, from Honolulu. The collection contains numerous specimens from Honolulu. The most, important food-fish of the South Seas, abundant in the markets, and unsurpassed as the basis of fish-chowder. It is of wide distribution, being found throughout the tropical Pacific. A closely related species, Curnngus lulus, abundant in the West Indies, occurs as far north on the Atlantic coast as Virginia and has been doubtfully recorded from the Pacific coast of Mexico. This species needs close comparison with the present one. The earlier name probably belonging here is Carcmgus forsteri. Carnn.r heberi is figured as colored differently from any species known to us. It most resem¬ bles Carangus margmatus. The large scries of specimens in our collections, ranging from 2 inches to nearly a foot in length, enables us to study very satisfactorily the variation in the species. Most of the young show evidences of broad dark bluish cross-bars, though some show them scarcely at all, the color being plain silvery. While the breast is always scaled, the scales are often so embedded and obscure, as to be easily over¬ looked. A series of 51 specimens examined, 2.4 to 11.25 inches in length, from Honolulu, Hilo, Waialna, Hanalei Bay, and Puako Bay. ? Scomber hrberi Bennett, Fish. Ceylon, 20, j>1. 20, 1820, Ceylon. Caranx forshri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX. 107, 1822, Isle of France, Malabar, Celebes, New Guinea, New Ireland, Vanicoro, East Indies. " Caranx permit Cuvier Valenciennes, op eit., 112, 1833, Vanicoro, Amboyna, Java, Malabar, East Indies. Caranx para pistes Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 13<>, 1*41, Northern Australia, Torres Straits. Caranx hippos, Giinther, Cat., II, 449, 1800 (St. Vincent, Jamaica, Puerto Cabello, South America, Madagascar, Port Natal, China, Amoy, Tanna, Ceylon, Pinang, Port Essington), not Scomber hippos L.; Giinther, Fischo der Siidsee, V, 131, taf. LXXXIV, 187(» (Samoa, Tanna); Gunther, Kept. Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool., I, Part. VI, 59, 1880 (Hilo). Caranx latus, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hihi. 1900, 501 (Honolulu) (not of Agassiz); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 444 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Puako Bay, Hawaii). 145. Carang-us melampygus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Ornilit;” “ Omilimilu.” Fig. 73. Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.8; eve 6.5 in head; snout 2.4; interorbital 3.8; maxillary 2.4; man¬ dible 2; gape 2.8; preorbital 4.5; I), vii-i, 24; A. n— i, 18; scutes 35. Body short, deeply compressed, t lie badk much elevated; head rather short, the snout short and blunt; mouth moderate, little oblique; teeth small, sparse, in a single rdw in each jaw; jaws subequal; maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil, triangular, its width at end 9.2 in its length, its edge slipping under the preorbital; interorbital narrow and very convex; the anterior profile very trenchant; eye moderate, in middle of head, entirely above axis of body, the adipose eyelid well developed posteriorly; ventral outline nearly straight from tip of jaw to origin of anal, thence ascending obliquely to caudal tin; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base of pectoral, the spines weak and short, folding into a groove, the longest 4.3 in head; distance between dorsals equal to eye, anterior dorsal rays elevated, their length somewhat greater than snout and eye, 1.8 in head; anal spines short and blunt; origin of anal posterior to that of soft dorsal, the anterior rays elevated, their length 2 in head; soft dorsal and anal each anteriorly slipping into a scaly sheath; caudal widely forked, the lower lobe somewhat the longer, 1.4 in head; pectoral very long ami falcate, its tip reaching base of about fourth anal ray, its length 2.75 in body; ventrals short, 3.25 in pectoral or 2.6 in head; scales small, closely but irregularly imbricated; lateral line beginning at upper end of opercular opening, continuing nearly straight to under fourth dorsal spine, where it begins t < > curve gently downward until orgin of soft dorsal, where FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 193 the downward curve is more abrupt; scutes of lateral line beginning under about the eighth or tenth dorsal ray and increasing in size to the fourth from last. Color in life, general ground-color silvery, dusky above, lighter below; upper parts with numer¬ ous small black spots, intermingled with numerous bright dark-blue spots; interspaces with more or less golden reflections; golden band along the scutes; soft dorsal, anal and a narrow area along their bases bright ultramarine; indistinctly, outlined areas of same color on side of head about the eye; pec¬ toral and caudal dusky, with golden reflections; ventral? dusky with dark blue; no opercular spot; base of pectoral not dark. Color in alcohol, dirty white above and on sides, profusely covered with small irregular darker spots and blotches, these also upon top of head and opercles; lower part of sides and under parts dirty yellowish white; fins all dusky, soft dorsal and anal almost black, white, tipped. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 03412) 24 inches long, obtained in the Hono- Fru. 73. — Carangus melampyr/us (Cuvier & Valenciennes): after Gunther. lulu market, July 18. Two other examples 15 and 24 inches in length were obtained by us at the same place. The species was also obtained by Streets and by the Ronite. It is more common in Samoa, where it is known as mahntli, and as a food-fish it is superior even to the ulna. Caranx In^ampygus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX. 1 10, 1833, Waigiou, Rauwak, Buru, Vanicoro, Mauri¬ tius; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 1'. 133. tat'. I, XXX VI. lsyr, (Celebes. Zanzibar. Mauritius. Seychelles); Jordan A Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Araer., I, 925, 1.3% (Socorro Island. Revillagigedo group); Jordan A Evermann. Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 307, 1902. Caranx hixnntlwptrrus Ruppell, Neuo Wirbelthiere, Fisrh., 49, pi. I I fig. 2. 183.3, Red Sea. Caranx sUUatus Eydoux A Souleyet, Vov. Bonite, Poiss., 167, t’l. III. tig. 2. 1811, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, ('at.. 11,436, 1800 (Sandwich Islands). Carangus nidampygus, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mils.. No. 7, 69, 1877 (Honolulu). 146. Carangus rhabdotus Jenkins. Fig. 74. Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.6; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.1; interorbital 3.3; D. viir-i, 20; A. ii-i, 16; scutes 32. Body oblong, elliptical, compressed; dorsal outline evenly arched, ventral outline slightly straig liter than dorsal outline; head compressed, its depth equal to length; snout bluntly rounded, lower jaw slightly produced; mouth moderate, slightly oblique; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, and a single row of small, conic teeth on each jaw; maxillary reaching to posterior edge of pupil, its greatest width about 0.75 in eye; center of eye slightly above axis of body, anterior; interorbital space convex; fins moderate; longest dorsal spine 2.5 in head; soft dorsal slightly concave, longest ray 1.75 in head; caudal forked, lobes moderate; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals short, 2.2 in head; pectoral long, falcate, reaching slightly beyond arch of lateral line, equal to head; body completely scaled; bases of soft dorsal and anal with low sheath of scales; cheek and upper part of F. C. B. two:? — 13 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 184 opercle scaled, rest of head naked; breast scaled ; lateral line strongly arched above the pectoral, the arch joining the straight portion under fifth dorsal ray, the chord of the arch equaling length of head or 1.5 in straight portion; scutes rather strong, the largest 0.65 diameter of eye in width. Color in alcohol, bright silvery, darker above, with 5 indistinct vertical bands nearly as wide as eye on upper three-fourths of body, a sixth band less distinct on caudal peduncle; no opercular spot; fins plain, except the elevated portions of soft dorsal and anal, which are tipped with black. .’Ms® » » >VV' > Atr : 1 1 T Y ) , )Vi i .i mi h ',J, '.V ?»vv.v*vX ‘ ^ ’ /’I v,’*. " " Fig. 74. — Caranr/us rhahdotus Jenkins; from the type. This description is based upon the type (No. 50711, I’. S. N. M. ), a specimen 5.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1896. Another small example was obtained at the same time. This species was not seen by us at Honolulu. It resembles a species found in the estuaries of Samoa. f Caran.r scxfasciut.us Quay & Gaimarri, Zool. Voy. Frame, 358, pi. f»5, fig. 4, 1821, Papous Islands. Camvyun rhabdotus Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1002 (Sept. 23. 1903), 444, tig. 16, Honolulu. 147. Carangus politus Jenkins. “ Maka;” “Makati..” Fig. 75. Head Tin length; depth 3; eye 4.1 in head; snout 3.5; interorbital 3.2; maxillary 3; IX vnt-i, 24; A. ii— i, 19; scutes 40. Body oblong, compressed, dorsal and ventral outline about equal; head subconic, longer than deep, compressed; snout bluntly pointed; lower jaw produced; small villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, a single row of small canine-like teeth in each jaw, those in lower jaw almost obsolete; maxillary short, rather narrow, reaching anterior margin of eye; eye slightly above axis of body1, anterior; interorbital moderately trenchant; fins moderate, longest dorsal spine 2 in head; caudal forked, lobes not greatly produced; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals reaching just past vent, 2.3 in head; pectoral long and falcate, tip not quite reaching to straight portion of lateral line, slightly longer than head, not quite equal to base of anal; arch of lateral line rather long, reaching to below eighth dorsal ray, and about equal to straight part; scutes on entire straight portion of lateral line. Color in alcohol, grayish olivaceous above, lighter below, becoming white on lower sides and belly; 9 indistinct vertical dark bands on upper two-thirds of scales of body; fins all dusky; opercular spot present. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 195 The above description, based upon the type (original No. 100), a specimen 8 inches long, obtained by Doctor Jenkins, at Honolulu, 1889. Another example, No. 327, 5 inches long, is in the saint' collection, and these agree very closely with specimens from the Philippines, which are determined as Car a ng us hasselti . ( 'a rang ns politus is probably a synonym of the latter species. •' A, Vtl ’U’t • mm Fig. 75. — Car an (jus politus Jenkins; from the type. f Sdar hasselti Bleekcr, Ycrh. Bat. Gen.. XXIV, 53. 1X52, Moluccas. ? Caranx hasselti i, Gunther, Cat., IT. 430,1860 (Moluccas; Amboyna). Caranfjus politus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 115, fi#. 17. Honolulu (type, No. 50709. U. S. Nat. Mus.) 148. Carangus affinis (Riippell). “ Amnka “PAakah&Ui.” Fig. 70. Head 3.9 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4.1 in head; snout 3.0; interorbital 3.(5; maxillary 3; 1). vii-i, 23; A. ii— i, 20; scutes 43. Fig. 7(5. — Carangus affinis (Riippell). Body fusiform, dorsal and ventral outlines about the same; head longer than deep; snout conic, its tip on a line with middle of eye; upper jaw bluntly rounded; lower jaw produced, rather pointed; series of small teet h on vomer, palatines, and tongue, a single row of minute canine-like teeth in each jaw; tongue rounded, thin, and moderately wide, free for most of its length; maxillary reaching anterior BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 19<> edge of orbit.; dorsal spines weak and thin, longest 2.1 in head; soft, dorsal sheathed, its longest ray 2.2 in head, its origin midway between tip of snout and last scute and directly over second anal spine; caudal forked; anal similar to soft dorsal and similarly sheathed, its longest ray 2.2 in head, spines very short, less than eye; ventrals short, just reaching posterior edge of vent, 2.1 in head; pectoral long, narrow, falcate, nearly reaching straight part of lateral line, its length 1.2 times the length of the head; lateral line with a long curve, whose chord nearly equals the straight part, the lateral line becoming straight under about the tenth soft dorsal ray; scutes on the entire straight part of the lateral line; in some examples a trace of a second lateral line under soft dorsal tin, continuing to posterior edge of dorsal spine. Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, becoming white silvery below lateral line; dorsal and caudal dusky, other fins pale, axil of pectoral black, a black spot on upper posterior edge of opercle, covering upper end of shoulder-girdle, slightly larger than pupil. The above description from a specimen (No. 04030), 8.75 indies long, from Honolulu, w here numerous examples were taken, 7.5 to 8.75 inches long. We identify these with Caranx affinis of Ruppell, with which they seem to agree in all essential respects. It is a deeper fish than hxixxelti, with lighter fins, and doubtless represents the same species which Steindaehner had from Honolulu. Caranx afUnix Ruppeli, N eue Wirbelthiere. Fisch., 49. PI. XIV, liio 1, 1835 (March, 1838), Red Sea. Caranx ( Silar ) a. (Unix, Klunzinger, Fisehe des rothen Meeres, II. 19, 1879 (Rcil'Sea); Steindaehner, Denks. Alt. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 495 (Honolulu). Oimii'iiu affinis, Jenkins, Bull. U. s. Fisli Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23,1903), 110 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (.Ian, 19, 1901), 523 (Honolulu). 149. Carangus helvolus (Forster). Plate 32. Dorsal v, 28; A. i, 22; head, including opercular flap, 3.3 in length to base of caudal fin; depth 2.5; snout 2.9 in head; lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper; maxillary 2.5, reaching to a vertical through anterior edge of pupil; eye 4.3, a horizontal from tip of snout passing through center of pupil; width of interorbital space 2.9. No teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue, those of jaws in a single series. Tongue dead white in color; roof of mouth similar, becoming abruptly 1 flue- black posteriorly, the white extending backward as a V-shaped prolongation; the membranous flap white on the part touched by tongue, black on sides; lower jaw below tongue dark, the flap white beneath tongue, dark on sides. Head with scales behind the eye and on the cheeks; a narrow, naked space on the occiput, extending backward to spinous dorsal; breast naked; plates in straight portion of lateral line 35, each plate with a keel forming a sharp ridge. The locality from which Forster obtained tins species is not known;' but as he visited the Society Islands with Captain Cook on his second voyage, it is possible that, his specimen came from that region. An example 15 inches long, obtained by the Albatross in the Honolulu market in 1902, agrees perfectly with the description of this species. Seamier helvolus Forster, Doscr. Anim., 414. 115, 1775 (Lichtenstein ed., 1814), probably Society Islands.' Caranx helvolus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Reiss., IX, 101. 1833. Carani/us helvolus, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 524 (Honolulu). 150. Carangus cheilio Snyder. Plate 33, fig. 1. Head, measured to end of opercular flap, 3 in length to base of caudal; depth 2.9; depth of caudal peduncle 6.7 in head; diameter of eye 7.1; width of interorbital space 3.3; length of snout 2.3; maxillary 2.9; pectoral fin 1.1; ventrals 2.5; height of first dorsal ray 3.1; anal ray 3.4; length of upper lobe of caudal 1.2; D. viii-i, 24; A. ii, 21; scales in lateral series about 116; between lateral line and spinous dorsal, counting upward and forward, about 23; plates in straight portion of lateral line about 38. Snout pointed, anterior contour of head somewhat concave in the region of inter¬ orbital area. Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper; maxillary not reaching a vertical through anterior edge of orbit by a distance about equal to diameter of pupil; lips very thick, the width of upper near its middle equal to half diameter of eye; teeth short and blunt, in a single series on the jaws, none on vomer and palatines; a few very short teeth on tongue; gillrakers 7+25, the longest equal in length to diameter of iris. Bull U.S.F.C. 1903. Carangus helvolus i Forster). BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903 PLATE 33 1. CARANGUS CHEIL10 SNYDER. 2. CARANGOIDES AJAX SNYDER. A. HOEN A CO., LITH. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 197 Scales on occiput, interorbital area, cheek, and upper parts of opercles; other parts of head naked; body, including breast and a sheath along base of dorsal and of anal, with small scales; scales of pos¬ terior part of body with minute ones along their edges; no scales on membranes of tins; lateral line a little more curved than contour of back, the straight part beginning below tenth articulated ray. Plates highest and broadest near middle of caudal peduncle, their width at that point equal to half the width of maxillary at posterior part. First dorsal spine short and closely adnate to second; second spine longest, 3 in head; rayed portion of fin with a scaled sheath along its base, the height of anterior part of which is equal to diameter of pupil; posteriorly the sheath gradually grows lower, disappear¬ ing near end of fin; anal spines thick and strong, their height a little less than diameter of pupil; base of fin with a sheath similar to that of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes sharply pointed; pectoral falcate, sharply pointed; ventrals not reaching anal opening. Color silvery, a little darker above than below; upper edge of opercular flap with a dark spot about half the size of pupil; axil dusky. This species was based on a single specimen 30.3 inches long obtained by the Albatross in 1002 in the Honolulu market. Car ant] us cheilio Snyder, Hull. 11. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (.Ian. 19, 1904), .924, pi. s, lig. 14. Honolulu (type. No. 50873, U. S. N. M.). Genus 113. CARANX Commerson) Lacepede. This genus differs from Carangus mainly in the dentition, the teeth being very small, granular, and entirely lost with age; maxillary broad; body compressed; the tins without filaments. Only one species known from Hawaii. Caranx Couimorson MS. ( 8}>ccittsiis ). Caranx Laccptsle, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 57, 1802 (tracjnu'us, spcciosus, carangus , ruber, etc.). Gnatlianodon Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 30,72, 1852 (speciosus). Caranx Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1802, 433 (spcciosus). Hypocaranx Klunzinger, Fisehe des rothen Meeres, 92,96, 18S4 (sjteciOSlis) . 151. Caranx speciosus (Fnrskal). “ IJaopuo;” “ Vina I'aud.” Plate XII. Head 3.25; depth 2.14; eye 5; snout 2.5; maxillary 2.75; I ). vi-i, 20; A. i, 10; scutes weak, about 15. Body broadly ovate, strongly compressed; back considerably elevated, the ventral outline less curved; caudal peduncle short; dorsal and ventral outlines approaching it at about equal angles; head rather small, short; snoutshort, the profile ascending rather abruptly; nape trenchant; mouth moder¬ ate, slightly oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching anterior border of pupil, its edge slipping under preorbital for its entire length; suborbital broad, about 2 in snout; mouth entirely toothless, tongue with small villiform teeth; interorbital space strongly convex; eye small, slightly above axis of body, slightly anterior; gill rakers moderate, about half diameter of eye, stout and blunt, about 20 below angle; dorsal spines weak, short, longest 3.2 in head; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; caudal deeply forked; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under seventh soft dorsal ray; ventrals short, reaching beyond vent, 2.5 in head; pectoral long and fal¬ cate, reaching beyond arch, its length equal to base of anal; arch of lateral line equal to straight part (in smaller examples the arch is less, sometimes 1.25 in straight part); cheek and upper parts of oper- cle seal}', breast scaly, no scales on snout and upper part of head. Color in life, light dusky above with silvery and blue reflections, becoming white on belly; ante¬ rior part of belly and sides of face yellow; indistinct yellow blushes on other parts of body; yellow line on body at base of anal; 8 or 9 indistinct transverse bands on body; margin of caudal yellow; anterior anal yellow, bright toward tip of longest rays; ventrals white; pectoral translucent; dorsals dusky; irregular, blackish spots on back below base of soft dorsal. Color in alcohol, dusky grayish, lighter below; soft dorsal brownish olivaceous, other fins slightly lighter, no bands evident on body, though these show in small examples. The above description from a specimen (No. 03523) 18 inches long, from Honolulu, where the fish was also obtained by the Albatross in 1902. Our collections contain an excellent series of this species, the specimens ranging from 8.5 to 20 inches in length. Scomber speciosus Forskiil, Descript. Animal., XII, 54, 1775, Djidda. Scomber rim Forskiil, op. cit. ( -Scombei' speciosus Forskiil ). Australia; Polynesia, etc. 198 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION Caranx spcciosus, Laccpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 72, 1802; Jordan it Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 308, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 117 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan 19, 1904), 525 (Honolulu). Caranx pctaurista Geoffrey Saint- Hilaire, Descript. Egypte, pi. 23, fig. 1. 1809. Caranx poloosoo Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., pi. 58, figs. 1 and 5, 1814 (called Caranx speciosits in the text, 13G), Australia. Gnathanodon spcciosus, Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1851, 72; Jordan it Evermann, Fish. North it Mid. Amer., I, 928, 189G. Caranx ruppdlii Gunther, Cat., II, 445, 1860, Red Sea. Caranx panamcns is Gill, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1863, 1GG, Panama (Coll. Captain Dow).. Caranx (Hi/pocaranx) spcciosus, Klunzinger, Fische des rothen M ceres. I. 96, 1884 (Red Sea); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 495 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu). Genus 114. CARANGOIDES Bleeker. Teeth persistent, all small, in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; lateral line scarcely arched in front; body oblong, not much elevated; otherwise essentially as in Caranx. Tropical seas. Carangoides Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 27, 59, 1852 (plagiotxnia; teeth equal, several series in both jaws and on palate and tongue). a. Anal with numerous rays. 25 or 26. b. Scutes about 30 . . ferdau , p. 198 bb. Scutes about 25 . . . g i/mnostcthoidcs , p. 199 aa. Anal with fewer rays, about 16 . 1 . ajax, p. 200 152. Carangoides ferdau (Forskal). “ Oniilu.” Fig. 77. IIead3.6in length; depth 2.7; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3; maxillary 2.5; I>. vi-i, 29; A. ii— i, 25; scutes about 30. Body elongate, elliptical, compressed, dorsal outline evenly arched, steep from above eye to tip of snout; head as deep as long; snout short, blunt, depressed in front of eye, steep anteriorly; mouth Fig. 77. — Carangoides ferdau (Forskal). moderate, slightly oblique; teeth small, villiform on vomer, palatines, tongue, and jaws, those in jaws the larger and arranged in bands; tongue rounded, thin, and free for t lie most of its length; maxillary rather broad, its greatest width 2 in eye, extending to anterior edge of pupil; eye anterior, slightly . FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 199 above axis; interorbital very convex, the nape trenchant; spinous dorsal short, weak, and low; 6 or 7 rays of soft dorsal elevated anteriorly, the longest ray about 2 in base of fin, other rays even, slightly less than eye; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; caudal deeply forked, lobes equal; anal similar to soft dorsal, longest ray about 2 in its base; ventrals short, reaching past vent, 2.5 in head; pectoral long, falcate, equal to base of anal, the head contained 1.3 in pectoral, its lower base just anterior to base of ventrals; lateral line with a long, low arch, extending nearly to tip of pectoral. Color in life, silvery, with dark-blue reflections over upper portions of back and head, several small lemon-colored spots with dusky centers on side, the number and position varying in different specimens, generally a group under curve of lateral line and one near beginning of straight portion; soft dorsal and anal blue, lower portion of these tins golden with blue outer margin; ventrals white with bluish shade, pectoral transparent, with golden shade; caudal bluish and golden with dusky margin. Color in alcohol, purplish blue, lighter on sides and below, anterior portion of anal and soft dorsal dusky; pectorals pale; side with a few indistinct dark spots, usually below lateral line and posterior to middle of pectoral. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 03413} 14 inches long, obtained in the market at Honolulu, July 19. Several other specimens were obtained at Honolulu and one is in the collection from Kailua. The fish is rather common about Hawaii, and equally so in Samoa. Scomber ferdau, I'orskal, Descript. Animal., 55, 1775, Red Sea. Cara nx bajad Ruppt-Il, Atl. Reis. Nordl. At.. 98, pi. 25, fig. 5, 152.5. Red Sea. Carangoides in migymnostethus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen.. XXIV, 1852, ill, Batavia. CarangoidttgfulvOQidtatus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, 89, Batavia. Caranx Venator Playfair, Proe. Zool. Soc. London 1S67, 859, fig. 2; no locality, probably Seychelles. Caranx ferdau , Kluhzinger, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1871, i 02 { Red Sea) (not of Riippell); Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, I. taf. 77'and 78, 134, 1870 (Red Sea, Tahiti, Seychelles, Bonin Islands); Day, Fishes of India, II, 217, 1S76; Steindach- ner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I.X X, 1900, 495 (Honolulu). Caranx ( Carangoides) Jerdau, Kluiizinger, Fisehe des rothen M ceres. [, 99, 1S84 (Red Sea). Carangoides ferdau , Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 440 (Honolulu). 153. Carangoides gymnostethoides Bleeker. Head 3.3 (4) in length; depth 3 (3.6); D. vii-i, 31; A. is-i, 26. Body elliptical, compressed; profile convex from snout to nostril, thence regularly arched to caudal; ventral outline less convex, being almost straight from head to anal; head longer than deep; snout rather blunt, 3 in head; mouth low, somewhat oblique; maxillary 2.3 in head, extending opposite front of pupil; lower jaw little produced; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and a patch on the tongue; eye large, 1.5 in snout, 4.4 in head; adipose eyelid little developed; cheeks and temporal regions with line scales, head otherwise naked; scales rather small, those below pectoral smaller; a naked Area on breast not widening forward from base of ventrals as much as in C. ortho- grammus Jordan & Gilbert; lateral line but little curved, arched above pectorals, and gradually becoming straight at their tips; greatest depth of arch about equal to pupil, the arched part of the line longer than the straight, plates developed only in the posterior half of the straight part; the plates small with low keels, their spines little prominent; 25 developed plates, including small ones; spinous dorsal rather weak, the highest spine 1.75 in snout (these spines probably varying according to the age); soft dorsal long and low, with slender rays; a well-developed scaly basal sheath anteriorly; the first articulate ray is 1.75 in base of fin and 1.25 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal; first free anal spine nearly obsolete, second small; caudal lobes moderate, equal, 1.2 in head, their length much less than the depth from tip to tip; pectorals falcate, their tips slender, reaching tenth ray of anal, their length 2.5 in body (from snout to base of caudal fin); ventrals 2.6 in head. Color, in spirits, nearly plain olive, about as in C. orthogmmmus. This species is recorded from Johnston Island by Smith & Swain. We have not seen it from elsewhere. Carangoides gymnostethoides Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV. 1852, 61; Bleeker, Xai. Tyils. Xed. Ind.t I, 364, Batavia; Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Pise. Arehip. Indie., 69, 1859 (Java). Caranx gymnostethoides, Gunther, Cat., II, 431, 1860 (Sea of Batavia); Smith & Swain, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mils., V, 1882, 125 (Johnston Island). BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 200 154. Carangoides ajax Snyder. Plate 33, fig. 2. Head measured to end of opercular flap, 3.6 in length to base of caudal; depth 2.7; depth of caudal peduncle 7.7 in head; diameter of eye 5; width of interorbital space 3.5; length of snout 2.3; maxillary 2.3, 1). 19; A. 16; plates in straight portion of lateral line about 32. Anterior profile elevated, the contour rising abruptly to a point above posterior margin of orbit; lower jaw slightly longer than upper; cleft of mouth almost horizontal, maxilliary reaching a vertical passing through center of pupil; width of suborbital area I in head. Teeth villiform, in bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; gillrakers on lower limb of first arch II, the longest equal in length to width of posterior part of maxillary. Head naked, except a small area behind and below eye, where there are small, deeply embedded scales; body mostly naked, there being an irregularly outlined area along lateral line with small, embedded scales; lateral line much more arched than dorsal contour, the highest point of curve just anterior to insertion of dorsal, the straight part beginning below base of twelfth dorsal ray; 3 or i posterior plates large, their length about half the depth of caudal peduncle; other plates growing smaller anteriorly, almost disappearing before curved portion of lateral line is reached; spinous dorsal not present; anal spines absent; anterior rays of both fins elevated, their height about 2.5 in head; caudal deeply forked, lobes of equal length, 1.2 in head; pectoral falcate, 1.1 in head; ventrals short, pointed, 2.3 in head. Color silvery, darker above, indistinctly marbled with dusky along the back; base of pectoral colored on posterior side, upper half brownish black, lower dead white; dorsal fin with a dusky margin. One specimen 38 inches long, from the market at Honolulu. Type, No. 50871, U. S. Nat. Mu's. Carangoides ajax Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1 902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 594, pi. S, iig. 15, Honolulu. Genus 115. ALECTIS Rafinesque. The Thread-Fishes. Body rhomboid, deep, strongly compressed, more or less completely covered with minute embed¬ ded scales, sometimes apparently naked; scutes on the straight portion of the lateral line enlarged, bony, and spinous, as in Carangnx, but much less developed; mouth moderate, with bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; first dorsal fin little developed, the spines short and rudimentary, mostly disappearing with age; soft dorsal and anal similar to each other; the first 5 or 6 rays of each fin elongate and filiform in the young, becoming shorter with age; ventral fins elongate in young, short in the adult; pectorals falcate; no liillets; caudal peduncle narrow, the caudal widely forked; gillrakers moderate, stout. This genus is not essentially different from Carangm, the great change in form arising from no important modification of the skeleton. The changes due to age are surprisingly great, as Dr. Lutkcn has shown, the characters of the nominal genera being chiefly stages in the growth of individuals. The young individuals are almost orbicular in form, with the filaments excessively long. Tropical seas. Gatin* I.acepede, Ilist, Nat. Poiss. , IV, 5S3. 1802 (rtresceu* ciliari*)-, name preoccupied in ornithology. Alectis Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, si, 1815 (substitute for Gatin*, preoccupied). Blcpharis Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1. II, 322, 1817 (ciliari*) ; name preoccupied. Scyris Cuvier, Regne. Animal, Fd. 2, II, 209, 1829 ( indica ). Gallichthy* Cuvier A: Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 108, 1833 (gallas)-, substitute lor Gallus, preoccupied. Blepharichthys Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1301, appendix, 30 ( ciliari* ); substitute for Blcpharis, preoccupied. 155. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). “ (Jim kikikiki." Fig. 78. Head 3.2 in length; depth 1.9; eye 3.8 in head; snout 2.7; preorbital 3.6; interorbital 3.5; maxil¬ lary 2.5; gape 3.1; mandible 2; D. i, 22; A. ii, 17; scutes 18. Body oval, much compressed, highest between the elevated bases of dorsal and anal; snout very short, the profile ascending abruptly in a straight line to front of eye, thence in a sharp curve to nape, from which point it is nearly straight to origin of dorsal fin; interorbital narrow and very trenchant; preorbital very deep; mouth moderate, very low, little oblique in adult, very oblique in’ young; the jaws equal; chin prominent; maxillary rather narrow, reaching vertical of anterior edge of pupil; teeth on jaws, vomer, tongue, and palatines in villiform bands; eye large, above axis of body, the adipose eyelid well developed before and behind; spinous dorsal obscure, the spines scarcely perceptible in FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. '201 adult; first rays of dorsal and anal filamentous, exceedingly long, in the young much longer than body, becoming somewhat shorter with age; lateral line with a wide arch, its summit under origin of dorsal, the chord of the curved portion about equal to straight part; scutes not strong, weak in the young; sheath of dorsal and anal fins little developed; veutrals moderate, about 2 in head; pectoral long, falcate, its length exceeding that of head, its tip reaching vertical of tenth anal ray. Color in alcohol, bluish above, silvery on sides and below; head and middle of side with some yellow: a large dark blotch on opercle, a black blotch on orbit above; fins all pale, a large black blotch on base of the fourth to eighth dorsal rays, a smaller one on third and fourth anal rays; first 2 or 3 produced dorsal filaments pale, next 3 or 4 black for most of their length; ventrals dusky. The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 4039) 15 inches long from Honolulu. A specimen 4.6 inches long, also from Honolulu, had in life 3 curved transverse bands on side of body, convex anteriorly, 1 on caudal peduncle, an indistinct trace of another in front of the 3, the most distinct one extending from just behind dorsal angle of body to just behind ventral angle; the next from about middle of soft dorsal to middle of soft anal; these 3 bands somewhat dusky above and showing very distinct when held at certain angles, but less so when held at others; black spot near Fig. 78. — Alec t is ciliaris (Bloch). base on highest portion of dorsal; ventrals dusky for two-thirds their length; upper margin of opercle black; anterior dorsal and anal filaments white, the next ones black. This interesting and beautiful fish is of wide distribution, being found on both coasts of tropical America, ranging northward to Cape Cod and Mazatlan. It is generally common southward, especially about Cuba and the Florida Keys. The many nominal species have been reduced by Liitken to 3 or 4 — gallus and ciliaris of the East Indies, alexandritms of North Africa, and erinUm of America. We have not examined the East Indian forms, but we see no reason for doubting that ciliaris is the young of gallus, as has been supposed by I>r. Day and others. The name gallus was, however, originally applied by Linnxus to Selene vomer. Our young examples of crinilus, moreover, agree fully with the figures of ciliaris. We think it therefore extremely probable that all the nominal species of this type are forms of Aledis ciliaris. As has been shown by Liitken ( Spolia Atlantica, 197), the nominal genera Scyris, Blejiliaris, and Gallichthys, are simply stages in the development of individuals, the characters assigned to these genera changing with age. The species seems to be not uncommon among the Hawaiian Islands. It. was obtained by Dr. Jenkins in 18S9, and our collection contains a fine series of examples, ranging in length from 4 to 15.5 inches. The Albatross obtained specimens at Honolulu and at Hapalei Bay, Kauai. 202 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Zeusgallus Bloch, lehth., VI, 29, pi. CXCII.fig. 1, 1788; not of Linnseus, locality not given. Zeus ciliaris Bloch, lehth., VI, 27, pi. 191, 1788, East Indies. Scomber filamcntosus Mungo Park, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, III, 1797, 30, Sumatra. (i alius virescens Laccpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 583, 1802, locality not given; after Linnaeus. Scyris indica Riippell, All. Fische, Fische des rothen. M ceres, 128, taf. 33, fig. 1. 1828, Djetta; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poiss., IX, 115, pi. 252, 1833 (Pondicherry and Java); Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 51, 1838; Richardson, / lehth. China, 270, 1810 (Canton). Blepharis fasciatus Riippell, Atl. Reis. Nordl. Af., 129, pi. 33, fig. 2, 1828. Gallichthys chcvola Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 175, 1833; after Russell. Gallichthys major Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 108, pi. 254, 1833 India; Richardson, lehth. China, 271, 1840 (China Seas); Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 130, 1850 (Sea of Pinang, Singapore). Scyris ruppellii Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 251, 1839, locality not given. Scyris indicus , Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 134, 1850 (Sea of Pinang). Car angoides blepharis Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, 67, Batavia. < 'aranyo ides gallichthys Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, 08, East Indies. Caranx gall us, Gunther, Cat., II, 455, 1800 (Malay Peninsula, China, Java); Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, V, 135, 1870 (Hawa¬ iian and Society islands); Day, Fishes of India, II, 224, PI. LI, fig. 3, 1870. Caranx ciliaris, Gunther, Cat., II, 454, 1800 (Amboyna; India); Gdnther, Fische der Sudsee, V, 135, pi. 89, 1870 (Pelew, Kingsmill, Sandwich, and Solomon islands). Scyris gali us, Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Meeres, I, 101, 1884. Scyris ciliaris, Klunzinger, 1. c. (Red Sea). Alcctis ciliaris , Jordan «fc Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amcr., I, 931, 1896; Jordan A Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 308, 1902; Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, 338 (Kerum, Formosa); Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 447 ( Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 525 (Honolulu; Hanalci Bay, Kauai). Family LVI. BRAMIDtE. — The Pomfrets. Body oblong, more or less elevated, strongly compressed, covered with firm adherent scales, large or small; scales firm, cycloid, lobate, or emarginate, or with a median ridge or spine, this character found in the young of all species but disappearing with age in some of them. Mouth moderate, very oblique, maxillary broad and scaly, premaxillary protractile; jaws with bands of slender teeth; vomer and palatine teeth present or absent; preopercle entire or serrulate, serrate or spinous in the young; opercles well developed; dorsal and anal fins long, similar to each other, each with 3 or 4 anterior rays short and simple, developed as spines, the remaining rays all articulated; soft dorsal and anal scaly or with a sheath of scales; ventrals small, below the pectoral; axillary scale well developed, the rays 1, 5; pectoral long; caudal peduncle slender, the fin lunate or forked, sometimes widely so; branohiostegais 7; pseudobranchiie present; pyloric caeca few; air-bladder present or absent; supraoc- cipital crest large and high, extending forward to the snout; vertebra1 numerous (1(1 I 23=39 in Brama rail); skeleton firm; shoukler-girdle thick and heavy, the hypocoracoid especially large and much dilated, entering the ventral outline, excluding the pubic bones from contact with the shoulder-girdle; pubic bones short, and small; nenrals and interneurals small and slender. Fishes of the open sea, widely distributed and often inhabiting considerable depths, subject to great changes with age. Genus 116. COLLYBUS Snyder. Body deep, ovate, greatly compressed; teeth in narrow bands, about 2 or 3 rows on jaws, none on vomer or palatines; 2 small fangs on each side of lower jaw near tip; teeth all small, weak, sharply pointed; gillrakers long and slender; pseudobranchiie large; pyloric ececa 4, 2 of them about equal in length to diameter of pupil, the others nearly as long as stomach; vertebra; 38; mouth very oblique, nearly vertical; operele, suboperele, interopercle, and preopercle smooth; scales short, very broad (vertically), the upper and lower edges sharply pointed, strongly ctenoid, each scale with a median, thickened, vertical ridge having a conspicuous tubercle in the center; number of scales in a lateral row between operele and base of caudal about 50; no lateral line; dorsal inserted on a vertical passing just behind base of ventral, rays 34, the anterior 3 or 4 without articulations; anal 30, a row of scales along base of fin; caudal deeply forked; ventral inserted on a vertical through posterior half of base of pectoral. Color silvery, dusky on head and back. BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903 PLATE 34 1.COLLYBUS DRACHME SNYDER. 2. APOGON ERYTHRINUS SNYDER A. HOEN & CO., UTH. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 203 The genus CoUybus differs from Tunnies in not having teeth on the vomer and palatine bones, in having the caudal deeply cleft, the ventrals inserted posterior to the middle of the bases of pectorals, and in not having the opercular bones denticulated. Collybus Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), 525 ( drackmc ). 156. CoUybus drachme Snyder. Plate 34, fig. 1. Head, measured to. end of opercular flap, 3.3 in length (snout to base of caudal) ; depth 1.7; depth of caudal peduncle 3.6 in head; eye 2.8; snout 4.9; maxillary 2.2; interorbital space 3.3; D. 34; A. 30; scales in lateral series 51, — 19. Body greatly compressed, its width at the widest part equal to length of maxillary; upper contour rather evenly curved from snout, to caudal peduncle; lower contour much more convex, the base of anal not curved; mouth nearly vertical; lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper, posterior edge of maxillary reaching a vertical through anterior edge of pupil; teeth small, weak, sharply pointed, in narrow bands (2 or 3 rows) on jaws; 2 larger, fang-like teeth on each side of tip of lower jaw; no teeth on vomer and palatines; pseudobranchiae large, the filaments equal in length to twice diameter of pupil; gillrakers 4+10, slender, long, and sharply pointed; edges of operele, interoperele, sub- opercle, and preopercle smooth ; lower jaw, snout, and interorbital area naked; other parts of head, including the maxillary and the body, closely scaled; scales strongly ctenoid, the ridges with minute tubercles; each scale with a high vertical ridge, on the middle of which is a prominent knob; the ridges of the scales hidden by the overlapping softer parts, the knobs projecting, lying in longitudinal rows; scales short, but very broad vertically, the upper and lower edges sharply pointed; scales of head, at base of pectoral and along the back much smaller than the others; no evident lateral line. Dorsal inserted on a vertical passing behind base of pectoral a distance equal to diameter of pupil, rays 34, the anterior 3 or 4 without articulations; fin elevated anteriorly, the longest ray 1.4 in head; posterior rays 3.6. Anal rays, except first 1 or 2, articulated; length of anterior rays 3.6 of head; caudal deeply forked; pectoral pointed 3.2 of the length; ventrals inserted on a vertical passing through pos¬ terior half of base of pectoral. Color bright silvery, dusky on upper part of head and along back; a silvery spot about the size of pupil at insertion of dorsal; upper and lower rays of caudal dusky; central part yellowish white; anterior rays of dorsal dusky. The type, No. 50875, U. S. Nat. Mus., is a specimen 6 inches long, from station 4176, off Xiihau, evidently near the surface. Other examples, among which are cotypes, 7737 L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., were obtained from the stomach of a Coryphirna at Honolulu. Small squids and fishes were taken from the stomach of the specimen here described. A specimen seen in the Bishop Museum. Collybus drachme Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 525, pi 9, lig. 10, Albatross Station, 4176, olT Niihau. Family LVII. CORYPH^NIDJE. — The Dolphins. Body elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales; cleft of the mouth wide, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; cardiform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and palatines; a patch of villi- form teeth on tongue; no teeth in esophagus; opercular bones entire; skull with a crest which is much more elevated in adult than in young; a single, many-rayed dorsal fin, not greatly elevated, extending from nape nearly to caudal fin; anal similar, but shorter, each without distinct spines; pectoral very short and small; ventrals well developed, thoracic, i, 5, partly received into a groove in the abdomen; caudal fin widely forked; lateral line present; gill-membranes free from isthmus; branchiostegals 7; no pseudobranehke; no air-bladder; pyloric appendages very numerous; vertebrae about 30. A single genus with probably but 2 species. Very large fishes inhabiting the high seas in warm regions, noted for their brilliant and changeable colors. Genus 117. CORYPHiENA Linnaeus. Characters of the genus included above. The species are not well known, having been unduly multiplied by authors. According to Dr. Liitken they are probably' reducible to 2; both known to occur among the Hawaiian Islands. BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 204 Corijpka”i at Linnseus Syst. Nat., E<1. X, 'Jill . 1753 ( hippurus ). Oaranxuntorus LacCpede, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., Ill, S2, 1302 (puUtt/iats). Lcpimphis Rafinesque, Caratteri, 33, 1310 (/dppuroidis). Lnmpugus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., IX, 317, 1333 ( pelar/icus ; young). n. Dorsal rays 55 to 05; anal 20 to 30; adult with the front greatly elevated, forming a high crest . flippant*, p. 204 an. Dorsal rays 51 to 55; anal 21 to 20; profile of adult male not very steep and not very different from that of female. equisctis , p. 205 157. Coryphaena hippurus Linnseus. Common Dolphin. u Mahihi;” “ ifahimiihi.” Fig. 79. Head 4.35 in length; depth 5; eye 6.2 in head; snout 3; interorbital' 3; maxillary 2.1; D. 57; A. 27. Body long and slender, deepest anteriorly; anterior profile in adult, male nearly vertical; maxillary reaching posterior edge of pupil; mouth large, horizontal; hands of teeth on jaws, vomer, tongue, anti palatines, the teeth all recurved, those in outer row larger, being wide-set, sharp, anti conic; tongue rounded, free; eye low, anterior; a horizontal groove from eye to nostril; origin of dorsal over middle of eye in adult male, its tips extending to rudimentary rays of caudal, the twelfth or thirteenth ray being the highest; origin of anal nearer posterior edge, of eye titan base of caudal; ventrals inserted slightly behind upper base of pectoral, 1.25 in head; pectoral 1.35. Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, lighter below, becoming white on belly; the sides, chiefly below lateral line, with many dark spots about size of pupil, these most numerous anteriorly; dorsal fin dull purplish black; other fins color of corresponding parts of body except ventrals, which are dull purplish black on inner side; anal dull purplish on outer edge; peritoneum grayish black. This description is from a specimen (No. 04450) 29.5 inches long, front Honolulu. Numerous other examples were seen by ns and several were preserved. One from Hilo, when fresh, had the lower half of body yellowish; blue spots under pectorals; jet black spots all over the rest of the lower side, upper portion bluish with dark spots on silvery bluish ground; dorsal fin bright ultramarine, blue; belly light; anal tinged with blue. The color of this fish in life is indescribably beautiful, but it undergoes very rapid changes while dying. After death only faint indications of the former colors remain. Our several specimens are 29 to 46 inches in length, from the largest of which the following measurements were secured: Inches. Length of fish to end of cleft of caudal fin . 46 Root of caudal to end of cleft . . . . . . 4.25 Body exclusive of head . . . 33.25 Trunk . 13.5 Height of dorsal . . . . . 8.0 Height of anal . - . 5.25 Height of ventral . 7.75 Height of pectoral . 7.5 Depth of body at vent . 8.0 Caudal peduncle . 2.5 Cortjphxna hippurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 2(51, 1758, open seas; Gunther, Cat., II, 105, 1800; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, V, 140, 1876 (Indian Ocean); Jordan X Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amor., I, 952, pi. 149, fig. 402, 1896; ibid, Amur. Food and Game Fishes, 324, with tig., 1902; Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 417 (Honolulu.) FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 205 Scomber pelagicus Linna-us, Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 299, 175S, no locality given. Coryphasna fasdolatus Pallas, Spicil. Zool., VIII, pi. 3, tig- 2, 1772. Amboyna. * Coryphivna chrysurus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. III. ISO, 1800. Pacific Ocean. Coryphivna imperial is Rafinesque, Caratteri, 33. 1810, Sicily. Lcpimphis hippuroidrs Rafinesque, Caratteri, 31, 1810, Palermo. Coryphivna iinmaculata Agassiz in Spix, Pise. liras.. II T, pi. 56, 1829, Atlantic, off Brazil. Coryphivna margravii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX. 391, 1833, America. Coryphxna siierii Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX. 302, 1833, Philadelphia Coryphn na dorado Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 303, 1833. Brazil. Coryjihirna dolfyn Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 305. 1833, Antilles. Coryphnmarirguta Cuvier «fc Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 308, 1833. Martinique. Coryphivna arr/y runts Cuvier tfc Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 314, 1833, sea of Coromandel. Coryphirna via m ingii Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 315, 1833, seas of India. CorypJiiena scombcroidrs Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX. 315, 1833, South Sea. Lamp it gus sic ulus Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 323, 1833, Sicily. Coryphivna japonica SHilegel, Fauna Japon., Poiss., 120, pi. 61. is 15. Japan. 158. Coryphsena equisetis Linnteus. Small Dolphin. Fig. SO. Head 4.2 to4.6 in length; depth 3.6 to 4; D. 51 to 55; A. 24 to 26; vertebne 33; profile of head convex, hut not nearly v Ttical,even in the adult ; maxillary reaching front of pupil, 3.8 to 4.S in head; insertion of dorsal behind eye; pectorals equal to half length of head; maxillary reaching middle of eye; profile of snout becoming nearly vertical with age; front of anal under middle of body. Colors brilliant in life, changing suddenly at death ; brownish olive above, white or golden below, with bright-blue spots, which are largest on the back and head, forming bands on snout; dorsal purplish blue, with paler oblique lines, other fins tinged with blue; caudal yellow; inspirits pale, with blackish spots on the lower parts. “ Male with the front elevated, forming a crest, which projects a little beyond the upper jaw; female with blue spots along each side of tail, regularly arranged.” (Poey.) Length 30 inches. Open Atlantic; rare in the West Indies; not recorded from coast of the United States. Recorded by Bennett from the vicinity of Laysan (latitude 27° X., longitude 166° W.) and by Gunther from between Tahiti and the Hawaiian Islands. We are not sure that the specimens recorded by Bennett and by Gunther were not the common species, C. hippurus, but the few dorsal rays in Gunther’s figure and his positive identification indicate that this species as well as the other occurs there. The position of the origin of the dorsal fin, how¬ ever, is not, as Gunther has thought, an important character, as it varies greatly with age, being much more anterior in the young than in the adult. This species was not seen by us among the Hawaiian Islands. Cvri/pluena e.qu O' I.inmeus, Syst.Xil! .. Ed. X, 261, 1758 (misprinted cquiselui, high seas; Gunther, Cat., It. 107, 1860 (Atlantic); Gunther. Fische derSudsee, V, 147, pi 93, Pig. A, 1S76 ( between Tahiti and Hawaiian Islands); .Iordan & Evermann, Pishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 953, 1896; Jordan A Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 325, 1902. Coryphxna sociahs Bennett. Narrative Whaling Voyage, II. 271, 1810, latitude 270 N., longitude 166" W BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 206 Group PERCOIDEA. — The Pereh-like Fishes. A group of fishes of diverse habits and forms, but on the whole representing better than any other the typical AcanthopUrygian fish. The group is incapable of concise definition, or, in general, of any definition at all; still, most of its members are definitely related to each other, and bear in one way or another a resemblance to the typical form, the perch, or more strictly to its marine relatives, the sea basses or Serranuhr. The following analysis gives most of the common characters of the group: Body usually oblong, covered with scales, which are typically ctenoid, not smooth nor spinous, and of moderate size; lateral line typically present and concurrent with the back; head usually com¬ pressed laterally, and with the cheeks and opercles scaly; mouth variable, usually terminal and with lateral cleft, the teeth variable, hut typically pointed, arranged in bands on the jaws, vomer, and palatine bones; gillrakers usually sharp, stoutish, armed with teeth; lower pharyngeal* almost always separate, usually armed with cardiform teeth; third upper pharyngeal moderately enlarged, elongate, not articulated to the cranium, the fourth typically present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill- membranes free from the isthmus, and usually not connected with each other; pseudobranchim typically well developed; branchiostegals few, usually 6 or 7; no orhitosphenoid; no bony stay connecting the suborbital chain to the preopercle; opercular bones all well developed, normal in position, the preopercle typically serrate; no cranial spines; dorsal fin variously developed, but always with some spines in front, these typically stiff and pungent; anal fin typically short, usually with 3 spines, sometimes with a larger number, sometimes with none; caudal fin variable, usually lunate; pectoral fins well developed, inserted high; ventral fins always present, thoracic, separate, almost always with 1 spine and 5 rays; air-bladder usually present, without air-duct in the adult, simple, and generally adherent to the walls of the abdomen; stomach cceeal, with pyloric appendages, the intestines short in most species, long in the herbivorous forms; vertebral column well developed, none of the vertebra- especi¬ ally modified, the number 10 [-14, except in certain extra-tropical and fresh- water forms, which retain the primitive higher numbers; shoulder-girdle normally developed, the post-temporal bifurcate, attached to the skull, but not coossified with it; none of the epipleural bones attached to the center of the vertebra-; coracoids normal, the hypercoracoid always with a median foramen, the basal bones of the pectoral (actinosts or pterygials) normally developed, 3 or 4 in number, hourglass-shaped, longer than broad; premaxillary forming the border of mouth, usually protractile; bones of the man¬ dible distinct. Species very numerous, found in all seas except those of the Arctic regions. Many species inhabit fresh waters, especially in North America and Europe. These fresh-water forms are apparently nearer the primitive stock than the marine species are. The Elcmomida:, Cenlrarchidre, and Percichv are the most primitive, and apparently form, with the PercopsuLv and Aphredoderid; e, an almost continuous series. This series, however, we are compelled to break in a linear arrangement for the purpose of bringing in other series of transitional forms, which culminate in Berycoids and the Scomhroids. KEY TO FAMILIES OF PERCOIDEA. a. Maxillary not sheathed by the preorbital or only partially covered by the edge of the latter; ventral with its accessory scale very small or wanting; opcrele usually ending in a spine. b. Precaudal vertebra with transverse processes from the third or fourth to the last: ribs all but the last lto 1, sessile, inserted on the centra behind the transverse processes; pseudobranchite large; dorsal spines about 10. Kuhllidx. p. 207 bb. Precaudal vertebra- anteriorly without transverse processes; all or most of the ribs inserted on the transverse processes when these are developed. c. Anal spines 2, rarely 3; vertebra- ‘24 or 25; dorsal fin divided . Apoganichth’iidx , p. 209 cc. Anal spines 3, never 2 nor 1; dorsal fin continuous or divided; vertebrae 24 to 35. d. Anal lin shorter than dorsal; head not everywhere covered with rough scales; postocular part of head not short¬ ened . Serranidic, p. 219 dd. Anal fin scarcely shorter than dorsal and similar to it; head and body everywhere covered with rough scales; body deep, compressed . Priucanthida s, p. 227 da. Maxillary slipping for most of its length under the edge of the preorbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath; ventrals with an accessory scale; opcrele without spines. e. Carnivorous species; teeth in jaws not all incisor-like? /. Spines of premaxillary not greatly produced, not extending backward to the occiput; mouth moderately protractile. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 207 (j. Vomer with teeth . Lutianidx , p. 232 OH- Vomer without teeth; palatines and tongue toothless: anterior teeth conical, or else more or less incisor-like; preorpercle entire . Sparkin', p. 242 //. Spines of premaxillary extending backward to the occiput, so that the mouth is excessively protractile: lower pharyngeals well separated . Mxnidtc , p. 244 cc. Herbivorous species: anterior teeth in jaws incisor-like; no molars or canines . Kyphosukv, p. 246 Family LVIII. KUHUID.C Body oblong, strongly compressed; scales large, ciliated; lateral line complete, the tubes straight and occupying the anterior half of the exposed surface of the scale; mouth large, protractile; maxillary exposed, without supplemental bone; teeth in jaws in villiform bands; teeth on vomer, palatines, entopterygoids, and ectopterygoids; tongue smooth; head partly naked; preorbital and preopercle denticulate; opercle with 2 spines; gill-membranes separate; <> branehiostesals; pseudobraneliifc large; gill rakers long and slender; dorsal tins connected at the base, with x, 9 to 13 rays, the spinous portion longer than the soft; anal as much developed as the soft dorsal, with in, 10 to 12 rays; dorsal and anal lius fitting in a well-developed sheath; caudal emarginate, pectoral obtusely pointed, with 14 or 15 rays, upper the longest; ventrals behind base of pectoral, close together, with a strong spine; poste¬ rior processes of the premaxi I lanes not extending to the frontals; supraoecipital bone extending for¬ ward to between the post-frontal processes, its crest not extending on the upper surface of the cranium; parietals short, without crest; precaudal vertebra; with transverse processes behind the fourth; ribs all but the last 2 to 4 sessile, inserted on the centrum behind the transverse processes. (Boulenger.) Vertebra* 25 (10 or 11 j 14 or 15). One genus with 7 or 8 species inhabiting the Pacific Ocean, espe¬ cially fresh and brackish waters of East Africa, the islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans, and north Australia. Genas 118. KGHLIA Gill. Body oblong, much compressed; head compressed; mouth short, oblique; maxillary without sup¬ plemental bone; lower jaw projecting; no canines; teeth subequal; preorbital sharply serrate; angle of preopercle without strong spine; gillrakers slender; pseudobranch he large; scales large, not very rough; lateral line distinctly arched in front; top of head naked; dorsal fin deeply notched, but not divided to base, with 10 slender spines; caudal lunate; anal spines graduated, the fin short. Colora¬ tion bright silvery. This genus contains 2 groups of species, one strictly marine, the other ascend¬ ing the rivers. The Hawaiian species, found in estuaries, is intermediate. KiiKlia Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 48 (cilia fa). Moronopsis Gill. op. cit. 1803, 82 (marginatus) . Paradulcs Blocker. Nederl. Tijdsehr. Dierkunde, 1, 257, 1803 ( marginatum = afflatus). 159. Kuhlia malo (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “Ahdlehdle.” Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.6; eye 3.2 in head; snout 4; interorbital 3.3; maxillary 3; mandible 2.3; D. ix-i, 11; A. in, 11; scales 7-52-12; gillrakers 25 to 28. Body oblong, strongly compressed, upper profile of head nearly straight; caudal peduncle com¬ pressed, its depth equal to length; head longer than deep; snout short, rather blunt; mouth oblique, lower jaw projecting; teeth minute, in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue rather bluntly pointed, free anteriorly; maxillary reaching slightly beyond front margin of eye; eye very large, irregularly circular, its pupil slightly above axis of body, anterior; interorbital convex; 2 small, flat opercular spines, the lower the larger; origin of dorsal fin about over that of ventrals, behind that of pectoral, longest dorsal spine (fifth) 1.6 in head, longer than anterior soft rays; base of soft dorsal less than that of anal; caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed; anal spines graduated to the last, which is the longest, but shorter than the anterior or longest soft rays, longest spine 2.5 in head, longest ray 2.1 in head; ventrals reaching three-fourths distance to vent, 1.8 in head; pectoral 1.5 in head, not reaching as far as ventrals; scales ctenoid, 4 rows on cheek, those along bases of vertical fins very small; top of head naked, about 12 scales before dorsal; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal out¬ line; caudal peduncle compressed, the least width 5 in least depth. 208 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. (lolor in life, bright silvery, bluish on hack; fins dull whitish, the first dorsal and caudal narrowly edged w ith black; ventrals pure w hite; upper fms a little darker than lower; iris reddish silvery. Young examples, when fresh, with top of head steel whitish with steel black reticulations and marblings which end in 2 dark stripes along side of back close to dorsal ; soft dorsal with an inter- maginal stripe of dusky; caudal pale, margined with dusky all round, the hulk of the fin white. Color in alcohol, bluish brown above, more hr less dusky, especially on top of head; lower surface of body white, washed with silvery; vertical tins dusky, the margins of caudal and dorsals blackish; margin of anal pale; pectoral dusky, with a median yellowish spot, axil dusky; ventrals whitish; inside of gill-opening and axil of pectoral dusky. This beautiful fish was quite common in the streams and brackish water on the islands of Oahu and Hawaii. Numerous specimens are in the collections from Honolulu, Moanalua, Heeia, Waialua, Hilo, and Kailua, and numbers were obtained also by I>r. Jenkins and by the Albatross at Puako Bay, Hawaii; Hanalei Bay, Iluleia River, and Waiinea River, Kauai; Lavsan Island; and at Station 3844 on the southern coast, of Molokai. The species attains a length of 8 to 10 inches, though most of the examples seen were smaller; a very attractive little lish, possessing many of the habits of our sunfishes and basses, dwelling by preference in the running fresh-water streams, where it may he found in numbers in the deeper pools’, It is a good food-fish, takes the hook readily, and possesses game qualities of no mean order. As a pan-fish it ranks with our species of Lepomis and Eupomotis. The species is of very wide distribution, having been recorded from South Africa, the East Indies, Australia, many of the islands of the South Pacific, the Hawaiian Islands, and many other localities. Pules •maifriCnvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 179, 1831, Matavia River, Tahiti. Pulex main Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., II, 22(1, pi. 52, 1831, Tahiti. Dulex lennscas Jenyns, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 17, 1842, Tahiti. Pairs margin atus, Gunther, Fische der Slid. see, 24, 1873 (Sumatra, Java, Amboyna, Fiji, Society Islands, Bonham Islands, Gilbert Islands, Hawaiian Islands): Gunther, Rep. Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool., I, part VI, 59, 1880 (Hilo, Honolulu). Moronopsix argnitens var. sandrieemis Steindacliner, Beitriige, V, in Sit zb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LX XIV, 1870, 205, Sandwich Islands. Morgnopsix marghiatnx, Streets, Bull. U. S. N. M., No. 7. 71, 1877 (Waialua, Oahu). ■’ Ihilrx luimilix I)e Vis, Prop. Linn. Soe. N. S. Wales, IX. 1884, 390, Queensland, Australia. Moron apsis sandvirmsis Steindacliner, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XOVI, 1887, 50, (Sandwich Islands). ICuhlia main, Boulenger, Cat., I. 40, 1895 (South Africa; Mauritius; Rodriguez: Fiji Islands; Vi ti Levu, Tahiti; Hawaiian Islands; Hilo); Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900. 485 (Honolulu); Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila. 1900, 502 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept,. 23, 1903), 4 17 '.Honolulu); Snyder, op. c*it. (Jan. 19. 1904). 526 (Hawaiian Islands; Laysan Island). 160. Kuhlia taeniura (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Fig. *81. I), x, 9 to 11; A. iii, 10 or 11; scales 5-50 to 55-13 or 14; depth 2.75 to 3 in total length; head 3.5 to 3.00; snout 0.00 diameter of eye, which is 2.00 to 3.25 times in length of head, and equals inter¬ orbital width; lower jaw projecting; maxillary extending to below anterior border or anterior third of eye, the width of its distal extremity 0.25 to 0.33 diameter of eye; cheeks and opercles with large ctenoid scab’s; angle and lower border of preoperele finely denticulated; lower opercular spine strong; 25 or 20 gill rakers on lower part of anterior arch; dorsal originating just behind vertical of axilla; fifth or fourth and fifth spines longest, 0.0 to 0.60 length of head, longer than anterior soft rays; tenth spine longer than ninth, as long as third or a little shorter; pectoral 0.00 length of head; ventral a little shorter, reaching anus, or not quite so far; anal as long as or slightly longer than its distance from caudal; third spine a little longer than second, as long as tenth dorsal; caudal deeply forked, middle rays 0.33 to 0.4 length of outer. Silvery bluish gray on back; top of soft dorsal blackish; caudal with 5 black hands, one along the middle rays, and two pairs converging posteriorly. This species, common among lava rocks in the south seas, was obtained in 1881 on Johnston Island, south of Hawaii, and recorded by Smith & Swain. It is common at Samoa. !:niiuru:< Cuvier W Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 11 1, 1S29, Java; Hleeker York. Batav. Gem, XXII, 1849, Pere., 49 (Pagotang); Gunther. Cat., I, 267, 1859; Kner, Novara, Fische, 47, 1865. Perea argentea, Bennett, Fish. Ceylon, pi. XXII, 1880. Du/i s bnrmtli. Peters, Mon. Berl. Ae. 1855. 482 (Mozambique); Gunther, Cat., I, 270. 1859^ Dvlrs aiTienlnis, Klunzi tiger, Verb. zool. hot. Ges. Wien, XX. 1870. 730; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 25, [4. XIX, lig. C, 1873; Day, Fish. Inch, 67, pi. XVIII, lig. 2, 1875, and Fauna Inch, Fish. I, 504, 1889. FISHES OF HAWAHAN ISLANDS. 209 Uforonopsis tseniurus, Blceker, Arch. Xeerl., VII, 1872, 371 (Java Sumatra i; Atlas Ichth., VII, 119, pi. CCCXLV, fig. 5, 1876 (Java; Sumatra; Buro). Par adults txniunis, Bleekcr, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk.. IV. 1873, 139. Ixiihlin txninrn. Smith & Swain, Proc. I'. S. X. M.. V, 188.’. 128 i Johnston Island: Java; Chinese Sea; Sumatra Moronopsis argenleus. Klunzinger, Fische des roth. Meer., 25. 1884. Knhlia arge Jordan it Bollman. Proc. l\ S. Nat 'Ins.. XII. 1889, 159, Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago; Jor¬ dan & Eigenmann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., VIII, 1888 (1890), 419. Family LIX. Apognnichthyid®. The Cardinal Fishes. Body oblong or elongate, sometimes compressed and elevated, covered with rather large scales, which are striated and ctenoid, or sometimes cycloid; cheeks scaly, lateral line continuous; cleft of month wide, oblique; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer and sometimes on palatines; canines some¬ times present ( teeth wanting in Hrephoxtomn) ; preoperele with a double ridge, its edge entire or slightly serrated; opercular spine little developed; lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth; pseudo- branchiae present; branchiostegals 6 or 7; dorsal fins well separated, the first with tt to 9 rather strong spines; no dorsal sheath or furrow; anal tin short, usually with 2 spines, sometimes with 3 or 4; ventral fins thoracic, i, 5, without axillary scale. Small fishes of the Tropics, especially abundant in the East Indies, some of them in fresh waters, most of them in rather deep waters. Color often bright red. Genera about 15; species about 130. The family is represented in Japan by at least 8 species, and notwithstanding their small size they have great importance as food-fishes. In the Hawaiian Islands we know 9 species, all of them small and only 2 of any importance for food. These fishes are most abundant among the coral rocks about tropical islands. Many of our most interesting specimens obtained at Honolulu were secured by breaking apart masses of dead coral, in the interstices of which ,they take refuge. a. Canine teeth none; teeth all minute or villiform. Ii. Preoperele with margins entire. c. Teeth on vomer and palatines. d. Lateral line complete and well developed . Mionortui, p. 210 dd. Lateral line incomplete, ceasing under origin of soft dorsal . Foa, p. 210 cc. No teetli on vomer or palatines . . Arionuua , p. 217 bh. Preoperele with at least posterior margin serrate, especially in the young . -1 mia, p. 211 aa. Canine teeth present in l'ront ol jaws . Synagrops, p. 21s F. C. B. 1903— H 210 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 119. MIONORUS Krefift. This genus differs from Amia only in having the preoper.de entire at aii ages and the lateral line complete. The typical species (lunatm) has the body very deep and compressed and the dorsal spines elevated. Scales large (20 to 26) and weakly ctenoid; dorsal spines 7 in typical species, the soft dorsal and anal with 9 to 1 2 rays. Small fishes, similar in habits to the species of Amia, Foa, and Apogonichthys, found in tropical seas in sandy bays or among corals. Several species known. Mionoru s KrefTt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lund. 1867, 942 ( lunatus ). 161. Mionorus waikiki (Jordan & Everniann). Plate 35. « Head 2.4 in length; depth 3; eye 3.2 in bead; snout 4.6; interorbital 6; maxillary 2; D. vn-i, A. ii, 7 ; scales 2-24-5. . Body short, stout, and impressed; dorsal outline strongly arched from tip of snout to posterior base of soft dorsal; ventral outline comparatively straight from tip of mandible to origin of anal; vent immediately in front of origin of anal; caudal peduncle deep and compressed; head rather large; mouth large, slightly oblique, jaws equal, maxillary reaching posterior edge of pupil; eye rather small, slightly above axis of body; interorbital space narrow, little convex; opercular and preorbital bones entire- a band of small villiform teeth in each jaw, and on vomer and palatines; tins moderate, origin of spinous dorsal nearer base of last soft ray than tip of snout; first dorsal spine very short second about half length of third, which is equal to eye and snout; base of soft dorsal equal to depth o caudal peduncle; longest dorsal rays 2.25 in head; caudal rounded, its length 1.75 in head; origin of anal slightly posterior to that of soft dorsal, its longest rays 2.4 in head; pectoral slender, reaching past origin of anal, its length 1.5 in head; ventrals short, barely reaching origin ot anal, their length nearly 2 in head; scales large, weakly ctenoid, firm, and somewhat deeper than long- lateral line strongly developed, following outline of back until under last dorsal ray, where it curves downward, following middle line of caudal peduncle to base of caudal fin. Color in alcohol, head and body rather dark brownish, a lighter crossband around body at nape and across opercles; another light band surrounding body between the 2 dorsal fins; 3 dark -brown lines radiating from the eye, the first downward across cheek to tip of maxillary, the second backward across cheek toward base of pectoral, the third upward and backward to origin of lateral line, spinous dorsal blackish, especially on last spine; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal dusky, narrowly edged with white; pectoral pale, crossed by about 6 obscure brownish crossbars; ventrals black or very dark brown, the outer rays somewhat paler. The above description is based upon the type, No. 50639, l . S. N. M. (held i-o. - ), a specimen 1.5 inches long, obtained from the coral rocks in front of \\ aikiki, near Honolulu, August 22, UU- This species is related to M. alutus of the coast of Florida, from which it differs markedly in color and in the more slender body. Only one specimen was obtained by us. Other specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Stations 3872 and 3876, between Maui and Lanai, in 28 to 43 fathoms. Apngonichthi/s vaikiki Jordan & Evermann. Bull. r. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Apr. 11. 1903). 179, Waikiki, Oahu Island: Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 526 (Hawaiian Islands). Genus 120. FOA Jordan & Everniann, new genus. Foa Jordan & Everniann. new genus (. Fowleria lirachy grammus). This genus differs from Amia only in the character of the lateral line, which is developed only on the anterior part of the body. The preopergk as m Mionorus, is without serration. Several species occur in crevices of coral rock in the South Seas. All of them are of very small size and some are brightly colored, several of them with a conspicuous black ear-spot. This genus differs from Apogonichthys in having palatine teeth. Fo is the Samoan name for fishes of this family. Fail'll rid Jordan A Evermann, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Apr. 11. 1903), IS . . a Apogonichthys v aikiki on plnle. pori rv-rpminfl APOGONICHTHYS WAIKIKI JORDAN & EVERMANN. TYPE. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 211 162. Foa brachyg-ramma (Jenkins). Fig. S2. Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4.2; interorbital 4; maxillary 2; D. vii-i, 9; A. ii, 8; scales 2-22-3. Body short, deep, and compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines symmetrical; head rather large, conic; mouth large, moderately oblique, jaws equal; maxillary reaching posterior border of pupil; eye large, slightly above axis of body; caudal peduncle compressed, twice as deep as thick; nape some¬ what elevated, the profile slightly concave above and back of the eyes; opercles and preorbital entire, without teeth; minute villiform teeth ou jaws, vomer, and palatines, none on tongue; vent imme¬ diately in front of origin of anal fin; scales large, weakly ctenoid, moderately firm, deeper than long; 2 scales in front of dorsal; lateral line incomplete, beginning at upper edge of gill-opening and ceasing under front of soft dorsal, number of pores about 10; pores rudimentary or absent altogether on pos¬ terior half of side; fins rather large; first dorsal spine very short, its base midway between tip of snout and base of last soft ray; longest dorsal spine about 2 in head; soft dorsal well separated from the spinous part, its rays about 1.9 in head; caudal rounded, its length 1.7 in head; anal immediately under soft dorsal, its rays 1.9 in head; pectorals small, equal to snout and eye; ventrals short, not reaching anal, a little shorter than pectoral. Fig. 82. — Foa brarhtjijramma (Jenkins); from the type. Color in life, plain; pectoral, light rosy; dorsal, caudal, and anal yellow; ventrals dusky. Color in alcohol, rusty yellowish brown, opercles and side with more distinct brownish blotches; spinous dorsal dark; ventrals dark; other tins pale. This species resembles Apogonkhlhys auriCus of Cuvier & Valenciennes, which is the type of Apogonichthys. A. aurilus has, however, a large black opercular spot bordered by a pale line, and the fins mottled and barred. Dr. Streets records it from Honolulu, which is doubtless an error. Foa brachi/i/rainma reaches a length of about 2 inches. Three specimens were obtained by us from among coral rocks near the Moana Hotel at Waikiki and another at Hilo. A single specimen, the type of the species, was obtained hv Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and others by the Albatross at Honolulu, at stations 3847 and 3849 on the southern coast of Molokai, and at stations 3872, 3873, 3875, and 3876, between Maui and Lanai, in 23 to 73 fathoms. Apogon anrilws, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7. 72, 1877 (Honolulu); not of Cuvier Valenciennes. Fotvlcria brackygrammus Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1002 (Sept. 23. 1903), 417. tig. 18, Honolulu; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 526 (Hawaiian Islands). Genus 121. AMIA Gronow. / Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, ctenoid scales; lateral line continuous, with 20 to 30 scales; head large; mouth wide, oblique, the maxillary extending to below middle of the large eye; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and usually oil palatines; no canine teeth ; preopercle with a double 212 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. ridge, the edge somewhat serrate, at least in the. young, becoming entire with age in some species; operele with a spine behind; gill rakers rather long; dorsal spines 6 or 7, strong; second dorsal remote, short; anal with 1’ spines and S or 9 soft rays, the second much the longer, the soft part similar to the soft dorsal; pectorals and ventral* moderate; vertebrae 11+11=25. Warm seas; the species numerous. The species are much alike in form, but differ greatly in markings, the ground color being usually bright red or reddish silvery. The principal groups differ in number of dorsal spines and in the form of the caudal. Most of the Pacific species belong to the subgenus Ostorhinchus, while all the Atlantic species belong in the subgenus Apngon. Art'i'i Gronow. Zoophyl., 80, 1763 (mo/.ii.cccnrir); Gill, 1'roc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Pliila. 1862, 237 ( imberbis ). Apopon Lacepcde. Hist. Nat. I’oisa., III. til, 1801 (ruber — imberbis). Ostorhinehur I/iccpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 21. 1802 ( fleuricu , a species from the South Seas with 8 dorsal spines and a dark cros -hand at base of caudal). Monoprion Potty, Mctmorias. II. 123, 1856-58 (nuiculatur) . Pristiapopon Klunzinger, Synopsis, Fische des rothen Meeres, in Verhand. Gczclls. Wien, I, 715, 1870 ( Jrenatus ). a. Preopcrcle sharply serrate on posterior margin only, the anterior edges smooth or merely roughish. ;>. Body with 6 or 7 longitudinal rows of black spots forming distinct lines. . . maculifera, p. 212 hh. Body with 5 indistinct dark bands, none reaching the ventral surface . evermanni, p. 213 an. Preopercle sharply serrate on both margins; body without distinct rows of spots, c. Second dorsal spine not the longest; color not bright reddish. d. Caudal fin without black crescent . snyderi, p. 214 dd. A broad black crescent on base of caudal fin, the horns extending to tips of outer rays . menesema, p. 215 cc. Second dorsal spine longest; color of body bright reddish . erythrina, p. 217 163. Amia maculifera (Garrett). Fig. 83. Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.75; eye 3.2 in head; snout 4.2; maxillary 2; interorbital 4; mandible 1.6; D. vn (-viii)-i, 9; A. n, 8; scales 3-24-5; gillrakers about 6 + 15, long and compressed, filaments short, the longest smaller than the longest gillrakers. Body short, deep, and moderately compressed, the greatest depth less than length of head; caudal peduncle rather deep, its least depth 2.5 in head; head pointed, longer than deep, eye and postocular Fin. 83. — Amia 'maculifera (Garrett). part equal to its depth; eye very large, anterior, much greater than snoul ; interorbitnl flat with a low median ridge; upper rim of orbit not projecting above the profile of head; snout pointed; jaws sub¬ equal; maxillary extending nearly to posterior margin of pupil; teeth villiform, in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue small, rounded, thin, and free; mouth large, oblique; bones of the bead cavernous; posterior margin of preopercle and edge of suborbital finely serrate; anterior margin of preopercle simply rough; origin of spinous dorsal over base of pectoral, third spine enlarged, 2.4 in FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 213 head; origin of soft dorsal slightly anterior to origin of anal, longest ray 1.7 in head; caudal deeply emarginate; longest anal spine 3 in head, longest ray 1.75 in head; pectoral long, reaching to above base of second anal ray, longest ray 1.6 in head; ventrals reaching nearly to origin of anal, 1.75 in head; scales large, finely ctenoid, deciduous, 4 in front of dorsal. Color in life of an example (No. 5163) 5.6 inches long, body very pale purplish gray; belly pale orange; head dusky reddish orange, with purplish tinge; 6 or 7 rows of pale black spots longi¬ tudinally on body, the upper one over a part of lateral line; spinous dorsal orange-red, with rosy tinge, second spine delicate purple; second dorsal same color as first; caudal same color as dorsal, except its upper and lower edges blackish and its tip somewhat blackish; anal bright orange with reddish shade, tip blackish; ventrals same as anal, but brighter and the tips blackish; pectoral same as dorsal, but uniformly paler; posterior third of iris bright yellow, with greenish reflections mottled with blackish-violet marks. Color in alcohol, light brownish, paler below, side with a series of about 8 horizontal lines made up of a series of rather large, distinct dark-brown spots on the centers of the scales; the line immedi¬ ately above lateral line and the third one below it most distinct; in some cases the spots coalesce, forming continuous lines; top of head dusky i ilivaceous; cheek, opercles, and lower jaw densely covered with fine brown punetulations, some of those on preopercle slightly larger and blacker; an obscure dark bar from eye to gill-opening; breast pale, with a few obscure brownish punetulations; base of pectoral dusky; a large black blotch at base of caudal peduncle; dorsals and caudal somewhat dusky, other fins pale. This species attains a length of about 6 inches and appears to be common among the Hawaiian Islands. Our collections contain numerous specimens from Honolulu and Hilo, and the Albatross secured it at Station 3875, between Maui and Lanai in 34 to 65 fathoms. Apogon maculi/cru8 Garrett. Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sri.. Ill, 1SG3, 10A, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, I, 20, pi. XX life C, 1873 (Hawaiian Islands;; Steindachner. Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 484 (Laysan); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 448 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 526 (Albatross Station 3875, between Maui and Lanai). 164. Amia evermamti (Jordan & Snyder). Fig. 84. Head, exclusive of opercular flap, 2,7 in length; depth 3.2; depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 in head; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 1.87; interorbital space 6.25; I), vi, i-9; A. 1 1, 8; pores in lateral line 25; Br. 7. Head conspicuously large; snout pointed; mouth large, the maxillary extending to a point mid¬ way between pupil and posterior margin of orbit; interorbital space concave, viewed either from the side or from before, its width equal to that of posterior edge of maxillary; edge of suborbital and lower edge of preopercle witn large, thin, membranous flaps; anterior edge of preopercle smooth; upper part 214 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. of posterior edge finely serrated. Teeth villiform, in broad bands on the jaws, a V-shaped patch on I lie vomer, ami in narrow bands on the palatines; gill rakers 5 -f 16, the length of the longest contained 3 times in longitudinal diameter of eye; pseudobranchke present. Head naked, except on interoperele, preoperele, and upper part of opercle, where there are a few large smooth scales; scales of body ctenoid, the number in a longitudinal series immediately above the lateral line 54, between lateral line and spinous dorsal 3, between lateral line and anal 15; lateral line complete, its curve closely following that of dorsal contour of body, located on middle of caudal peduncle posteriorly. Third and fourth dorsal spines longest, 2.7 in head; first and sixth of equal lengt h, half as long as the third; a slight space between dorsals, the spines when depressed just reaching base of second dorsal; spine of second dorsal measuring 3.16 in head; longest ray 1.87; distance between soft dorsal and base of caudal equal to width of space between anterior margin of eye and posterior edge of opercle; first anal spine minute, the second 3.5 in length of head; longest ray 2; ventral reaching a point, midway between anal opening and base of anal fin; pectoral fin rather pointed, its tip reaching a vertical through middle of anal; caudal forked. In alcohol the color is very light (in life probably red), the body with 5 rather indistinct dark bands, none of which reaches the ventral surface; the first on nape, second triangular in shape, extending from base of spinous dorsal to near middle of body, third passing from base of second dorsal to a point near base of anal, the fourth located just behind the second dorsal, fifth at. base of caudal; a narrow, dusky band passing from tip of snout to eye; a similar band from posterior margin of eye to edge of opercle. A single specimen about 5.6 inches long from the market, at Honolulu. The condition of the tissues indicates that the example came from deep water. Type, No. 51 87, U. S. N. M., collector K. 1 .. Berndt. Aynyou crermanui .Iordan A Snyder, Pror. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1904 (Oct. 6), 123, Honolulu. 165. Amia snyderi (Jordan & Kvermann). Plate 36 " and Fig. 85. Head 2.7 in length; depth 3. 1 ; eye 3.7 in head; snout 3.7 ; interorbital 4.5; maxillary 2.2; mandible 2; gape 3; D. vii-i, 9; A. n, 8; C. 17; P. 10; scales 2-25-5; Br. 6. Body short and stout, moderately compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved; head rather large, conic; snout conic, the anterior profile very slightly curved from tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal; mouth oblique, jaws sub¬ equal, the lower slightly included; max¬ illary long, reaching not quite to posterior edge of pupil, its width at tip 2 in eye, supplemental bone well developed; inter- orbital space rather broad, slightly con¬ vex, preorbital narrow, least width 3 in eye; teeth on vomer and jaws, the latter in villiform bands, none on palatines; gillrakers slender, 10 on lower limb of first arch; caudal peduncle compressed and deep, the least width about 4 in its depth; scales large, deep, closely imbri¬ cated, strongly ctenoid and loose; lateral line beginning at upper end of gill-opening, nearly straight to base of caudal fin, 4 scales in front of spinous dorsal; nape with a striated shield; edge of opercle thin and smooth; both margins of pre¬ operele and edge of interoperele serrate; teeth strongest at angles; a series of moderately strong teeth along lower edge of orbit ; origin of spinous dorsal nearer snout than base of last dorsal ray; first dorsal spine very short, fourth longest, about 2 in head, second 2 in tire fourth, seventh 2 in second; first soft rays longest, 1.8 in head; caudal deeply emarginate, longest, rays about 1.6 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, somewhat, smaller, its origin under last rays of soft dorsal; ventrals pointed, scarcely reaching vent, 1.9 in head; pectoral reaching vertical at. vent, 1.7 in lietfd. Color in alcohol, pale yellowish brown, darkest above; a darker brownish band extending from Fig. 85. — Amia snyderi (Jordan A Evermann); after G'inther. Apogon syndcri on plate. Plate 36 Apogon snyder i Jo r dan & Evermann type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 215 upper edge of operele along side, just above lateral line, to posterior edge of soft dorsal; another broader, more distinct brown band from tip of snout through eye and along middle of side to base of caudal fin, covering lateral line on caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle at base of caudal fin with a broad dusky crossbar, usually darkest on upper half, sometimes obscure, sometimes with a darker blotch or spot in the upper portion; upper parts of head covered with fine dark brown punctulations; lower jaw similar, but somewhat paler; membranes of anterior 2 or 3 dorsal spines black, others finely punctulate; soft dorsal pale at base, above which is a broad indistinct dark crossband, the color confined chiefly to the interorbital membranes, this color extending to near tip of last rays; outer part of soft dorsal pale; anal similar to soft dorsal, the black bar narrower and nearer base of fin, rest of fin white; caudal dusky on membranes of outer 1 or 2 rays, the fin otherwise white, with a few fine punctulations on the interradial membranes; ventrals pale; distal parts of the first and second rays and their connecting membrane black; pectoral pale, axil and base of pectoral somewhat dusky. Color in life (field No. 198, (). P. J. ), pale red; 2 longitudinal pearly lines on body; first dorsal with a dusky olivaceous anterior border; white lines along fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh spines, the membranes olivaceous; second dorsal with many white and some olivaceous spots; anal with a dusky line along base, the distal part red; base of caudal dusky, rest of fin pale red; ventral with a white spot near tip; pectoral pink; iris yellow. Another example (field No. 03499) was coppery brown when fresh, with trace of dusky band along side; a faint black bar at base of caudal, forming a black spot above end of lateral line; some dusky on operele; first dorsal dusky; second dorsal brownish red with some dark; anal same with a basal flesh- colored bar below it; caudal reddish brown; ventrals same, with first ray pinkish and dusky behind it; some dusky on operele. This species reaches a length of about 6. inches. It was obtained by Garrett in the Hawaiian, Society, and Paumotu islands. Our collections contain numerous specimens from Honolulu and Hilo. We have examined also 12 specimens in the collection made by Dr. 0. P. Jenkins. The species closely resembles Amia menesenta, from which it differs chiefly in coloration; the black caudal crescent, which is such an excellent distinguishing mark in A menesema, is wholly absent in this species; moreover, the 2 silvery lateral bands, which become dark brown in spirits, are not found in .1. menesema; and the black on the anal and soft dorsal is less conspicuous in . I . myderi. A fairly good figure of this specis is given by Gunther in Fische der Siidsee, under the erroneous name of Amia frenata. The species belongs to the subgenus Prixliaprjgon of Ivlunzinger, having both limbs of the preoperde serrate. Our collections contain many specimens from Honolulu and Hilo, ranging in length from 3 to 5.5 inches. Apogon frn/alu*. Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 19, taf. 19, lig. A, 1873 (Hawaiian, Society, and Paumotu islands); Stein- dachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 484 (Honolulu); not Apogon frenafnn Valenciennes, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist, Nat.. 1832, 57, pi. 4, lig. 4; nor of Klunzinger. Apogon snydefi Jordan A Evermanu, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), ISO, Honolulu; JeDkins, op. cit- (Sept. 23, 1903), 418 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 526 (Hawaiian and Laysan islands). 166. Amia menesema (Jenkins). “ VpapAlu.” Plate XIII and Fig. 86. Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.8; eye 3. 75 in head; snout 3.9; maxilla ry 1,9; interorbital 4; mandible 1.75; D. vii-i, 9; A. it, 8; scales 2-25-5. Body' short, deep, moderately compressed, greatest depth less than length of head; caudal pedun¬ cle rather deep, its least depth 2.3 in head; head subconic, longer than deep, its depth slightly greater than eye and postocular part of head; snout bluntly rounded; jaws equal; month large, slightly oblique; bands of small villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue rather thick, narrowly pointed, free; maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil, which is above axis of body, anterior; interorbital very slightly convex; longest dorsal spine 2.2 in head; preoperde sharply serrate on ante¬ rior as well as posterior margin; longest dorsal ray' 1.8; caudal deeply emarginate; anal similar to soft dorsal, longest ray 1.8 in head; ventrals reaching nearly to anterior base of anal, 1.8 in head; pectoral reaching to origin of anal, 1.6 in head; scales large, weakly ctenoid, deciduous; lateral line complete, concurrent with dorsal outline. Color in life, coppery purple, dull and clouded with grayish; sides and belly with bluish luster; first dorsal dull reddish, with membrane of first two spines jet black; second dorsal dirty pink, with a 216 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. blackish bar near base, the tip blackish; anal same as soft dorsal; caudal dirty pink, with a broad blackish stripe along middle of each lobe, extending forward on median line of caudal peduncle above and below, these connected by a stripe; a curved black crossbar parallel with edge of fin; pectoral bright pink; ventral* pale pink, with black tips; body unmarked except si dusky shade across caudal peduncle connecting bases of the 2 caudal stripes. Color of another specimen (No. 03439), when fresh, coppery, with blue and silvery reflection over body and head; fins, except the black areas, rosy. Color in alcohol, light brown, becoming paler below and dusky grayish on belly; first 2 or 3 dorsal spines and their connecting membranes black, rest of fin pale with very light brown specks; soft dorsal and anal white, each with a broad, jet-black bar extending across the rays, the anterior end on lower fourth of rays, the bar gradually rising until on the last rays it is near their tip; caudal pale with a broad jet-black crescent across its base and extending to tips of tin on the 2 or 3 outer rays but one. Ihe outer ray being white; between this crescent and caudal peduncle a lighter area, the color of the bar, confined chiefly to the membranes; rest of fin white, with obscure dusky specks; ventrals Fig. SII. — Amia vintt:;:.: mu (Jenkins); from t lie type. pale, with a few obscure dusky specks, tips of the longest 2 rays dark; pectoral pale, with obscure darkish punctulations; no trace of any streaks or bars on side of dark spot on caudal peduncle. The above description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 02919) 6.25 inches long, from Honolulu. This species is closely related to A. smjderi, from which it differs, however, in the smaller eye and the entire absence of the dark lateral stripe and the presence of a black crescent on the caudal tin; the black bar on the soft dorsal and anal is in each case farther up on the fin than it is in A. snyderi. This species reaches a length of at least 7 inches and appears to be abundant among the Hawaiian Islands. Besides the numerous specimens in our own collection from Honolulu, llilo, and Kailua, we have, examined 11 examples obtained by Dr. Jenkins and others collected by the Albatross at Laysan Island and on the southern coast of Molokai. We have also a specimen from Papeete, Tahiti. Apnynn ilScnesemus Jenkins. Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., X XII, 1902 (Sept. 22, 1903), 448, fiir. 19, Honolulu (Type, No. 50700, TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Coll. 0. P. Jenkins); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 520 (Laysan Island; Honolulu; Albatrossstation 3834). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 217 167. Amia erythrina (Snyder 1. Plate 34, fig. 2." Head, including opercular Ha]), 2.5 in length; depth 2.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6; eye 2.7 in head; snout 4.9; maxillary 2.2; D. vi, i, 9; A. n, 8; P. 14; scales 3-26-7, 5 in front of dorsal; width of body at pectorals about half the depth; caudal peduncle slender; distance between last anal ray and base of caudal 3.12 in length. Head short, snout blunt and rounded, lower jaw included; interorbital space flat, with a slight median elevation, width equal to diameter of eve; mouth oblique, the maxillary extending to the posterior border of eye, the expanded portion with a slightly convex posterior border; both margins of preopeicle weakly serrated; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, the latter covering a small anterior area of bones; gillrakers on vertical limb of arch mere papillae, except along slender one at angle; those on horizontal limb long and slender near the angle, gradually reduced in length to near middle of limb, where they are short and rudimentary;- scales weakly ctenoid; cheeks and opercles with scales; first dorsal spine short and weak; second very strong, its length 1.67 in head, when depressed reaching base of second dorsal rav; remaining spines graduated in length to the last, which is about 3.3 in second; spine of soft dorsal very slender, equal in length to fourth spine of first dorsal; longest rays 1.58 in head; anal rays about equal in length to those of dorsal; caudal 0.3 of the length, its margin with a deep notch; pectoral 4.5 in length, ventrals 4.5. Color reddish orange, scales edged wit h a narrow band of a somewhat deeper hue; occiput and a spot on opercle dusky ; a small black spot at origin of spinous dorsal; minute dark specks on nape, along base of dorsals, at base of caudal, on breast and on opercles; fins immaculate. Distinguished from the other Hawaiian species by the bright reddish color, the absence of large spots or bars on the body and fins, and by having the second dorsal spine largest. Type, No. 50S76, U. S. N. M . . Puako Bay, Hawaii. Length 1.4 inches. Other specimens, among which are cotypes, No. 7733, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., are from Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai; and Laysan Island. The species was also abtained in Samoa. Apogon ergt/trinus Snyder. Bull. V. S. Fish < mini XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), .20. pi. 9, tig. 17. Puako Bay, Hawaii. Genus 122. ARIOMMA Jordan & Snyder. Body not greatly compressed; head large; caudal peduncle slender, cylindrical; eyes large, with thin adipose lids; mouth small, the maxillary Short, broad, rounded posteriorly; teeth on jaws, none on vomer and palatines; pseudobranchise present; preopercle smooth; head and body with scales, about 55 in lateral series; soft dorsal and anal elongate. Only one species known. Ariomnia Jordan A Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, 1904, 942 ( lurkla ). 168. Ariomma lurida Jordan & Snyder. Plate 37. Head 2.9 in length; depth 4; eye 3 in head; snout 3.3; interorbital width 4; depth of caudal peduncle 7; D. x, 17; A. 15; P. 20; scales in lateral series 55 or more. Width of body a little greater than half its greatest depth; caudal peduncle cylindrical and mark¬ edly slender; interorbital space slightly convex; eye extremely large, with thin, transparent adipose lids, the posterior extending to edge of pupil, the anterior not more than one-fifth as wide; nostrils near tip of snout; lower jaw projecting a little beyond the upper; length of maxillary equal to inter- orbital width; jaws each with a single row of slender, minute teeth, those on lower jaw curved back¬ ward; no teeth on vomer or -palatines; pseudobranchiie large; gillrakers on first arch 9 f 19, those near the angle long and slender, the others growing successively shorter toward either end of arch; pre- operele entire; scales probably between 55 and 65 in a lateral series, probably present on head, includ¬ ing upper part of snout and cheeks, scale-pits being present on occiput and below eye; lateral line probably developed, its anterior end below base of dorsal a distance equal to diameter of pupil; origin of dorsal above base of pectoral; soft dorsal and anal coterminous, the length of caudal peduncle measured to bases of upper and hover rays equal to length of maxillary; ventrals inserted on a ver¬ tical through second or third dorsal spine; caudal fin probably concave or forked. Whether the Apogon erythrinus on plate. 218 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. - *• ** . . . ^ ... SSTS.7S ST ”**" . - * * «* - J Ariomma lunda Jordan & Snyder. Proc. U. s. Nat. Mu,.. XXVII, 1904, ,r _ , tail); 2 scales in a transverse series between lateral line •mb t ^ 28 t0 29 ^ 2 °r 3 on base of pectorals nearly 2 in the depth- Iea*t denth f i \ / ^i11 ^ c <>r,sal tin>* width body at greatest ,5 „ th'« Sail* .rf' or«. 3 t, £ T . ' ** “ . . . . . tip ..I rnm ... f? T“ 'pi“ snout to origin of anal a little more than 1 5- from root "of , i 1,1 body; from “P of dorsal 5.5; base of second dorsal 8.3; distant ^ “** °f Fin. 87. Synagrops argyrea (Gilbert & Cramer); from the type. snouCabot^on^leve!1 witMow^^margin^'^pimil' trb*w£ '"T™ 7T*’ 11,1 °f projecting, entering the steep profile- "max ill-nw win • •• i **• jaws equal or the lower vcrj^lighUy beyond center of eye, much expanded behin I tl . '! " ** 8 the mlddle’ caching to or a little enlarged into a lobe- small teeth* in I -m 1 ‘ le em emarginate, lower posterior angle somewhat of band of small tekh near^terio^XTl V°mer’ a ^ eanine ^oth h^ide them; each ramus of lower iaw with 9 • sacIa Pfemax diary, tip of lower jaw fitting between side of tip of lower jaw just ou rtSSS Z?* , "* *»*"■ 2 very close together at each and behind this 7 neariv e juid Z Sr'' f"' l"* M &* °f largest, or as lar^e as those^behind* H^m^'ir^^foutside'oMhi^of ^anhiles^very few idnumber Ariomma lurida Jordan & Evermann. Type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 219 in lower jaw; canines sometimes as few as 5 in number on each side; posterior nares narrow, vertical slits close in front of rim of orbit, and on a level with upper rim of pupil; anterior nares small, circular, and the. distance between posterior and anterior nares 5 in orbit; interorbital space convex, its width a little less than orbit, divided into areas by a series of low, thin ridges, one of these, quite as long as snout, extending forward along median line of occiput to about the vertical from posterior margin of orbit; on each side of this, a little behind its anterior end, begins a curved ridge which runs forward and outward to about the vertical from the hinder edge of the pupil, and thence forward and inward to the median line between the anterior nares, these symmetrical ridges forming a pear-shaped figure with its pointed end directed forward; on each side, at the greatest convexity of the above ridges, at the vertical of the posterior margin of the pupil, begins another ridge which runs straight forward and outward close to tiie antero-dorsal margin of the orbit, then curves inward and forward inside of the nares to a point in advance of the anterior nares and not far from the middle one; suborbital ring narrow; posterior edge of preopercle nearly vertical and straight, directed a little downward and backward and very slightly curved backward near its posterior end, producing a prominent rounded angle, both edges closely serrated, the serrations strongest, almost in the form of small spines, at the angle and at the ridge of the opercle forming a rounded and obtuse lint marked angle, with inferior edge serrated; opercle with slightly diverging ridges, the lower nearly horizontal and a little more strongly developed than the upper, both ending in small spines; gillrakers 13 on the anterior limb of first arch, the longest about 3 in eye; peritoneum black; scales large, thin, cycloid, very deciduous; interorbital space, snout, and lower jaw, and apparently the maxillary and opercles, scaleless; cheek with large, thin, embedded scales; second dorsal, anal, and caudal scaly on their basal parts; lateral line high up and continued on to basal past of dorsal fin; origin of first d< irsal fin over root of pectoral, its third spine probably longest, at least half as long as head, the spines slender and weak; origin of second dorsal a little in front of origin of anal, the rays heavy; first spine of anal short, the second longer, 1.5 in orbit, the soft rays thick; caudal deeply forked, the longest rays at least half length of head, and (the ends of the rays of second dorsal, of anal, and caudal all injured); upper end of root of pectoral about on a level with lower edge of pupil, the width of the base less than half orbit, the longest rays (injured at tips) at least two-ninths of Ixmy length; root of ventrals under root of pectoral; ventral spine with its outer edge densely serrate, the soft rays more than half as long as head. Color in alcohol, though the scales are nearly all off,' the back and upper part of side light brownish, with black lines at the edge of the fallen scales; top of head and snout dusky; sides of head and lower three-fifths of trunk and tail silvery; first dorsal fin blackish in the distal half, the other fins a little dusky; mouth cavity not dark, the gill-cavity a little dusky. A second, smaller specimen differs from the type in having only 5 instead of 9 canines in each lower jaw, its depth a little greater, orbit larger, gillrakers a little shorter. Aside from some very slight differences in flic proportions, it agrees in even minutest details with the type. Length 3.75 and 5.5 inches. Described from examples dredged at stations 3472 and 3476, in 295 and 298 fathoms, by the Albatross in 1891 off the Hawaiian Islands'. (Gilbert and Cramer.) This species is said to lie close to Sgnai/rops japonica of Steindachner and I fdderlein, differing from it, among other characters, in the serrated ventral spine, large number of canine teeth, greater length of second anal spine, in the color, the relative development of the 2 opercular ridges, and the absence of black color in the mouth cavity. Melanostoma argyreuni Gilbert & Cramer, I'roc. l\ s. Nat. Mus., XIX. 18%, lit',. PI. XXXIX, fig. 3, Albatross stations 3472 and 3476, off the Hawaiian Islands, in 275 and 2g8 fathoms. (Type. No. 47732 U.S.X.M.) Family LX. SFKIvWIDH. The Sen Hasses. Body obloug, more or less compressed, covered with adherent scales of moderate or small size which are usually but not always ctenoid; dorsal and ventral outlines usually not perfectly correspond¬ ing; mouth moderate or large, not very oblique, the premaxillary protractile and the broad maxillary usually not slipping for its whole length into a sheath formed by the preorbital, which is usually narrow; supplemental maxillary present or absent; teeth all conical or pointed, in bands, present on jaws, vomer, and palatines; gillrakers long or short, usually stiff, armed with teeth; gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth; pseudobranch ias present, large; lower pharyngeals rather narrow, with pointed teeth, separate (except in Centrogenys) ; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branchioste- 220 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. gals normally 7 (occasionally 6) ; cheeks and opercles always scaly; preopercle with its margin more or less serrate, rarely entire; the opercles usually ending in 1 or - flat, spine-like points; nostrils double; lateral line single, not extending on the caudal tin; skull without cranial spines, and usually with¬ out well-developed cavernous structure; no suborbital stay; post-temporal normal; second suborbital with an internal lamina supporting the globe of the eye; entopterygoid present; all or most of the ribs inserted on the transverse processes when these are developed; anterior vertebra; without transverse processes; dorsal spines usually stiff, 2 to 15 in number; soft dorsal with 10 to lit) rays; anal fin rather short, its soft rays 7 to 12, its spines, if present, always 3, in certain genera ( Grammistime , Rypticmw) altogether wanting; ventrals thoracic, usually i, 5 (i, 1, in Plesiopinu) normally developed, without distinct axillary scale; pectoral well developed, the rays branched, with narrow base; caudal peduncle stout, the tin variously formed; vertebra’ typically 10 + 14 = 24, the number sometimes increased, never more than 25; air-bladder present, usually small and adherent to the wall of the abdomen; stomach ciecal, with few or many pyloric appendages; intestines short, as is usual in car¬ nivorous fishes. Genera GO to 70; species about 400. Carnivorous fishes, chiefly marine, and found in all warm seas; several genera found in fresh waters. As here understood, the , Sefnmii.hr comprise the most of the family of /VrciV/.r as understood by < liinther and others, exclusive of tin se with imperfect pseudobranchia*, those with 1 or 2 anal spines, those with the number of vertebrae increased, those in which the whole length of the maxillary slips under the preorbital, and those With the anal tin many- rayed and the cranium shortened behind. As here understood, the Serranidse are essentially equiva¬ lent to the 8errtmhi:r and (Immmittintr of Boitlenger's Catalogue. Even after these eliminations, the family is considerably varied. Of the many recognized genera, only 3 are known to have representa¬ tives among the Hawaiian Islands. b. Dorsal spines xi, rarely x . Epinephzlun, p. 2-2 aa. Maxillary without supplemental bone; inner teeth of jaws not depressible or hinged. a. Patch of fine teeth on tongue; angle of preopercle salient with enlarged teeth; maxillary completely scaled; third dorsal spine longest, considerably produced . . . Odonta/ithiaa, p. 225 dd. No teetli on tongue; angle of preopercle rounded, without enlarged teeth; only upper half of maxillary sealed; third dorsal spine not the longest and not produced . Pscudanthias p. 226 Genus 124. PIKEA Steindachner. Body elongate, the caudal peduncle robust; mouth moderate, t lie lower jaw projecting; maxillaries scaly; teeth small, uniform, the inner depressible; preopercle finely serrate; operele with 3 flat spines; numerous pores on bead; scales large; lateral line with a Strong upward curve, as in Anthim; dorsal spines moderate, 8 in number, the third highest, the fin deeply notched; soft dorsal and anal short; caudal short, lunate; pectoral long," falcate; vertebra 10- 14. Few species known, mostly from deep water; only one thus far known from the Hawaiian Islands. Pikea Steindachner, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXXI, 1S74, :175 (hinulata). 170. Pikea aurora Jordan & Evermann. Plate XIV. Head 2.5 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 4; interorbital 6.2; maxillary 2.25; D. vm, 13; A. m, 8; scales 5-55-22; Hr. 7; gillrakers short and rather weak, about 9 + 5. Body moderately stout, the back slightly elevated, head rather long and pointed; snout depressed, the anterior profile nearly straight from tip of snout to occiput,; mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil, supplemental bone developed, the tip broad, 1.5 in orbit; mouth some¬ what oblique, the lower jaw strongly projecting; teeth in broad villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue naked; eye moderate, high up, chiefly above axis of body; anterior nostril in a short tube, at 4 edge of prenasal; posterior nostril small, round, near upper anterior edge of orbit; edge of preopercle slightly dentate, especially on lower arm; operele ending in a broad flap with a weak, flat spine; pseudobranchiie rather small; interorbital low, very little convex; caudal peduncle stout, com¬ pressed, and very deep, the depth equaling snout and eye; fins rather small; origin of dorsal posterior to that of pectoral, slightly nearer base of last ray than tip of snout; dorsal spines low and weak, the third FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 221 longest, 3.6 in head; soft portion of dorsal somewhat elevated and pointed, with longest ray 1.9 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal but smaller and somewhat posterior, fifth ray 2 in head; caudal truncate or slightly lunate; centrals short, not nearly reaching vent, their length 1.75 in head; pectoral rather long and slender, reaching origin of anal, its length about 1.1 in head; scales rather small, finely ciliate, somewhat loose; entire head, except interorbital, snout, and under parts, scaled; lateral line well devel¬ oped, complete, with a strong arch above the pectoral and distinctly declined under last dorsal raw Color in life (field No. 03342), top of head, upper half of anterior part of body, and whole posterior half of body pal© rosy; lower part of head and lower parts of anterior half of body white with faint rosy wash; top of head and back in front of dorsal vertnieulated with greenish yellow lines; middle portion of upper jaw yellow with a broad sulphur-yellow stripe from it to eye, then back of eye to opercular opening; a narrow sulphur stripe on posterior edge of maxillary and continued interruptedly downward and backward across cheek to opcrcle; a few small yellow spots across cheek between the two stripe©; tip of lower jaw yellow; yellow of back in about 6 indefinite lines; dorsal pale rosy, spinous part greenish yellow at base, this extending toward tip posteriorly and forming a submarginal yellow stripe on soft, part, narrowly bordered above by rosy; rest of tin rosy; caudal dark rosy, paler toward tip, then with blackish red edge, a greenish yellow stripe along upper and lower margins nar¬ rowly edged with rosy; anal yellow anteriorly, rest of fin pale rosy; pectoral and ventrals pale rosy; yellow of lower jaw bounded by rosy, rest of jaw and chin whitish; some examples w ith posterior half of side with scattered small greenish yellow' spots, these extending on caudal; eye with a broad brown bar through the middle, white above and below. Color in alcohol, pale yellowish white, lighter below'; body, especially posteriorly, caudal, and soft dorsal with numerous small distinct brown spots; head pale, a white line extending along upper edge of maxillary and across cheek to opercular opening, a similar but less distinct white line from eve to upper edge of gill-opening; between these 2 a few white specks; alTthe fins, except caudal and soft dorsal, plain yellowish white. Four specimens of this interesting and handsome species were obtained by ns, 2 at. Honolulu and 2 at Hilo. Four others are in the collection made at Honolulu in 1898 by I)r. Wood, where it was also obtained by the Albatross iri*1902. Pilot tunulata, Steindnchner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, LXX, 1. 375, 1871. and Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XLVII, 1883, pi. VI, fig. 2; not Gri/strs tnnulatus Guichenot, in Mallard. App. c. 1, Reunion, 1882, Indian Ocean. Pikm aurora Jordan & Kvermann. Bull. I". S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 176, Hilo; Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 119 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu). Genus 125. CEPHALOPHOLIS Bloch & Schneider. This genus is close to Epinephelus, from which it is distinguished mainly by the presence of 9 instead of 11 (or rarely 10) dorsal spines. CephalophOlis Bloch A Schneider, Syst , Ichth., 311, 1801 (argue- Bodianus Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, II. 276, 1817. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 237 (restricted to guttatus, etc.); not ol Bloch. f.'riphzltui Sivainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Fishes, II. 202, 1839 (phxlrm). Enncacentrns Gill, 1. c.. 1865, 105 (oualatibi =julrus) . Menephorus Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y , X,, 1,869, 50 ( dubius ) . 171. CephalophOlis argus Bloch & Schneider. Fig. 88. Head 2.75 to 3.25; depth 2.75 to 3; D. ix, 15 or 16; A. in, 9; scales 9 or 10-100-33, 50 to 55 pores. Body moderately elongate, the head rather pointed; mouth large, the lower jaw strongly projecting; maxillary extending considerably beyond eye, its tip rather wider than eye, its length 2 in head; preopercle very finely serrate, the serrie scarcely enlarged on the rounded angle; middle opercular spine never lower than upper, lower not so far back as upper; opercular flap pointed; scales of head cycloid, scales of body strongly ciliated; snout and maxillary scaly; teeth in broad bands, canines moderate; gill-rakers 8 or 9, besides rudiments below angle of arch, nearly a- long as gill-fringes; third and fourth dorsal spines longest, about 3.5 in head, much shorter than soft ravs; pectoral 1.8 in head; ventral 2.25, not reaching vent; second and third anal spines . subequal, shorter than soft rays- caudal rounded. 222 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color dark purplish brown, paler posteriorly, with very faint paler and darker cross shades toward the tail; head, body, and tins covered with small blue spots ringed with black; anteriorly the spots form rows running backward and upward; below they form irregular longitudinal lines; spinous dorsal edged with bright orange; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal edged with whitish. This species is common about the coral reefs in the south seas. It is recorded from Hawaii by Quoy and Gaimard, but no later observer has found it about these islands. Our description is taken from specimens from Samoa. Bodiianus guttatus, Bloch, Ausl. Fische, IV, 36, PI. OCX XIV, 1790; not of Linnets. Ceplialopholic nrflits Bloch A- .Schneider. Syst.. Ichth. ail, 1801, India. Scrranus arpus. Cuvier A Valenciennes, His. Nat. Poiss., It, 300, 1828, Gunther, Cat.. 1, 115, 1859 (East Indies); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1.865, 103. Scrranus un/ridster Cuvierd: Valenciennes, op. rit., 305, Sandwich Islands; Ruppell, Atlas Fische roth. Meer., 107, PI. X X \ II, lift. I. 1828; Lesson, Vov. (Ipijnllle, Zool., 231, PI. XXXVII, 1828 (Indian Ocean; Bora bom I. Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Poiss., 053, PI. I II, tig. 1, 1833 (New Guinea ); Kielmrdson, Rep. Ichth. China, 233, 1840, in Kepi. 15th meeting British Assoc. Adv. Sei., 1845 (Sandwich Islands, Polynesia; New Guinea; Australia; China and Red Sea). Scrranus uuttalus, Gunther. Cal.. 1, 119, 1859; Kner, Novara, Fische, 22, 1805; Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XX. ' 1870,080; Gunther. Fische dor Sudsee, 5, PI. IV, 1873,; .Marleay, Proe. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., V, 1880, 315 (North coast of Australia); Klunzinger, Fische roth. Meer., 3, 1884. Epinephelns (lUttatus, Bleaker, Nederl. Tijdsehr. Dierk., I, 1803, 232 (Isle Termite) . Epinephelits ctrgn*. Bleeker, Verb. Akad. Amst., XIV, No. 2, 1871, .87 (East Indian Archipelago): Atlas Ichth., VII, 43, PI. CCOXLII, fig. 3, 1870; Stuivage, Hist. Madam, Poiss., in Grandidiers Hist. Phys. Nat. et Polit. Madagascar, XVI, 1891, 54. Scrranus guttata*. Day, Fish. Ind., 24, Pi. VI, tig. 3, 1875, and Fauna hid.. Fish., I, 457, 1889, part. f Scrranus pcrpultatus De Vis, Proe. Linn. Soe. X. S. \V.. VIII, 4883, 445, New Hebrides. Epinephelns miniatus, Sauvage, op. cit., 52, part. Genus 126. EPINEPHELUS Bloch. The Groupers. Body stout, compressed, covered with small, ctenoid scales, which are often somewhat embedded in the skin; scales of lateral line triangular, cycloid; soft parts of vertical fins generally more or less scaly; cranium narrow above; parietal crests not produced on frontals, which are without transverse ridge posterially; frontals with a process or knob on each side behind interorbital area; premaxillary processes fitting into a notch or cavity on anterior end of frontals; preopercle moderately serrate behind, its lower limb entire, without distinct antrorse spine; opercle with two strong spines; nostrils well separated; mouth large, maxillary large, with a well-developed supplemental bone, its surface usually with small scales; canine teeth few, large, in the front of the jaws; enlarged teeth of inner series of each jaw depressible; gillrakers short and rather few; dorsal spines usually 11, rarely 10, not filamentous, the last ones somewhat shorter than middle ones; anal spines 3, the second usually the larger; the number of soft rays 7 to 9; caudal fin rounded or lunate; pyloric cceea few; (usually 10 to 20) ; FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 223 pectoral rounded, shortish, nearly symmetrical, of 15 to 20 rays; Ventrals moderate, inserted below pectoral, close together, each with a strong spine. Species very numerous, most of them of large size, abounding in all the tropical seas, where they are valuable food-fishes. This is the largest and most important genus of the Serranida, and its species are most widely distributed. Only one species known to occur among the Hawaiian Islands. Epinephelus Bloch, Ichthyologia, 1793 ( marginalis , brunncus , mcrra, ruber, etc.; restricted to marffinatis by authors). Cerna Boiiaparte, Intr. Classe Pesci, Fauna Italiea, III, pt. 1. 1833 (yigas(inaza). Cynichthys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Fishes, II, 201, 1839 (tlaeu purpurat-us) , Cromileptcs Swainson, 1. c. (. x, 17; A. m, 7; scales, 4-47-15; P. 1.31 in head; V. about equal to head; eye 4 in head; interorbital slightly wider than eye; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; narrowest part of preorbital a little less than 2 in eye; branchiostegals 7; gill rakers on lower arm of first branchial arch 34. Fig. 91. — Odontanthias fuscipinnis (Jenkins). Type of Anikins fuscipinnis Jenkins. Mouth very oblique, lower jaw somewhat projecting, just, entering profile; upper profile of head reentrant before the nostrils, thence to nape steep and almost straight, in one specimen rather promi¬ nently convex before t lie eyes; strongly bulging at nape in front of dorsal spines; profile of hack straight from front of first dorsal to anterior rays of soft dorsal, from here descending to caudal peduncle, the upper edge of which is on a level with tip of snout; ventral profile less convex and less angular than upper; operele with 2 Hat spines, the upper the larger; lower part of edge of operele serrated; angle F.G.B. 1903—15 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 226 of preopercle with 1 or 2 small spines; both vertical and horizontal margins of preopercle serrated; preorbital entire, edge of suborbital hidden by scales; teeth in sides of jaw minute, in villifonu bands; 2 small canines in front of upper jaw, 2 to 6 in front of lower jaw; first dorsal spine short, less than eye; second more than twice as long as first; third nearly twice second, prominently longer than the succeeding spines; fourth spine 1.66 in the third; spines from fourth to tenth decreasing regularly in length, tenth 1.25 in fourth; soft dorsal somewhat rounded, longest rays equal to fifth spine; first anal spine a little shorter than first dorsal; third anal spine equal to second dorsal, slender and a little longer than second anal spine; soft anal short, medium rays longest, a little longer than longest rays of soft dorsal; caudal rather large, deeply forked, longest rays equal to length of head, longer than longest dorsal spine, lower lobe a little smaller than upper; ventrals longer than pectorals, about equal to head, acute, second ray longest; pectorals pointed, median rays longest; all parts of the head and body except the preorbital and jaws scaled; scales ctenoid anil ciliated; lateral line strongly arched anteriorly, beginning above upper end of gill-cleft, on eighth scale below the dorsal spines, the highest paft on the fourth row from the back and on the twentieth from the ventral median line. Color when fresh (No. 03461) orange-red, side and back nearly bright golden; tail and breast shaded pink; a golden stripe from eye to tip of snout, bordered all around by crimson, the crimson lines meeting across snout; lower lip crimson; chin golden; dorsal spines golden, their bases olive, the membranes mostly crimson; distal half of soft dorsal golden; a crimson stripe along base of dorsal, same shade covering most of lower half of fin except as replaced by dark olive-green, which forms a stripe above the crimson stripe and irregular blotches above that, leaving 2 irregular rounded spots of the crimson ground color within the green; an olive-green cross blotch at base of tail; caudal golden at tip, middle pink, outer rays bright crimson, basal half of fin mostly scarlet, the orange and red irregularly placed; pectoral shaded in gold and orange; ventrals and anal same, spines pinkish; iris golden, ringed by purple. Color in alcohol, plain reddish yellow (red in life), dusky on scaly part of base of soft dorsal and of posterior part of spinous dorsal and about base of caudal. Color in life pale orange-red, the dark areas clear olive-green. This species was obtained at Honolulu (Jenkins, Wood, Jordan and Evermann, and the Albatross), llilo, and Kailua. It is taken in rather deep water, and is at times common in the Hilo market. Our numerous specimens are 7.5 to 9.5 inches in length. Anttiius fuscijiinnis Jenkins, Bull. t'. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1x99 (June x. 1901). .1x9, fig. 3, Honolulu (Type, No. 49G95, U. S, Nat. Mus., Coll. O. 1‘. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. eit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 450 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu). Genus 128. PSEUDANTHIAS Bleeker. Scales small; jaws scaled; lateral line sharply angulated at base of caudal peduncle; no teeth on tongue. Pfriulrmtli iuA Bieekrr, Poiss, Reunion et Madagascar, in Ned. Tijds. liiork., IV, 1873, 94 (plcrtrolamia) . 174. Pseudanthias kelloggi (Jordan & Evermann). Fig. 92. Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.5; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3.6; maxillary 2; interorbital 5.4; P. xi, 15; A. in, 7; P. 15; scales 4-36-10; gillrakers 16-j-4. Body short, deep, anil compressed; dorsal outline greatly arched, profile from origin of spinous dorsal to tip of snout nearly straight, being gently concave over interorbital space; ventral outline nearly straight.; caudal peduncle compressed, its greatest depth 3 in head; head longer than deep; snout, bluntly pointed, lower jaw prominent, slightly the longer; mouth large, nearly horizontal; a narrow band of small, sharp, conic teeth on palatines, a small patch on vomer, a band of cardiform teeth on upper jaw, a narrower band in lower jaw; several large canine teeth in each jaw anteriorly, 3 of these close together on middle of each side of lower jaw, these hooked backward; 6 or 8 large pores on lower side of mandible and several on upper part of snout; maxillary reaching to posterior edge of orbit, its greatest width 1.5 in eye; edge of preopercle above angle and edge of opercle below the upper middle of base of pectoral denticulate; 2 broad opercular spines, the upper the larger; eye anterior, its lower edge on line with upper base of pectoral; fins large, the second soft dorsal ray and FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 227 upper rays of upper caudal lobe being produced each as a filament, the dorsal filament being produced half its length beyond rest of fin; dorsal spines stout and strong, the first spine 2.3 in third, the filth being the highest, 2.5 in head; base of spinous dorsal 1.15 in head; base of soft dorsal 2.3 in head, its fourth ray 3.5 in head, the last ray 1.4 in fourth; caudal truncate, the lower rays produced slightly as a filament, but not nearly so long as the upper lobe; second anal spine longest, 2.5 in head; second soft ray longest, 2 in head; pectoral very long and large, reaching to origin of soft anal, the eighth and ninth rays from above the longest, 1.4 in head; scales large, finely ctenoid, in regular series; entire body and head scaled; basil portion of all fins except spinous dorsal with small scales; lateral line Fig. 92. — Pscudavlhin :■ i.Ionlnn A: ICverroftnn) ; from the typo. strongly convex, not concurrent with the dorsal profile, becoming straight on middle of caudal peduncle; one row of scales behind tip of last dorsal ray. Color in alcohol, pale brown, the fins lighter; in life, red. Only 3 specimens were obtained, all having been taken with the hook in deep water off Kailua, in southwestern Hawaii. They range in length from 7.75 to 8.5 inches. The species is allied to Pxeudanthias japan icus (Steindachner base of caudal; interorbital comparatively wide, 3.4 in eye; gill rakers about 20 below angle . . . . . . . . . . crucntcUus, p. 229 bb. Scales smaller, about 12-115-45; head shorter, about 3.4 in length to base of caudal; interorbital narrow, about 4 in eye; gillrakers about 27 below angle . wceki. p. 231 175. Priacanthus alalaua Jordan & Evermann. “Alalaua;” “ Alahmmi Fig, 93. Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.65; eye 2.4 in head ; snout 3.6; maxillary 2; interorbital 3.8; I ). \,14; A. hi, 15; scales 13-85 to 90-45, 70 pores; Br. 6; gillrakers about 22 on lower arm. Body short, deep, compressed, ovate; tipper profile of head nearly straight; snout, very blunt; mandible prominent, produced; month very oblique; teeth small, sharp, in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue rounded, free in front; maxillary reaching almost to front margin of pupil, its greatest width 2 iu eye; edge of preopercle finely serrate, with a sharp, flat, serrated spine directed backward at angle; margins of interopercle, subopercle, and opercle entire; opercle with an obscure flat spine; interorbital space slightly convex; eye very large, its lower edge a little above base of pectoral and in line with axis of body; nostrils small, close together, the anterior with elevated rim; posterior nostril oblong, with broad flap; gillrakers rather slender, about 22 on longer arm of first, arch, longest about 3 in eye; origin of spinous dorsal over upper base of pectoral; dorsal spines rather uniform, the longest about equal to orbit; soft portion of dorsal somewhat elevated, rounded, fourth ray 1.7 in head; anal spines rather stronger than those of dorsal, third the longest, 1.1 in orbit; soft portion of anal similar to that of soft dorsal, rays of about equal length; caudal truncate, the middle rays slightly greater than orbit; pectoral short, bluntly pointed, not reaching tip of ventral, length 1.4 in head; ventrals longer, just reaching base of second anal spine, their length 1.2 in bead; ventral spine about 1.25 in longest ray, or 1.7 in bead; scales small, firm, and rugose, those of lateral line somewhat enlarged; entire head, as well as body, densely scaled; lateral line rising abruptly for 6 or 7 pores from gill-opening, thence concurrent with back to caudal peduncle. ■Color in life, silvery, light olive above, somewhat flushed with red in irregular blotches; chin red; spinous dorsal olive-yellowish, especially on edge; ventrals black, rays whitish; fins unspotted. Young of 4 inches in length are dirty gray, browner above, with no trace of red in life; some brown spots along lateral line; fins dusky, anal and ventral darkest; iris a little brownish-red. Color in alcohol, plain yellowish-white; spinous dorsal and anal somewhat dusky; ventral mem- FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 229 brands black, the rays white, other tins pale yellowish-white. In some examples the color is much more flushed with red, especially above; the red paler and more evanescent than in the other species; fins red, unspotted; the spinous dorsal edged w ith golden; upper lip golden; ventral membrane black, pectoral pale. There seems to be but little variation in this species; the younger individuals appear to be more brightly colored or with more evident wash of red than was shown in the type. We have 3 speei- Fjg. 93. — Pnacan/hiis alalaua Jordan A: Evermh.nn: from the type. mens, 6 to 8.25 inches long, from Honolulu; specimens were also secured by the . [ l ha trow at Honolulu and at Lay sail Island. Priacanthus alalaua Jordan A Evermann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 i Apr. II, 1903), 181, Honolulu; Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu; Laysan Island). l^S. Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede). ‘M unr<>," adult ; “Alalaua ” young; “ Redfish,” Fig. 0-4. Head 3 in length; depth 2.6; eye 2.4 in head; snout .'5.4; maxillary 2; interorbital 3.4; I>. x, 13; A. ii, 14; scales 11-100-53, about 80 pores; gill rakers about 20 below angle. Body oblong, deep, compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines evenly and similarly curved; head about as long as deep, subconic, compressed; snout bluntly pointed; lower jaw very prominent, strong and projecting; mouth moderate, oblique; bands of small, villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and pala¬ tines; gillrakers rather long and slender, about 1.5 in pupil, about 20 below angle; tongue broad, rounded and free; maxillary extending to anterior edge of pupil, its greatest width slightly more than 2 in eye; interorbital convex; eye large, its lower edge on a line with axis of body; fins moderate; origin of spinous dorsal over upper base of pectoral, the spines rather short, stout, and blunt, their anterior side rugose; last spine 1< ingest, 2. 3 in head ; soft dorsal rounded, longest ray 1.75 in head ; caudal truncate; base of anal 2.75 in body, anterior edge of spines rugose; longest spine 2.6 in head, longest ray 1.9 in head; anterior edge of ventral spine rugose, its length 1.75 in head, longest ray slightly longer than spine, reaching to first anal spine; pectoral short, broad, longest ray 1.9 in head, not reaching as far posteriorly as the centrals; scales small, very rough, the exposed portion triangular, with a re-entrant angle on anterior side, the posterior edges strongly toothed; lateral line complete, rising abruptly for 4 pores from gill-opening, then turning sharply, following approximately thecurva- ture of the back, a little more distant under soft dorsal, turning in a broad angle at base of caudal peduncle, along the middle of which it follows to base of caudal; preorbital toothed or rugose on both BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 2.‘S0 edges ; preopercle strongly toothed, with a strong rugose toothed sharp or blunt spine at the angle, this spine varying much in different individuals; lower edge of opercle toothed. Another example was bright red in life, mottled with silvery white; dark red color forming about 6 vertical bars on side of back alternating with fainter bars; dorsal and caudal rosy, spotted with blood red, spots small, smallest and most distinct on caudal; pectoral and ventrals rosy; iris without dark spots or dark shading; ins and jaws deep red. In some examples the dark spots are large. Color in alcohol, plain yellowish white, dusky above, silvery below, fins all yellowish white; spinous dorsal somewhat dusky; soft dorsal, anal and caudal with numerous small dark (blood red) spots on the membranes, their edges narrowly black. The above description taken chiefly from a specimen (No. 03166) 10.5 inches long from Honolulu. Color in life (note by Ilr. Jenkins), head and body made up of mottlings of bright red and white; iris white with bright red blotches; dorsal mottled with red and white and covered on posterior por- tion with more or less distinct red; anal similar in color to dorsal; caudal red with rows of distinct darker red spots on membranes; pectoral pale red; ventral white, with red mottlings; inside of mouth white, with bright red blotches. Color in life (Porto Rican specimens), body silvery, washed with rosy; back with 5 or 6 saddle- like blotches extending on side to below lateral line; under parts rosy; vertical fins with pale bases, brighter distally; caudal black -edged; pectoral and ventral rosy, the ventrals black-tipped. Fig. 91. — Pricicanthus crucntatus (Lac*6pede). AVe have compared our numerous specimens with others from the Galapagos and West Indies and can detect no differences. The Pacific species, 1‘. carolinus, can not be distinguished from the West Indian species, I', eruentatus. This is a species of wide distribution, having been recorded from St. Helena and the Canaries, the West Indies, the Galapagos, and the Hawaiian Islands. In the West Indies it is known as ojon, ojudo, and catalufa. Among the English-speaking people it is called big-eye. Streets says of the young: “ During the month of September, 1873, an immense shoal of the young of this species entered the harbor of Honolulu. The largest of them did not exceed 31 inches in length. This shoaling, we were told, has occurred a number of times, but at uncertain intervals. The coming of the ‘red-fish,’ as they are called, foreshadows in the. minds of the simple natives the sickness and death of some member of the royal family; and, on account of the pliant disposition of the Kanakas, the prophecy is usually fulfilled. But the fish are by no means unwelcome visitants to the common people, who are busy catching them night and day as long as they remain. They are dried and eaten without cooking.” This fish seems to be very abundant among the Hawaiian Islands and is represented in our col¬ lections by a fine series of 33 specimens, ranging in length from 4 to 11.75 inches; of these, 7 were FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 231 Collected by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1S89. Specimens were obtained by us at Honolulu, Ililo, Napoopoo, and Kailua, but none was obtained by the Albatross. Labrus crucntatus Lacdpectc, Hist. Nut. I’oiss., Ill, 522. I, sol . Martinique. Priarantkm apcdtait as Desmarest, Prom. Dec. Ichtyol., 9, pi. 1, 1823. Havana. Pnacantb.us carolinus Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Poiss., 224, 1826, Caroline Islands; Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 105, 1829 (Qualand or Strong Island, Caroline Islands); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 72, 1877 (Honolulu). Priaeanthus schlcgdi Hilgendorf, Sitzgber. Ges. Naturh. 1879, 79, Japan. Priaeanthus erucntatus, Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., I, 1238, 1896; Jenkins, Bull. 1". S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190-2 (Sept, 23, 1903), 450 (Honolulu). 177. Priaeanthus meeki Jenkins. “ ('hi Ian an.” Fig. 95. Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.8; eye 2.3 in head; snout 3.6; interorbital 4; maxillary 2; mandible I.S; I). \, 14; A. hi, 15; scales 12-11.') — 15; gillrakers 2 27. Body oblong, compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved; head large, snout blunt, the anterior profile straight from tip of snout to nape; mouth large, very oblique, the lower jaw projecting, its anterior edge in line with profile from snout to nape; maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil, its tip broad, nearly half eye; teetli on jaws, vomer and palatines in strong villiform bands, many of those on jaw somewhat enlarged; gillrakers rather long, about 2 in eye, their number Flu. 95. — Priaeanthus mo i:i Jenkins; from the type. about 2 j-27; eye very large, its lower edge slightly below axis of body; interorbital space moderate, convex; opercle with a weak fiat spine; preopercle serrate, without spine, weak and obscure except in young, where it is better developed; preorbital rough-edged; fins rather large, origin of spinous dorsal over base of pectoral; longest dorsal spine about 1.6 in head, soft portion of dorsal rounded, longest ray 1.5 in head; longest anal spine 1.8 in head, anal high, longest ray 1.3 in iiead; caudal rather deeply lunate, outer rays nearly equal to head, the middle ray 1.5 in the outer, upper lobe somewhat the longer; pectorals short, not reaching tips of ventrals, 1.5 in head; ventrals long, pointed, reaching base of third anal spine, 1 in head; scales small and rough, the free portion narrowly lunate, concave anteriorly, the posterior edge roughened; lateral line rising in a regular curve from gill-opening to about the tenth pore, then following contour of back to base of caudal. Color in life, deep red, darker than any other species of Priaeanthus, without trace of dark cross- bands or round rosy spots; a row of about 15 roundish dusky spots, very faint along lateral line; fins deep red, unspotted, tlie dorsal and anal edged with dusky; caudal mesially dusky edged ; ventrals with black membranes, pectoral paler rosy; inside of mouth deep orange red. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 232 Color in alcohol, dusky silvery, darkest above, palest on belly; head dusky, snout and lower jaw blotched and spotted with darker; dorsal and anal fins pale, with dusky or black on some of the membranes and narrowly edged with black, in some specimens the black very marked; caudal pale, edged with black; ventrals black at tips; pectorals pale. Smaller examples 4 to 5 inches long are, in spirits, much darker, being dark brow n covered with darker coffee-colored specks; all the fins except pectorals black. The above description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03396) 11.75 inches long, from Honolulu. This species seems to be close to Priacanthus hamruhr, from which it differs chiefly in the greater depth of the body, the color, and much greater length of the dorsal and anal rays, and in the smaller scales, in current descriptions of 1‘. hamruhr, the depth of the body is said to be nearly equal to the length of the head; in our specimens it greatly exceeds the length of the head. This species appears to be an important food-fish at. Honolulu and is fairly abundant. Our collec¬ tions contain an excellent series of 9 specimens from Honolulu and 6 from Hilo. We have also exam¬ ined the type, taken at Honolulu by Dr. Jenkins, and the 2 cotypes, collected also at Honolulu by Dr. Wood. These specimens range from 4 to 12.5 inches in length. Priancanthus hamruhr, Steindac.hner, Dents. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 1st (Honolulu; Laysan): not of Forskiil, whose species has scales 75 to SO. Priacanthus merki Jenkins. Bull. 1'. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 2(1, 190(1), 150, fig. 20. Honolulu. (Type, No. 50817, U. S. N. M.; coll. O. ?. Jenkins.) Family LXII. 1. 11 I ANI H E. — The Snappers. Body oblong or more or less elevated, covered with moderate-sized adherent scales, which are more or less ‘strongly ctenoid or almost cycloid; lateral line, well developed, concurrent with the back, not extending on the caudal tin; head large, the crests on the skull usually largely developed; no suhorl lital stay; mouth moderate or large, usually terminal, low and horizontal; premaxillaries moderately pro¬ tractile, their spines not extending to the occiput; maxillary long, without supplemental bone, for most of its length slipping under the edge of the preorbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath, its form essentially as in the Scrranuh-; teeth various, unequal and sharp, never incisor-like, some of them sometimes molar; vomer and palatines usually with villiform teeth, these sometimes molar, sometimes very small, sometimes wanting; lower pliaryngeals separate; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchnc large; gillrakers moderate or long, slender; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; preopercle serrate or entire; opercles without spines; sides of head usually scaly; dorsal fin single, continuous, or deeply notched, sometimes divided into 2 fins, the spines usually st l ong, depress- ible in a groove, the spines hetcracantlious- that is, alternating, tin.' one stronger on the right side, the other on the left, the spines 10 to 12 in number; anal fin similar to soft dorsal and with 3 spines; ventral fins thoracic, the rays i, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage at base; caudal fin usually more or less concave behind; air-bladder present, usually simple; intestinal canal short.; pyloric cceca few; vertebrae usually 10 , 14=24; no distinct tubercles from the cranium for the articulation of the epipharyngeal bones; enlarged apophyses for the articulation of palatine and preorbital bones; anterior 4 vertebrae without parapophyses. This family comprises about 20 genera and some 250 species, chiefly inhabiting the shores of warm regions. All of them are valued as food, and all are active, carnivorous and voracious. The group is closely related to the Srrranidx on the one hand, and to the Ihnmdidir on the other. Of the many genera of this family only 6 are known to have representatives in Hawaiian w aters. a. Interorbital not (lilt nor separated from the occipital region, the median and lateral crests proenrrent on it, and the iron till narrowed forward. h. Teeth on tongue minute or entirely absent. c. Teeth on palatines, vomer, and jaws, tile outer series on the jaws enlarged and canine-like; preopercle somewhat serrate . Apsilus, p. 238 cc. No teeth on palatines, vomer, or tongue, those on jaws not enlarged nor canine-like; preopercle entire. Apharcus, p, 235 hh. Teeth on tongue strong, as well as on palatines and vomer and both jaws, those on latter somewhat enlarged and canine-like . . liowcrsia, p. 23ti no. Interorbital flat, separated by a transverse line of demarcation from the occipital region, by which the median as well as the lateral crests are limited; frontals wide in front. d, Dorsal fin continuous . . . . . . Aprion , p. 238 dd. Dorsal tin divided, the spinous portion separated from the rays by a deep notch . Etelis, p. 240 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 233 Genus 130. APSILUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. The Arnillos. Body rather short and stout; teeth on palatines, vomer and jaws in villiform bands, those in outer series on both jaws enlarged and canine-like; no teeth on tongue, or very minute if present ; last ray of dorsal and anal much or little produced; preopercle somewhat serrate; interorbital not flat; dorsal fin continuous; branchiostegals 7. This genus has essentially the cranial structures of Rhomboplites, with the scaleless fins, peculiar squamation, and dentition of Aprwn. The prefrontals have the posterior areas solid and somewhat tumid; the dorsal fin is short and scaleless. Apsilus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., VI, 518, 1830 (fit-sens). Troptd/nhis Gill in Poey, Synopsis, 296, 1868 ( anilUo=tlcntalus ). a. Body short and stout, the depth 3 in length: scales about 67 . briffhami , p. 233 aa. Body more slender, the depth about 3.5 in length; scales larger, about 61 . microdon, p. 234 178. Apsilus brighami (Seale). “ Ukikiti;” Kali-kali Plate XVI. Head 3 in length; depth 3; eye 4 in head; snout 2.75; maxillary 2.3; mandible 2; interorbital 4. 1 ; preorbital 6.75; scales 7-67-15; D. x, 11; A. hi, 8; Br. 7; gillrakers short and broad, ll-j 4, those, on shorter arm very blunt except lower one, longest a little greater than pupil. Body rather short, stout, and moderately compressed; head large, bluntly conic; snout rather long, bluntly pointed; mouth large, slightly oblique; maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil; lower jaw slightly the shorter; teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines in villiform bands, those in outer series on jaws enlarged and canine-like, the anterior ones largest; tip of maxillary greater than pupil, slipping under the rather broad preorbital; eye moderate, entirely above axis of body; interorbital smooth, convex; opercle ending in 2 flat, weak spines; preopercle serrate; preorbital smooth; caudal peduncle deep, compressed, its least width half its depth, which is equal to snout; (ins rather large; origin of dorsal over base of pectoral, midway between tip of snout and base of fifth dorsal ray, first, dorsal spine short, about 1.6 in second, fourth and fifth spines longest, a little greater than snout, last dorsal spine slightly shorter than second; last dorsal ray somewhat produced, about 2.25 in head, or a third longer than first ray; first anal spine short, about 1.9 in eye, or 2 in second anal; third anal Spine slightly greater than eye; last anal ray equal to last dorsal; caudal moderately forked, lobes about equal, their length 1.25 in head; pectoral rather long, slightly falcate, the tip reaching origin of anal, the length nearly equaling that of head ; ventrals long and pointed, reaching slightly past vent, their length 1.4 in head; scales rather small, firm, the lateral line well developed; cheek and opercles scaled; a row of modified plate-like scales from humeral plate to nape, in front of which is a patch of ordinary scales; soft dorsal and anal without scales; caudal finely scaled. Color in life, (from No. 03735), upper half of body with 4 broad yellow bands, last one extending to base of caudal, between these are 3 light red bands nearly as broad as the yellow ones; lower half of body yellow, the edge of scales here tinged with red; head and snout bright golden-red; opercles light red; jaw reddish; upper lip golden reddish, lower reddish; dorsal bright yellow, same as yellow bands on body; margin of soft dorsal tipped with reddish; caudal yellow, with reddish tinge, end yellow, upper and lower edges reddish; anal membrane faint golden red, rays faint red; ventrals pale, tinged with red; pectoral membrane pale, rays light yellow; axil golden reddish. Color in alcohol, pale yellowish white, pale below, head slightly dusky, fins all pale yellowish white, tips of ventrals slightly dusky. The life color of the type specimen, as given by Air. Seale, was as follows: Ground color, pinkish white; 3 distinct wide yellow bands, as wide as interspaces, extending obliquely' downward and backward on side of body, the first from the nape to a little posterior of axis of pectoral, the second from third to sixth dorsal spines ending above and anterior to vent on a line with lower base of pectoral, the third from eighth dorsal spiine to third dorsal ray ending above and on a line with the fifth to eighth anal rays, behind this last band, above the lateral line, a wash of yellowish reaching to base of caudal; dorsal fin cadmium-yellow; caudal fin yellow, the upper lobe with pink tint; pectoral pinkish; ventrals and anal white; side of head and jaws with a few deeper splotches of pinkish, iris whitish, the pupil deep blue. In spirits the yellow bands fade so that the interspaces show more distinctly than the bands, the color becomes also a deeper pinkish, the fins whitish. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 234 The above description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04110) 15 inches long, obtained by us in Honolulu in the early part of August, 1901 ; 2 other specimens were obtained by Messrs. Goldsborough and Sindo at Kailua, August 10. A single specimen was obtained by Dr. Jenkins in 1889, and another by the Albatross in 1902. The specimen described by Mr. Seale was obtained by him in Honolulu in October, 1901. The species is a typical Apsilus. Mr. Seale’s error in placing it in the family Srrr.dnidx instead of Lutianidx was apparently due to his misinterp-etation of the relation of the maxillary to the preorbital. The maxillary is well covered by the preorbital. This species does not seem to be abundant, but is a good food-fish. It reaches a length of about 1.5 feet, and is an inhabitant of the deeper waters, 2 of the specimens that we have examined having the stomachs everted. Serranus UrUjhanil Seale, Occasional Papers Bishop* Museum, I, No. 4, 7, lyoi, Honolulu. (Type, No. (>25, B. P. B. M., Coll. A. Seale.) Apsilus hri.ghami, Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. '23, 1903), 452 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu). 179. Apsilus microdon (Steindachner). “ Opakajfaka." Head 3.1 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2.1; preorbital 8; interorbital 3.1; Br. 7; gillrakers about 16 -( 5; 1). x, 11; A. in, 8; scales 8-61-14. Body moderately short, stout, and compressed; head large, longer than deep; snout bluntly conic; mouth rather large, slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching pupil, slipping for its entire length under the rather broad preorbital, its width at tip equal to diameter of pupil, jaws equal; bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, the outer series on jaws scarcely enlarged, scarcely canine-like, except a pair on front of upper jaw; no teeth on tongue; opercle ending in 2 flat, weak spines, the space between them deeply emarginate; preopercle somewhat serrate; eye moderate, its lower edge in line with axis of body; interorbital slightly convex, very broad; caudal peduncle short, its length from base of last dorsal ray to first supporting caudal rays 2.3 in head, its least width about 2.5 in its least depth, which is slightly greater than eye, or 3.6 in head; dorsal fin beginning over base of pectoral, its origin midway between tip of snout and base of fifth ray, distance from origin of dorsal to base of first supporting caudal rays twice length of head; first, dorsal spine very short, about 1.7 in pupil, or 3.25 in second spine; fifth dorsal spine longest, about equal to snout; last dorsal ray produced, its length 1.5 times that of preceding ray; origin of anal under base of fourth dorsal ray; first anal spine short, its length about half that of second, anal spines all weak, the third longest, its length slightly less than diameter of eye; produced anal ray similar to that of dorsal; caudal deeply forked, the -lobes about equaling length of head; centrals moderate, not reaching vent, their length 1.6 in head; pectoral somewhat longer, its tip reaching slightly past tips of centrals, its length 1.25 in head; scales rather small, firm, deeper than -long; lateral line well developed, beginning at base of humeral plate and following contour of back to base of caudal; cheek and opercles scaled; a series of modified scales from bony opercular scale to nape, in front of which is a patch of normal scales. Color in life (No. 03008), back and upper part of side violet brown, with bright reflections; lower- part of side and belly silvery; faint brassy stripes separated by obscure bluish ones along middle of side; head color of back; cheek and suborbital silvery, with dusky wash; dorsal purplish, with 3 series of large yellow blotches forming 3 lines; caudal dusky and greenish, the middle rays yellowish; pectoral, anal, and ventrals white; iris greenish yellow. Color in spirits, dusky or olivaceous brown above, paler on sides and below; belly somewhat dusky; each scale on back and upper part of side with a chocolate-brown triangular area, these forming indistinct longitudinal lines; membrane of dorsal fin dusky purplish, all other fins pale. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 6081) 10 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. Wood. We have 10 specimens from Honolulu, 1 from Hilo, and 1 from Kailua. Dr. Jenkins had 2 specimens obtained at Honolulu by Dr. Wood, and the species was also found by the Albatross ai Honolulu. It is known only from the Hawaiian Islands, where it is a common food-fish in the markets, reaching a length of 2 feet. Apr ion microdon Steindaehner, Sitzr. Ak. YViss. Wien, LXX1V, abt. I, 1S7(>, 158, Sandwich Islands. Apsilus microdon, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 451 (Honolulu). Platyinius microdon, Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 527 (Honolulu). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 235 Genus 131. APHAREUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Body Ion;; and slender; vomer, palatines, and tongue without teeth; teeth in each jaw in a narrow, villiform band, none enlarged or ranine-like; last dorsal and anal rays much produced; preoperclc entire; interorbital convex; dorsal tin not notched; branchiostegals 7. This genus is related to Apaihvt, from which it differs chiefly in the dentition. .lpSoreas Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss., VI, 485, ! sal (c,rr nl/scut.' 180. Aphareus flavivultus Jenkins. Fig. 96. Head 3.3 in length; depth 3.4; eye 4.4 in head; snout 3.1; maxillary 1.9; mandible 1.65; inter¬ orbital 3.2; preorbital 6.5; Br. 7; gillrakers 16 5; D. x, 11; A. in, 8; scales 9-72-17. Body long and slender, considerably compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines beautifully curved from tip of snout to caudal peduncle, greatest depth at the origin of dorsal fin ; head rather long, conic; snout long; mouth very large, somewhat oblique, the maxillary slipping for its entire length and most of its width under the broad preorbital, reaching posterior border of pupil; lower jaw long and strong, its tip projecting and entering into anterior profile; vomer, palatines, and tongue toothless; teeth in jaws in a narrow, villiform band, none enlarged; eye moderate, its lower border in line with axis of body; operde smooth, without developed spines; preopercle not dentate, only slightly crenulate; caudal peduncle long, its length from base of last dorsal ray to base of first supporting caudal rays equal to snout and eye, its least width about 2.5 in its least depth, which is slightly less than snout; fins small, the dorsal continuous, its origin slightly behind base of pectoral and equidistant between tip of snout and base of seventh soft ray; third dorsal spine longest, slightly greater than snout; last dorsal ray produced, its length about 2.4 times that of preceding ray; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under base of about fourth dorsal ray; third anal spine longest, slender, its length 3.8 in head; last anal ray much produced, its length equal to that of last dorsal ray; caudal widely forked, the lower lobe slightly the longer, its length somewhat greater than that of head; ventrals rather pointed, not nearly reaching vent, about 1.75 in head; pectoral long, somewhat falcate, upper rays produced, about 1.2 in head; scales small, moderately firm, covering entire body, nape, cheek, and opercles; a modified humeral scale from which a line of modified scales extends to occiput, in front of which is a patch of ordinary scales; scales on cheek in 6 rows, those on opercle in 9 rows; lateral line beginning at lower edge of humeral scale, very slightly arched, following closely curvature of back to base of middle caudal ray; soft dorsal and anal naked; caudal with fine scales. Color in life, dirty violet, edges of scales brownish; lower side and under parts somewhat paler; head dirty violet or purplish; dorsal brownish red at base, yellowish olive and rosy on outer half; caudal greenish olive, edged with reddish purple; anal white at base, somewhat dusky, a large brassy 236 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. yellow blotch on anterior part of fin, posteriorly dirty rosy; ventrals purplish and greenish yellow; pectoral pale rosy; iris yellowish rosy white. This species is not common among the Hawaiian Islands, only 1 1 specimens having .been obtained in that region by collectors. It differs front Aphareus fiircatus in form and otherwise. According to Dr. Jenkins, the color of the top of the head was very distinct in life in the examples obtained by him in 1889. None of our specimens showed any yellow on the face. An examination of Dr. Jenkins’s specimens shows that this color has entirely faded, so that no character remains by which his specimens can he distinguished from ours. Besides the 5 specimens front Honolulu and Kona, Hawaii, in Dr. Jenkins’s collection, we have 2 from I Ionolulu, 2 from Kailua, and 1 from Hilo. One was also obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu. The species is known only from the Hawaiian Islands. Length 4.5 to 15 inches. Apkarcus Jlariimltus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June ,8, 1901), 390, fit;. 4, Honolulu. (Type, No. 49691, U.S.N.M., Coll. O. P. Jenkins); Jenkins op. cit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 451 (Kona, Hawaii); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu). Aphareus furcctiits, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 451 (Honolulu). Genus 132. BOWERSIA Jordan & Evermanu. Body long, rather slender and moderately compressed; top of head evenly rounded, the supra- occipital crest extending forward on cranium; jaws equal,, lower not projecting; bands of villiform teeth on both jaws, the outer series somewhat enlarged and canine-like; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue; maxillary slipping for its entire length under the rather broad proorbital; eye large; opercle entire, ending in 2 flat, obscure spines, the space between them deeply emarginate, but filled by soft membrane; preoperele scarcely dentate; dorsal fin continuous, the last ray produced, nearly twice length of preceding one. This genus is related to Apsilus, with which it agrees in the presence of villiform teeth on the vomer and palatines, but from which it differs in having well-developed teeth on the tongue, and in the produced last dorsal and anal ray. Two species are known. “ We take much pleasure in naming this new genus for the Hon. George M. Bowers, United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, in recognition of his active and intelligent interest in promoting scientific work, especially the investigation of the aquatic resources of the Hawaiian Islands.” Bowersia Jordan X Evermann, Ball. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. tl, 1303), 182 ( rinlcsccnr). a. Scales rather large, about 60 in lateral line; preorbital broad, 7.75 in head . riolcscrns, p. 236 aa. Scales smaller, about 68 in lateral line; preorbital narrow, 10 in head . -.ulaula, p. 237 181. Bowersia violescens Jordan & F.vermann. “ Opgikapaka.” Fig. 97. Head 3.25 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4.4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2; interorbital 3; preorbital 7.75; scales 8-60-15; D. x, 10; A. hi, 8; Br. 7; gillrakers 5-j-14. Body long, rather slender, moderately compressed, tapering gradually into the rather long caudal peduncle; head large, longer than deep; snout moderate, rather bluntly conic; mouth large, maxillary reaching anterior third of pupil, slipping for its entire length under the thin edge of the rather broad preorbital, the width of its tip 2 in eye; mandible strong, but not projecting; broad bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue, the outer series in the jaws slightly enlarged and canine¬ like; eye large, its lower edge in line with axis of body; interorbital broad, gently convex; anterior profile but slightly curved from tip of snout to nape, thence more strongly arched to origin of dorsal, descending in a long, low curve to caudal peduncle; ventral outline but slightly convex; caudal peduncle rather long, 2 in head, its least width about 1.6 in its least depth, which is 1.8 in its length, measured from base of last dorsal ray to base of supporting caudal rays; gill rakers few, rather strong and short, the longest about 2.6 in eye; opercle smooth, ending in 2 flat, obscure spines (more strongly developed in each of the cotypes); preoperele obscurely serrate at the angle (more distinctly so in the cotypes); fins moderately developed, the dorsal fin continuous, without notch, its origin over base of pectoral and equally distant from tip of snout and base of fourth ray, length of entire base of fin and to tip of last ray twice length of head; first dorsal spine moderately short, closely bound to the second, whose length exceeds it by about one-half; seventh dorsal spine longest, its length equal to that of FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 237 snout; last dorsal ray produced, its length about 1.7 times that of the preceding; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under base of third or fourth dorsal ray; first anal spine very short, third longest and strongest, its length equaling diameter of eye; last anal ray produced, its length equaling that of produced dorsal ray; caudal rather widely forked, lobes about equal, their length, measured from base of first supporting ray, equaling head; ventrals pointed, their tips not reaching vent, length 1.4 in head; pec¬ toral long, slightly falcate, the tip about reaching tips of ventrals, its length about 1.2 in head; scales large, deeper than long and rather loose; cheek and opercles scaled, 5 rows on cheek; a large bony humeral scale, from which extends to nape a series of somewhat modified scales, in front of which is a patch of ordinary scales; lateral line complete and well developed, beginning at lower edge of humeral scale and following curvature of back to base of middle caudal rays; the pores little or not at all branched. Color in life (field No. 03404), light rosy olive, with violet shades, pale below; center of each scale of back shining violet; dorsal reddish flesh-color, its base anteriorly yellowish olive; caudal flesh-color, rosy along the edges; anal similar, its edge light lavender gray; ventrals pale, shaded with light orange; pectoral flesh-color, violaceous at base; snout violet, iris light yellow. A flesh-colored vio- Fig. 97. — Bowersia violesceus Jordan & Evermann; from the type. laceous fish without color markings anywhere. Another specimen (field No. 03417) freshly dead, had the body, head, and caudal light rosy; ventrals white; outer margin of spinous dorsal golden, the membranes with irregular golden areas; pectoral and anal not distinctly colored; iris yellow. Color in alcohol of type (field No. 03018), above dusky silvery, bases of scales brown; sides and under parts silvery, with pale greenish -yellow tinge; top of head somewhat olivaceous, sides rusty silvery; axil of pectoral dusky; tins all pale or yellowish-white. This species reaches a length of about 2 feet and is an important food-fish. Our 4 specimens, all from Hololulu, are each about 2 feet in length. ; Bowersia violeseens Jordan it Evermann, Bull. l\ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 183, Honolulu. 182. Bowersia ulaula Jordan & Evermann. “ Ulaula “ Kod’e.” Fig. 98. Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.8; eye 3.8 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.9; mandible 2.4; inter¬ orbital 3.6; preorbital 10; scales 8-68-14; D. x, 11; A. hi, 8; Br. 7; gill rakers 21 5. Body long and slender, the dorsal outline in a low, gentle curve from tip of snout to base of caudal, the ventral outline but gently convex; head moderate, bluntly conic; snout rather short; mouth mod¬ erate, somewhat oblique, the jaws equal; maxillary moderate, slipping for its entire length under the narrow, thin preorbital, its width at tip 2.8 in eye; bands of villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, tongue and jaws, those of outer series in the latter scarcely enlarged; opercle ending in 2 obscure, fiat spines, 238 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. tin1 space between them deeply emarginate but filled by membrane; preopercle rather distinctly ser¬ rate, the teeth very short; eye rather large, its lower border in line with axis of body; preorbital very narrow, much narrower than in ]>. riole&cens; interorbital space narrower than in the preceding species, slightly convex; caudal peduncle long, its length from base of last dorsal raj- to first supporting rays of caudal 1.7 in head, its least width about 2.1 in its least depth, which is 2.1 in its length; gillrakers rather numerous, close-set, the longest about 2.2 in eye; fins moderately developed, the dorsal contin¬ uous, without notch, its origin slightly behind base of pectoral and equally distant between tip of snout and base of fifth or sixth dorsal ray; head 2 in distance from origin of anal to middle of last dorsal ray; first dorsal spine rather short, about 1.9 in length of second; fifth dorsal spine longest, its length equal to distance from tip of snout to pupil; last dorsal ray produced, its length about 1.8 times that of the preceding; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under base of third dorsal ray; first anal spine very short, the third longest, its length 1.2 in diameter of eye; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, the last ray produced and of equal length with that of dorsal; caudal densely scaled and widely forked, lobes equal, their length, measured from base of first supporting rays equaling that of head; ventrals not pointed, their tips not reaching vent, their length 1.6 in head; pectoral long, slightly falcate, its tip reaching vent and much beyond that of ventral, its length equaling that of head; scales rather small, closely imbricated, deeper than long, their edges finely ciliated; cheek and operates scaled, 6 rows on cheek; a large bony humeral scale from which extends a series of modified scales to nape, and in front of which is a patch of ordinary scales; lateral line complete and well developed, beginning at lower edge of humeral scale and following contour of back to base of middle caudal rays, the tubes little branched. Color in alcohol, brownish or purplish olivaceous above, paler on side; under parts nearly plain white; each scale of back and upper part of side with a darker brown spot, these forming indistinct rows, about 6 above lateral line; side below lateral line with less distinct horizontal lines; upper parts of head olivaceous brown, lower parts paler, spines of dorsal fin purplish, the membranes white, purplish at tips; soft dorsal with rays whitish, membranes purplish; caudal slightly dusky, other fins plain whitish. This species is related to B. vinhtscena, from which it differs chiefly in the shorter snout, larger eye, shorter maxillary, shorter mandible, narrower interorbital space, decidedly smaller scales, more numerous gillrakers, and more posterior insertion of dorsal fin. Only one specimen known, type No. 50661, U. S. N. M. (field No. 04104), 14.25 inches long, from Hilo, Hawaii Island. Bmucrsia ulaula Jordan & Evermami, Bull. U. S. Full Comm., XXII. 1902 (April 11, 1903), 1S3, Hilo. Genus 133. APKION Cuvier & Valenciennes. Body oblong or elongate, compressed; scales large; mouth rather small; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines and jaws, outer series on jaws somewhat enlarged and canine-like; no teeth on tongue; preopercle entire; interorbital flat; last ray of dorsal and anal somewhat produced; dorsal FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 239 continuous, not notched; skull essentially as in Etelis, the flat interorbital area separated from the occipital by a transverse line of demarcation by which the median as well as the lateral crests are limited; frontals wide in front, and not cavernous; supraorbital margin crenate; periotic region much swollen outward and with the bones thin and polished; frontals behind with funnel-shaped foramina; preorbital moderate. Aprion has essentially the form of Lutianus with the skull of Eleiix. The single American species (.1. maerophthalmus) belongs to the subgenus Cluetoptems, which agrees with A. rinscens in the form of the skull, differing chiefly in the specific characters of deeper body, weaker teeth, and narrower preorbital. Species few; only one known from the Hawaiian Islands. Ap-rion Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. POiss., VI, 5 1:1. 1830 ( vircsccns ). Cfcl’tnptcrus Terminek Schlegel, Fauna Japoniea, Poiss . 7S, ] - u ( dvbius ). Pri$tii>oinoiflcsB leelcer, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., Ill, 1852, 57 1 ( tijpus ). PI at pin inn Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. S'-i. Phila. 1802,237 ( mra.r niannpht ha! tn an Sparapsis Kncr, Fiselic Mus. GodclYroy, 302, 1868 (dnnfjntus). 183. Aprion virescens Cuvier A Valenciennes. “ f7,».” Fig. 99. Head 3.2 in length; depth 4.1; eye 5.4 in head; snout2.2; maxillary 2.45; mandible 2; preorbital 4.8; interorbital 3; Br. 7; I), x, 11; A. n or iii, 8; scales 8-49-13. Body long, slender, and moderately compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines gently curved; head large, much larger than deep: snout long and bluntly conic: mouth large, somewhat oblique, the maxillary reaching orbit, slipping for its entire length under the broad preorbital, its width at tip about 1.75 in eye; jaws co-tern li nous, the lower projecting somewhat in the young; eye rather high up, considerably above the axis of the body; interorbital space broad and flat; opercle ending in one Fig. 99. — Aprion virescens Cuvier & Valenciennes; after Blceker. broad, flat, obscure spine; preoperele smooth; caudal peduncle long, its length slightly greater than that, of snout, its least width about, 1.75 in its least depth, which is 4 in head; dorsal fin continuous, not greatly notched, its origin behind base of pectoral, and midway between tip of snout and base of third dorsal ray: distance from origin of dorsal to base of first supporting caudal rays twice length of head; first dorsal rav short and slender, its length not exceeding diameter of pupil, fourth or fifth dorsal ray longest, about 3 in head, last dorsal ray produced, about one-third longer than preceding; first anal spine small, obscure, or entirely absent in large examples; third anal spine weak, its length less than diameter of eye; soft portion of anal similiar to that of dorsal: caudal widely forked, the lower lobe sometimes the longer, its length a little shorter than that of head; centrals short, reaching Scarcely half way to origin of anal, 1.9 in head; pectoral very short and broad, the length about 2.75 in head; scales loose, large, somewhat deeper than long; lateral line fully developed and concurrent with the hack; cheek and opereles scaled, 5 rows on cheek; anal and soft dorsal naked; caudal scaled. Color in life (No. 03411), uniform light gray, the upper parts tinged with blue, which, on top of head to snout and about eye, becomes distinct dark blue, without distinct outline, gradually dis¬ appearing toward lower parts; lower parts much lighter, becoming almost white on ventral line; 3 240 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. indistinct dusky spots on membranes of dorsal between seventh and tenth spines (one between each two); no other distinct markings on dorsal, but a tinge of yellow over the whole; ventral rays white, membranes yellow; anal whitish; caudal unmarked. Color in alcohol of some specimens, dusky-bluish above and on sides, whitish below; head with some purplish; spinous dorsal with the membrane dusky at tips, 3 black spots on membranes between seventh and tenth spines; soft dorsal, caudal and anal dusky, ventrals white, dusky at tips; pectoral dusky. This fish is common about Honolulu, being brought into the market almost every day. It is one of the best of food-fishes. The above description, based chiefly upon (No. 03411 ) a specimen 2 feet long, obtained in the -Honolulu market. We have 17 excellent, specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua, and others were obtained at Honolulu by Hr. Jenkins and the Albatross. This species is known not only from the Hawaiian Islands, but also from the Society Islands, Macassar, Celebes, Termite, and Amboyna. Length 7 to 24 inches. Aprion > inert n Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 544, pi. 16S, 1830, Seychelles: Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, I. 16, 1873 (Society and Hawaiian Islands); Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 484 (Honolulu): Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 452 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit, (Jan. 19, 1904). 527 (Honolulu). Mtsopriou nrirrochir Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., I', 1853, 332, Amboyna. Lvtjami * nticrockir, Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Dterk., I, 1863, 233. Sparopeis cloilfiatHs Kner, sitzl). Ak. Wiss. Wien, LV11I, Part I, 1868, 303, pi. 3, fig;. 6, Fiji Islands. Chpioptrrusmjcrochir, Bleeker, Varsl. Kon. Ak. Wet., HI, 1869, 85 (Ternate and Amboyna). Aprion (Apr/on) virescens, Bleeker, Atlas, VII, 77, pi. 293, lig. 3, 1876 (Macassar, Celebes, Ternate, Amboyna). Genus 134. ETELIS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Body elongate, covered with large scales; eye very large; preopercle ending in 2 short, flat lobes, hardly points; preorbital very narrow; mouth moderate, the lower jaw projecting; canines in upper jaw only, villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; no teeth on tongue or pterygoids; gillrakers long and slender; dorsal fin deeply notched, rather short, its spines 10 in number, its soft rays not scaly; caudal very deeply forked; head naked above, skull with the interorbital area flat, separated from the occipital area by a transverse line, limiting the median and lateral crests also; frontals wide in front, not cavernous, simply normally perforate; supraorbital margins crenate; periotic region little convex, and with the bones thick, unpolished; prefrontals behind, with funnel-shaped foramina; caudal deeply forked; dorsal spines 10, the last shortest, the membrane falling far short of the ray following. In spite of the difference in the form of its dorsal, the relations of Etelis with Aprion are very close. The skulls in the 2 are almost, identical, as has already been noticed by Poey and Gill. Etelis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. If, 127. Is2s ( carhnneulus , a Japanese species); Gill. Proc. Ae. Nat. Sei. phila. 1862, 447 ( carbuneulus ). E/astonni Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 168, 202, 1839 (oru/a'm). irespcrantluas Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 14, 1813 ( ociilatus ). Macrops Pumeril, Ichthyologic Analytique, 279. 1856 (ocnlafyts). a. Eye small, 4 in head; caudal lobes not much produced, about equal in length, not longer than head; gillrakers 3+9 . inarx/li, p. 240 aa. Eye comparatively large, 3 in head; caudal lobes much produced, the upper longer than head; gillrakers G 4- 15 . evurus , 1>. 242 184. Etelis marshi (Jenkins). “Vlaiila.” Plate XVII and Pig. 100. Head 3 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4 in head; snout 3.4; preorbital 7; maxillary 2; mandible 1.8; interorbital 3.9; H. x, 11; A. in, 8; scales (i-5 1-1 1 ; Br. 7; gillrakers 3+9. Body rather long, tapering, moderately compressed; the dorsal and ventral outlines gently convex; head rather large, bluntly pointed; snout bluntly pointed, slightly greater than eye; jaws subequal, the lower slightly projecting, its tip entering into the anterior rounded profile; maxillary long, reaching past middle of orbit, its width at tip equal to vertical diameter of pupil; mouth rather large, somewhat oblique; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, those on jaws in villiform bands; an outer series of enlarged, sparse-set canines in each jaw, the one in front on each side longest, those of upper jaw somewhat stronger than those in the lower; tongue without teeth; eye large, its horizontal diameter slightly the greater; interorbital space flat, with a broad median groove, the ridges on each side some- FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 241 what roughened; preorbital thin, its edge smooth; opercle ending in 2 broad flat, spines; preopercle finely dentate, teeth strongest at the angle, but no spines especially enlarged; gillrakers few, moderate in length, the longest about 3 in eye, the number about 3 9; fins moderately developed; dorsal fin deeply notched, almost divided into 2 fins; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout equal to distance to base of fifth dorsal ray; first dorsal spine short, about equal to diameter of pupil, third and fourth dorsal spines longest, about 2.4 in head, ninth dorsal spine short, about 2 in second; dorsal rays subequal, the last about 1.25 in third dorsal spine; origin of anal under about fourth dorsal ray; first anal spine very short, third longest, about 1.75 in third dorsal spine; last anal ray about equal to last one of dorsal; caudal rather widely forked, the lobes about equal, their length equal to distance from tip of snout to edge of preopercle, their outer rays not espe¬ cially produced; ventrals rather short, reaching but slightly more than half distance to origin of anal, their length about 2 in head; pectoral longer, the upper-rays somewhat produced, the fin slightly falcate, the length 1.2 in head; scales moderately large, firm, deeper than long; cheek and opercle scaled, the former with 6 rows; a large modified humeral scale; lateral line beginning at humeral scale and following contour of back, ceasing at base of caudal. Color in life, rose-red, not quite so brilliant as in Eti’ti* evurus; a golden stripe along lateral line, mouth not red inside; axil deep red; belly silvery, but less abruptly so than in emms and some¬ what shaded with rose; tins rose-colored, the first dorsal and caudal brightest, ventrals and anal almost Fig. 100. — Etch's marsht (Jenkins). Type of Eteliacus marshi Jenkins. white; a faint whitish stripe along side below golden one. Another specimen (No. 03378), 2 feet long, from Honolulu, nearly fresh, was very bright red, silvery below, the center of each scale on back golden, these forming streaks; lateral line golden; upper fins bright red; lower fins pale red. Color in spirits, light dusky, yellowish above, paler on the sides, w hitish below; top of head dusky yellowish; fins all uniform whitish. The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04148) 16.75 inches long, from Hilo. This species reaches a length of at least 2 feet, and is a common and important food-fish both at Honolulu and Hilo. The spawning time seems to be in the middle of the summer, several of the examples obtained by us in July being full of ripe spawn. It is close to E. evurus from w hich it differs, however, in the smaller eye, much stronger teeth, somewhat shorter body, and in not having the caudal lobes markedly produced. It is rather common in deep water, especially off Hilo. The type (No. 50714, V. 8. \ . M.) was obtained by Dr. Wood at Honolulu. Our collection contains! specimens from Honolulu, 9 from Hilo, and 1 from Kailua, ranging from 10 to 26 inches long, Eteliicus marshi Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 452, tig. 21, Honolulu. F. C. B. 190:4-16 242 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 185. Etelis evurus Jordan & Evermann. “ Vlaula Plates XVIII and 38. Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.6; eye 3 in head; snout 3.9; maxillary 2.2; interorbital 3.6; D. x, 11; A. hi, 8; scales 5-50-11; Br. 6; gillrakers 15 + 6, longest about 2 in eye. Body rather long, tapering, moderately compressed; dot-sal outline slightly convex, ventral out¬ line nearly straight; head considerably longer than deep, compressed, subconic, snout bluntly pointed, less than eye, equal to portion of eye anterior to posterior edge of pupil; mouth large, oblique; small bands of villifonn teeth on vomer, palatines, and anterior part, of each jaw; a single row of small wide-set, slender canine; teeth on the outer edge of each jaw, those in upper jaw slightly larger and more wide-set ; a single larger canine tooth on the side of each jaw in front, those in the upper jaw the larger; maxillary extending to middle of pupil; eye very large, its lower edge slightly below axis of body; preopercle finely serrate; operele with 2 broad, flat spines, not produced, the upper rather obscure; fins moderately developed; origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout equaling that to base of sixth dorsal ray; dorsal fin deeply notched, almost divided; first dorsal spine short, its length hut slightly greater than diameter of pupil; third dorsal Spine longest, 2.1 in head; ninth spine short, its length 2.75 in third; soft dorsal not elevated, the rays about equal, the last 1.75 in third spine; anal similar to soft dorsal, the first spine very short, the third about 1.8 in third dorsal spine, last anal ray about equal to last dorsal ray; caudal deeply notched, the lobes much produced, the upper the longer, its rays greatly exceeding length of head, or about 2.4 in body; centrals long, but not reaching vent by a distance equaling half diamater of pupil, their length 1 .5 in head; pectoral long, reaching vent, the upper rays somewhat produced, their length 1 .2 in head; scales moderate, firm, covering body, nape, opercles, and breast; a large humeral scale; lateral line beginning at lower edge of humeral scale and following contour of back to base of caudal fin. Color in life, of a specimen (field No. 03481) 14 inches long, brilliant, rose-red, the side from level of eye abruptly silver, with rosy shades; snout, jaws, eye, and inside of mouth red; fins all rose-color, the dorsal and caudal bright; ventrals and anal pale, the former washed with red on center; axil pale pink; pectoral pale rosy. Color in alcohol, uniform yellowish white, paler below; fins all pale yellowish white, the caudal lobes somewhat dark. This species is related to Etelis oeulatus of the West Indies, from which it differs in the somewhat larger scales, much longer caudal lobes (9.5 times length of middle rays instead of 4 times, as in E. oeulatus), and larger eye. From E. carbunculus Cuvier & Valenciennes, from Isle of France, it seems to differ in the coloration, and in having only 16 instead of 20 scales in a transverse series. It. is one of the handsomest of all Hawaiian fishes, thus far known only from Hilo, Hawaii, in the market of which we obtained 13 fine examples, and from Honolulu, where it was obtained by the Albatross. Length 11 to 16.5 inches. Etelis evurus Jordan ,V Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Coram., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 184, Hilo; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. ly, 1904), 527 (Honolulu). Family LX III. SPA RIDE. — The Porgies. Body oblong or more or less elevated, covered with rather large, adherent scales, which are never truly ctenoid; lateral line well developed, concurrent with the back, not extending on caudal fin; head large, the crests on the skull usually largely developed; no suborbital stay; mouth small, ter¬ minal, low, and horizontal; premaxillaries little protractile; maxillary short, peculiar in form and in articulation, without supplemental bone, for most of its length slipping under the edge of the pre¬ orbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath; preorbital usually broad; teeth strong, those in front of jaws conical, incisor-like or molar; lateral teeth of jaws always blunt and molar; no teeth on vomer or palatines; posterior nostril largest, usually more or less oblong or slit-like; lower pharyngeals separate; gills 4, a large slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiai large; gillrakers moderate; gill-mem¬ branes separate, free from the isthmus; preopercle entire or serrulate; operele without spines; sides of head usually scaly; dorsal fin single, continuous, or deeply notched, the spines usually strong, depressible in a groove; spines heteracanthous, that is, alternating, the one stronger on the right side, the other on the left, the spines 10 to 13 in number; anal fin rather short, similar to the soft dorsal, and with 3 spines; ventral fins thoracic, the rays i, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage Bull, U. S F.C 1903 Etelis evurus Jordan & Evermann type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 243 at base; caudal fin usually more or less concave behind; air-bladder present, usually simple; pyloric ececa few; vertebrae usually 10 • 14=21; intestinal canal short. Carnivorous shore-fishes of the tropical seas, especially abundant in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and West Indies. Genera about 12, species about. 90, most of them much valued as food. Only one species thus far known from the Hawaiian Islands. Genus 135. MONOTAXIS Bennett. Jaws each with several conical, canine-like teeth in front, and with a single series of molars on the sides; cheek scaly; dorsal fin with 10 spines, depressible in a groove; anal spines 3; scales moderate; branchiostegals 6; pyloric appendages few. Species few. Monotaxis Bennett, Life of Raffles, 688. 1830 (indim). Sphxrodon Rvippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische. 112, \S38(grandoculis). 186. Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal). ” .1 fa;” “ Mamamii.” Fig. 101. Head 3.1 in length; depth 2.5; eye 4 in head; shout 2.2; preorbital 3. 1 ; interorbital 2.75; D. x, 11; A. m, 10; scales li-46-12. Body oblong, deep, compressed, back not much elevated; profile from nape to tip of snout nearly straight, being steeper from the prominence in front of eye to tip of snout; head slightly deeper than Fig. 101. — Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskkl); after Bleeker. long, compressed; snout bluntly rounded; mouth large, horizontal; jaws equal, maxillary entirely concealed except for its lower edge; teeth large, wide, and irregularly set, conic teeth in anterior part of each jaw, lateral teeth on each jaw large and molar; preorbital very broad; preopercle entire; eve anterior, high, upper edge of pupil on line with lateral line; dorsal fin continuous, its origin slightly in advance of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout equal to its distance from base of ventrals, longest spine 2.1 in head, first spine short and weak, .6 height of second; soft dorsal rounded, rays much longer than spines, longest 1.75 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, longest spine 2.5 in head, ray 1.75; caudal broad and strong, rather deeply forked, its lobes short and strong; pectoral broadly falcate, its tip reaching as far as those of ventrals, nearly 1 in head; ventrals falcate, reaching past vent, nearly to base of anal, 1.2 in head; scales rather large, much deeper than long, cycloid; top of head, snout, mandible and cheek naked; 3 rows of large scales on upper and G on lower part of preopercle, 6 rows on opercle; soft dorsal and anal moderately sheathed; a single row of small scales on eaoh caudal ray, extending nearly to tip; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline. 244 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life, scales below lateral line pale silvery with a purplish tinge; margin of scales on middle of body and on the upper part of opercle greenish yellow, those on hack darker, with margin blackish yellow; belly pale, margin of scales on belly darkish; a blackish band on nape; head and snout pur¬ plish gray; cheek with a dark dirty purplish blotch tinged with yellow; lips darkish yellow; inside of mouth reddish, spinous dorsal pale purplish silvery, margin of the membranes with a wide deep cardinal stripe; soft dorsal blackish claret, rays paler; caudal dirty claret, somewhat paler than soft dorsal, rays paler, margin reddish; anal same as soft dorsal, spines dark reddish, black blotches at root of third to sixth membrane inclusive; pectoral pale reddish, axil black; ventrals very pale pur¬ plish, tips darkish; iris silvery-yellow, the upper border blackish silvery, this border with a deep cardinal border ventrally; root of pieudobranchise purple. A smaller example (No. 03241), 9 inches long, from Honolulu, showed the following colors in life: Olive-gray, silvery below, each scale above with a bluish white center; traces of 4 narrow, whitish, yellowish cross-bars on back; one at nape, one under first dorsal spines, one under last dorsal spines, and one under last dorsal rays; head paler and more yellowish; a black spot on upper part of eye; inside of jaws bright red; spinous dorsal dirty gray, the pale band of back extending on it; soft dorsal with a large black central blotch, the last rays reddish white; caudal reddish gray, the rays mostly grayish, the membranes deep red; anal gray, blackish mesially, the rays tipped with dirty red; ventrals whitish, tipped with dirty red; pectoral light rusty red, the color fading on lower rays; a small black axillary spot with yellowish shade below it. Smaller examples show yellowish on fins and head rather than red; a dusky bar on cheek below eye; pale bars more distinct, the interspaces more clearly black. Color in alcohol, grayish brown above, lighter below, margin of scales darker; top of head and cheek darker brown; a black blotch on upper edge of the yellow iris; spinous dorsal pale brown with a darker blotch on the anterior part of. each membrane; membrane of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal dark; pectoral pale, black at axis; ventrals pale, tipped with dark brownish. The above description based chiefly upon (No. 04140), a specimen 20.5 inches long from Hoopuloa, Hawaii. Our collection contains 22 specimens 5 to 20 inches long, the localities represented being Hon¬ olulu, and Kailua and Hoopuloa, Hawaii. This fish reaches a length of about 22 inches. It is fairly abundant and highly prized as a food- fish, always commanding a high price. It has a very wide distribution among the Pacific islands. Sdsaia grandomlU Forskkl, Descript. Animal., 53, 1775, Djidda. Lethrinus latidens Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vi, 310. 1.330. New Guinea. Monotaxis indica Bennett, Life ni Baffles. Cat. Fish. Sumatra, 033, 1830, Sumatra. Pagrus heterodon Bleeker, Bijdr. Ichth. Halmahera, Nat. Ned. Ind., VI, 51. 1854, Sindangole. Spluerodon latidens, Kner, Novara, 83, pi. 4, fig. 1, 1865 (Australia). 3 phxrodon grandocutis, Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, IT, 67, 1874 (Sandwich Islands). Monotaxis grandoculis, Bleeker, Atlas, VIII, 105, pi. 299, fig. 1, 1876 (Sumatra, Batu, Celebes, Halmahera, Obimajor, Amboyna). Sphxrodon heterodon, Bleeker, Atlas, VIII, pi. 299, 1876 (name on plate). Sparisomus unicolor, Fowler, Proe. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 602 ( Honolulu); not of Quoy & Gaimard. Monotaxis grandoculis, Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 453 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1901), 527 (Honolulu). Family LX1V. M/ENID.4L — The Picarels. Body oblong or elongate, covered with moderate or small ciliated scales; mouth moderate or small, extremely protractile, ttie spines of the premaxillaries extending backward to the occiput; teetli small or wanting, all pointed; no incisors or molars; dorsal continuous or divided, the spines very slender; preoperele entire; intestine short, with few pyloric oceca. Carnivorous shore-fishes, chiefly of the Old World. In the form of the mouth they present analogies to the Gerridse, in other regards they closely resemble the Hxmulidx. Genera 4 or 5; species about 25. Genus 136. ERYTHRICHTHYS Temminck & Schlegel. Body elongate; caudal peduncle long; snout rather sharply conic; mouth very protractile, the processes of the intermaxillaries extending to occiput; dorsal litis 2, scarcely, if at all, connected, the spines all slender and feeble; no detached dorsal spines; caudal widely forked, the lobes long and FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 245 pointed; no teeth on jaws, vomer or palatines; lower pharvngeals separated from each other, and like the upper ones, armed with eardiform teeth; preoperele entire; scales rather small, ciliated; bran- chiostegals, 7; pseudobrancbise present. This genus is distinct from Emmelichthyg, differing chiefly in having no detached dorsal spines. Erythridithys Teraminck & Schlegel, Fauna Jappnica, Poiss., 117, 1815 (&ctileahu. Sectator Jordan A Fesler, Review Spnroid Fishes, Kept. U. S. Kish Comm. 1889-1891 (1893), 534 (ocyurus). 190. Sectator azureus Jordan & Evermann. Plate XX. Head 4 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 3.65; maxillary 4; interorbital 2.4; I), xi, 15; A. hi, 13; scales 14-81-20. Body elongate, ovoid, greatest depth about at tip of pectoral; head slightly longer than deep; compressed; snout very bluntly convex; jaws about equal, maxillary not reaching front of eye; mouth small, horizontal; teeth very small, compressed, in a single series in each jaw; minute villiform teeth on vomer, palatines and tongue; tongue broad, rounded and free in front; preopercle entire, posterior edge very oblique; lower edge of eye on a line with upper base of pectoral, posterior margin well in front of middle of head; interorbital broad, strongly convex, a deep groove in front of eye to nostril; caudal peduncle rather long, 1.9 in head; origin of spinous dorsal slightly in front of base of ventrals, well behind pectoral, its distance from tip of snout slightly greater than depth of body; longest dorsal spine 3 in head, last dorsal ray elongate, being one-fourth longer than other rays, its length 3.4 in head; third anal spine longest, 4.9 in head; firstanal ray longest, 3.4 in head; base of anal 1.8 in base of dorsal; caudal deeply forked, lower lobe the longer, 3.5 in body; pectoral short, slightly longer than ventrals, FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 249 1.8 in head, the spine more than half length of longest ray; scales cycloid, present on head except on jaws and in front of eye, very minute'on all the fins except vontrals; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline; peritoneum dark gray. Color in life, dark steel-blue, becoming paler below; a definite deep blue stripe from snout below eye widening on opercle, and thence straight to center of base of caudal; below it a narrow bright golden stripe from angle of mouth to lower part of caudal, and then a fainter blue stripe below this; a blue stripe from eye to upper part of gill-opening, interspace golden shaded with green; a deep blue stripe, not sharply defined, from upper part of eye along each side of back to base of upper caudal lobe; upper fins dusky golden or olivaceous; ventrals yellow; anal and lower lobe of caudal dirty golden; pectoral translucent. Color in alcohol, deep steel-gray, brown above, each scale with a very pale spot, the edge pale, lower surface whitish silvery; a pale, streak of gray behind eye to edge of opercle; dorsal fin gray- brown like the back; caudal and pectoral whitish; inside of ventrals dusky orange; ventrals and anal dusky; inside of pectoral blackish brown. Type, No. 50664, U. S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 03363), a specimen 15.25 inches long, taken off the shore near Ileeia, Oahu Island. This species must be very rare, being unknown to the fishermen and only the single specimen having been obtained by us. Sectalor ttzurcus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11. 1908), is;., Heeia, Oahu Island. Family LXVI. MULLID.F.- The Surmullets. Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large scales which are usually slightly ctenoid; lateral line continuous, the pores often branched; large scales on the head; upper profile of head more or less parabolic; mouth small, low, subterminal; teeth mostly small, variously placed; no canines, incisors, nor molars; premaxillaries somewhat protractile; maxillaries thin, nearly as broad at base as at tip, without supplemental bone, partly hidden by the broad preorbital; preopercle entire or slightly serrate; opercle unarmed or with a single spine; eye moderate, placed high; branchiostegals 4; pseu¬ dobranchiae present; 2 long, unbranched barbels at the throat, attached just behind the symphysis of the lower jaw; dorsal fins 2, remote from each other, both short, the first of 6 to 8 rather high spines, which are depressible in a groove; anal short, similar to the soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines; ventrals thoracic i, 5; air-bladder usually present, simple; vertebral • 9+14=23; stomach si phonal; pyloric cceca about 20. Species about 40, referable to 5 closely related genera, found in all tropical seas, some species straying northward. Many of the species are highly valued as food, especially the European Melius barbatui and Mullus surmuletus. a. Xo teeth on vomer and palatines. b. Teeth of jaws small, subequal, in several series or narrow villi form bands . . . . Mulloides , p. 249 bb. Teeth of the jaws rather strong, unequal, in 1 or 2 series . Pseudupeueus, p. 254 aa. Teeth on vomer and palatines, and in both jaws . Upeneus , p. 264 Genus 139. MULLOIDES Bleeker. This genus differs from Upeneus only in the dentition, the teeth in both jaws being in narrow villiform bands, none on vomer or palatines. Species numerous, chiefly of the Pacific Ocean. Mulloides Bleeker, Percoiden, Sept.. 1848, in Yerh. Bat. Gen., XXII. 1349 ( flavolircatus ). Mulloides Bleeker. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., HI. 697, 1652 ( Jtavolincatus ). a. Scales in lateral line 40 or more (40 to 43). 6. Eye comparatively large, 3.33 to 3.5 in head. c. Eye 3.5 in head; scales 40, no yellow lines on head . auriflamma, p. 250 cc. Eye 3.33 In head; scales 42 or 43; yellow lines on head . .snjfhrinus, p. 251 bb. Eye smaller, 4 to 6 in head. d. Eye very small, 6 in head; snout rather long, 1.9 in head . .pjtugeri, p. 251 dd. Eye larger, 4.3 in head; snout shorter, 2.25 in head . Ilarn mats, p. 251 aa. Scales in lateral line fewer than 40 (31 to 37). e. Body comparatively slender, depth about 4 in length, head 3.5: scales 35 . samoensis, p. 253 cc. Body deeper, depth about 3 in length; head longer, 3 in length; scales 31 . oanicolcnsis, p. 254 250 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 191. Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal). “I Vcke;’’ “Weke ula.” Fig. 103. Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.6; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.1; interorbital 3; maxillary 3; shortest distance between maxillary and eye 1.67 in longitudinal diameter of eye; D. vil-9, longest dorsal spine 1.4 in head; A. 7, longest anal ray 2 in head; scales 3-40-6, 42 pores; gill rakers 24 + 8, the longest 2.5 in eye, serrate, those on longer limb becoming short and blunt. Body oblong, compressed, deepest through anterior base of spinous dorsal ; head moderate, com¬ pressed, its upper profile not straight, the line being slightly concave above eyes, the part anterior to nos¬ trils rat her steep; snout blunt; lower jaw slightly included; month rather small but oblique; tongue short, rounded anteriorly, not broad, thick, nor free anteriorly; teeth in a villiform band in each jaw; maxillary 1.3 in snoilt, not quite reaching anterior edge of orbit, rather large, covered anteriorly by a sheath; eye moderate, high, median; adipose eyelid slight, not nearly halfway to pupil ante¬ riorly ; barbels reaching to pi isterior edge of preoperele; pseudi >hranchiae well developed ; spinous dorsal high, its posterior edge nearly truncate, its base equal to longest spine, distance from anterior base to tip of snout equaling distance from anterior base across body to anterior base of anal; soft dorsal slightly concave; caudal deeply forked; anal similar to soft dorsal, inserted slightly behind it; ventrals reaching slightly beyond pectoral, the rays equal in length, and equal to longest dorsal spine; lateral line concurrent with the back; scales large, slightly ctenoid; entire body and head scaly. Color in life, upper half of head, nape and back rosy red, richest on head; lower half of head white with very light rosy wash; side with a pale yellow band a scale wide, from eye to base of caudal, most distinct anteriorly; lower two-thirds of side white, with a light rosy wash; fins all pale rosy, except pectoral, which has a slight lemon-yellow wash; iris white with narrow inner rosy ring. Color in alcohol, dusky gray, tins all pale, except slight indications of black on upper posterior edge of dorsal spines. This description based chiefly on No. 02986, an example 8.5 inches long, from Honolulu. Another specimen, No. 03479, from Hilo, had in life back violet red with some slight yellowish edging to scales; a broad yellow stripe from eye to base of caudal; a yellow streak horizontally below eye; lower part of side pale rosy; barbels white; tins all light orange, rosy and golden shaded, without marking; first dorsal darkest; iris red. The collection contains 8 other examples from Honolulu and 4 from Hilo. We have also examined a specimen 10 inches long, collected by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu, and others obtained at that place by the Allialross. This fish is rather common in the market of Honolulu, being taken inside the reef. The 28 specimens we have are 3.25 to 14 inches long. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 251 Mulhis auri.flamma Forsk&l, Descript. Animal., 30, 1775. Djidda, Arabia. MuUm jlavolineatus Lac6p£de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 106, 1801, lie de France. Muflus aureoviitatuB Shaw, General Zool., IV, 618, 1805. Indian Seas. Upeneus flavolineatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 456, 1829 (lie de France, Bourbon. Bouron. Borabora, Massuah). Upeneus zeylonicus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 459, 1829, Trinquemalo, Ceylon. Upeneus auriflamma, Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 461, 1829 (Red Sea). IIypcneu8 flavolineatus, Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish.. 36, 1850 (Sea of Pinang). .1/ uUoides flavolineatus, Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., Ill, 1852, 697 (Wahia). Mulloides zeylonicus, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., VI, 1859, 8. Mulloides a unflamm a, Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1870, 742; Steindachner. Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 485 (Laysan; Honolulu); Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 454 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. ( Jan. 19. 1904), 527 (Honolulu). 192. Mulloides erythrinus Klunzinger. Head 3.5 in length; depth 3.75; eye 3.33 in head; scales 42 or 43; eye large, .66 of snout, equaling the length of postorbital part of head and somewhat more than the width of interorbital; barbel reaching to under posterior edge of preopercle; first and second dorsal spines of equal length, flexible, .75 as high as head. Color in life, deep rose-red, back darker; a broad golden band from eye along middle of body to caudal; oblique yellow lines; fins scarlet to orange-red. Recorded from Laysan Island by Steindachner; not seen by us. Mulloides ruber, "Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1870, 743 (Red Sea); not of I.aCftpede ? Mulloides flavolineatus, Kner, Reis. Novara, Zool. in Zoologischer, I. 1869, 69 (Australia); not of Laeept-de. Mulloides erythrinus Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Meeres, I, 50, 1881, Red Sea, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 485 (Laysan). 193. Mulloides pflugeri Steindachner. Head 3.6 in length; depth 3,6; eye 6 in head; snout 1.9; maxillary 2.6; interorbital 2.9; preor¬ bital 3.8; D. vii-i, 8; A. i, 6; scales 3-40-7. Body moderately slender, not greatly arched; Jiead large; snout long, slightly deeurved; mouth moderate, slightly convex; maxillary not reaching front of orbit; teeth on jaws in villiform bands, none on palatines; eye small, high up; interorbital space broad, convex; preorbital oblique; scales deeper than long, moderately firm; lateral line following contour of back, the pores with few branches; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base of pectoral, length of longest dorsal ray 1.6 in head; base of spinous dorsal 1.25 in longest ray, and slightly greater than interdorsal space, the latter being equal to base of soft dorsal. Color in life, body, head, and barbels uniform bright red; dorsals, centrals, and pectoral red, with tinge of yellow; caudal red but with yellow predominating; no yellow lateral band and no blue spot on side below spinous dorsal. Color in spirits, uniform dusky olivaceous and yellowish, with blotehings of rosy on head and lower part of side. This species does not appear to he common, as only 2 examples were secured by us, No. 03529, 23 inches long, on August 4, 1901, and No. 04113, 21 inches long, both from the market at Honolulu. These specimens seem close to what we have called 31. samoemis, but differ in having 40 instead of 35 scales in tire lateral line, and in the uniform red coloration, there being no evidence of a yellowish lateral band as in the other species. These specimens can not be .1/. sameensis because of the absence of a black lateral spot. They do not seem to bed/, preorbilalis because of the smaller scales and different coloration. They are not .17. ruber ( erythrinus ) as described by Gunther in Fische der Siidsee, because of the much larger eye and the presence of yellow bands in the latter species, which is also said to have no .yellow on the fins. Mulloides pflugeri Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 485, plate 3, fig. 4. Honolulu. 194. Mulloides flammeus Jordan & Evermann. “1 Veke ula ula.” Fig. 104. Head 3.6 in length; depth 4; eye 4.3 in head; snout 2.25; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2.1; shortest distance from eye to upper edge of maxillary 1 in eye; D. vii-9, longest dorsal spine 1.75 in head, longest dorsal ray 2.6; A. 7, longest ray 2.7; scales 3—41-6; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.4. 2 5 2 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Body oblong, not much compressed; head heavy, broad, the interorbital space broad and slightly convex ; snout rather long and pointed, not abruptly decurved; mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw but slightly included; maxillary broad, slipping for most of its length under the thin preorbital, its tip not reaching orbit by diameter of pupil; eye rather large, high, slightly posterior; gillrakers 18 -f 7, the longest about 2 in eye, serrate; opercular spine obscure in adult, more plainly developed in the young; origin of dorsal a little nearer posterior base of soft dorsal than tip of snout; distance between dorsals considerably less than snout, about 2.6 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin somewhat more posterior; ventrals rather long, reaching slightly beyond tip of pectoral; caudal deeply forked, the lobes equal, about 1.2 in head. Color in life (field No. 03459), bright rose-red, with 5 broad crossbands of darker clear rose, which vanishes very soon after death; a very faint yellow lateral streak, with yellow shades on scales below; lower side of head rose, snout and lips very red; 2 wavy golden streaks from below eye to angle of mouth, lower conspicuous; first dorsal clear red; second dorsal deep red on the lower half, fading above; caudal deep red at base, fading outward; anal pink, pectoral light yellow; ventral creamy red; barbels red, paler toward tip; iris silvery. A color note on specimens bearing field Nos. 03054 and 03055 says that they were rosy in life. Color in alcohol, pale dirty olivaceous above, yellowish white on sides and belly; head yellowish olive above, pale on cheek and below; a yellowish band from snout under eye; fins all colorless, the Fn . 104. — MullindcK Jlammcm Jordan & Evermann; from the type. spinous dorsal slightly dusky, all with slight yellowish tinge; ventrals with the middle membranes blackish. Smaller examples show considerable rosy' on the sides, indicating that the fish in life was probably red or rosy iii color. This species somewhat resembles Mulloicles auriflamma, from which it differs in the smaller eye, larger, more oblique mouth, longer maxillary, the longer less decurved, more pointed snout, and fewer gillrakers. It bears some resemblance to M. pfltigeri, but has the eye larger and the snout longer and more pointed. Compared with M. samoensix, it has a much larger and more oblique mouth, and a considerably longer maxillary, as well as a different coloration. It does not agree with any of the plates of Day, Gunther, or Bleeker, nor with any current descriptions. In life its banded coloration gives it a very handsome appearance. It is found in deeper water than most of the other species. ^ .17. flammeus seems to be fairly abundant, and is represented in our collections by 9 specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua, ranging from 6 to 1 1.25 inches long. Mulloidcs flammem Jordan & Evermann, Bull. I'. S, Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 180, Kailua; Snyder, op. ('.it. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (1‘uako Bay, Hawaii). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 253 195. Mulloides samoensis Gunther. “II 'eke; ' ’ “II rehe a’a.” Fig. 105. Head 3.5 in length; depth 4; eye 4 in head; snout 2.35; interorbital 3.2; maxillary 3.4, shortest distance between maxillary and edge of eye 1.25 or less in eye; D. vn-9, longest spine 1.5 in head; A. 7, longest ray 2.5 in head; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.6; scales 3-35-6, 37 pores; gillrakers 18 7. Body oblong, compressed, deepest through anterior base of spinous dorsal; head moderate, compressed, the profile evenly arched from anterior base of spinous dorsal to tip of snout; snout bluntly pointed; lower jaw included; mouth small, slightly oblique; tongue short, rounded anteriorly, not broad or thick and not free anteriorly; teeth in a villiform band in each jaw, no teeth on vomer or palatines; maxillary short, 1.5 in snout, maxillary broad, slipping under a sheath for more than half its length; eye moderate, high, slightly posterior, adipose lid somewhat developed; barbels reach¬ ing gill-opening, 1.5 in head; pseudobranchiae well developed; longest gillrakers nearly equal to diameter of pupil, finely serrate, the last 5 or G on longer limb very blunt and short; spinous dorsal high, posterior edge nearly truncate, its base equal to highest spine; origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of snout and origin of anal measured across body; distance between dorsals 1.25 in snout or slightly less than base of soft dorsal; dorsal slightly concave; caudal deeply forked; anal similar to soft dorsal, inserted slightly behind it; ventrals reaching slightly beyond pectorals, the rays equal in length, these slightly less than longest spinous dorsal; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline; scales large, finely ctenoid; entire body and head scaly. Color in alcohol, above bluish-olivaceous, the sides becoming yellowish white; borders of the scales dusky; under parts white, a yellowish line under eye; preopercular edge vellowish; an obscure darkish blotch sometimes pjesenf on middle of side under spinous dorsal; fins all pale, colorless. Color in life (No. 02987), back greenish olive; middle of side with a broad (one scale) pale yel¬ low band from eye to caudal peduncle, where it gradually fades out; cheek with 2 or 3 faint yellow lines; side below yellow band white with 2 very faint yellow lines, belly white; fins all whitish, the spinous dorsal yellow on anterior part; soft dorsal and caudal washed with yellow. A young example from Hilo had body greenish olive, with a. broad golden stripe which is blackish in life; a quadrate black spot under first dorsal; lower fins and barbels white like belly; upper fins pale olive; no trace of red on body in life. This species is very abundant inside the reefs of Oahu, and in bays between the rocky promontories about Hilo, being often taken for bait, but it is known only from the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa. Our collections contain a fine series of 152 specimens, from 3 to 13 inches long. MuUoidet, mmocnfii* Gunther, Fiscbe der Siidsee, III. 57. pi. 13. fig. H, 1 874 Apia: Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm, XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 453 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu). 254 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 196. Mulloides vanicolensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Head 3.8 (4.75) in length; depth 4.33 (5.25); D. viii-i, 8; A. n, 6; scales 2.5-36-6. Body rather slender; ventral outline almost as much curved as dorsal; profile gently and nearly evenly curved from snout to first dorsal fin; caudal peduncle tapering evenly from dorsal and anal to the caudal fin. and nearly equaling length of head, its least depth 2.33 in its length; snout short, bluntish, 2.75 in head; mouth small, maxillary reaching posterior nostril, 2.8 in head; the bands of villiform teeth very narrow; in front 2 series in each jaw, on the sides only one; eye large, 1.25 in snout, 3.5 in head; interorbital space moderately convex, 3 in head; upright limb of preo- percle straight; opercular spine small; gillrakers slender, 2.5 in maxillary, 7 in head, about 25 on lower limb of arch; barbels 1.66 in head, extending beyond posterior margin of eye; scales moderate, ctenoid; preorbital smooth; dorsal fins moderate; spines of first dorsal rather weak, depressible into a groove; first spine very minute, second and third longest, 1.33 in head, those following evenly decreasing in height to the eighth spine, which is 3 in head; first ray of second dorsal fin unbranched, showing no articulations, having the appearance of a true spine, slightly shorter than last soft ray, 4 in head; second articulate ray contained 1.8 times in the highest dorsal spine; caudal well forked, its longest rays 1.25 in head; anal with 2 spines, the first of which is very minute, otherwise similar to soft dorsal, though a very little higher; pectorals 1.6 in head; ventrals 1.33 in head; air-bladder mod¬ erate; peritoneum black. Color in spirits, grayish green above lateral line, lighter below, with yellow metallic luster; minute black punctulations on scales above lateral line, none below. Upeneus •vanicolensis Cuvier it Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 521, 18:11. Vanicolo: Smith & Swain, Proe. IT. S. Nat. Mils., V, 1882, 131 (Johnston Island). Mulloides vanicolensis, Bleeker, Nat.Tijds. Ned. I ml., I V, 1853, 601 (Termite); Gunther, Cat., I, 404, 1859 (seas of Termite and Vanicolo.'; Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Pise. A rehip. Indie., 39, 1859 (name only); Bleeker, Conspect. Spec. Pise., 6 ( Hal- maliera, Ternate, Arcliip. Molucca; name only); Bleeker, Revision Mulloides, 14, 1874 (Ternate; Sangir). Genus 140. PSEUDUPENEUS Bleeker. The Goat-Fishes. Body oblong, compressed; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, low, the jaws subequal; eye large, high, posterior; opercle short, deep, with a posterior spine; . both jaws with rather strong unequal teeth, in 1 or 2 series in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lips well developed; the bone which forms a hook over the maxillary less developed than in Mul/us; interorbital space concave and narrow; opercle ending in 1 spine; barbels nearly as long as head; scales very large, somewhat ctenoid; lateral line continuous, its tubes ramifying on each scale; head covered with large scales; first, dorsal with about 7 spines; anal with 2, the first very short; caudal fin forked. Species numerous in the tropical seas. P&eudupeneus Bleeker, Poiss. Cotede Guinea, Jan., 1862, in Verb. Hollandsch. Maats. Wet. llaar., XVIII, 56, 1863 (prayensis). Parupeneus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dicrk.. I, 1863, 234 ( Upeneus barberinus ); Bleeker, Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet., XV, 1875, Revision Mulloides, 17 ( barberinus ). Upeneus Bleeker, first restricted to bifasciatus; not of Cuvier. MuUhypencus Poey, Synopsis. IT, 307, 1868 ( maculatus ). Brachymullus Bleeker, Arebiv Neerl., XI, 333, 1875 ( tetraspilm ). a. Eye small, 6 or more in head. b. Body long, tapering, back considerably elevated, without alternating bands of pale rosy and darker red; pectoral purplish red or dull rosy . chryserydros, p.^55 bb. Body rather short and deep, much compressed, with alternating band! of pale rosy and darker red; pectorals yellow . multifasciatus, p. 256 aa. Eye larger, less than 6 in head. c. Eye moderate, 5 or more in head. d. Barbels long, reaching to or beyond gill-openings. e. Body slender, not greatly compressed, depth about 3.4; barbels golden . chrysonemus , p. 258 e< . Body short and stout, considerably compressed, depth about 3; barbels blackish . bifasciatus, p. 258 dd. Barbels not reaching gill-openings. /. Body robust, depth about 3.66 in total length. !/. Head comparatively short, about 3.35 in length to base of caudal; scales 31 . crassilabris, p. 259 gg. Head longer, 3 in length to base of caudal; scales 28 . pleurostigma, p. 260 ff. Body rather slender, 4.75 to 5 in total length . fraterculus , p. 261 cc. Eye less than 5 in head. h. Body rather short and stout, depth about 3.5 in length to base of caudal; eye 4.7 in head . .porphyrefop,. p. 262 hh. Body rather slender, about 4.33 in length to base of caudal; eye larger, 3.5 in head . preorbitalis, p. 263 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 255 197. Pseudupeneus chryserydros (Lacepede). “Mmmo kea.” Fig. 106. Head 3.25 in length; depth 3.7; eye 6.5 in head, in snout 3.5; snout 1.9; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.4, maxillary to eye 4.3, or 1.75 times eye; D. vm-9; A. 7; scales 3-30-6; longest dorsal spine 1.5 in head, longest ray 2.6; longest anal ray 2.3; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.4; distance between dorsals 4.4 in head or 2 in base of spinous dorsal or 1.9 in that of soft dorsal. Body long, tapering posteriorly; back considerably elevated, the profile rising in a straight line from snout to occiput, thence gently curved to origin of spinous dorsal, from which point it descends in an approximately straight line to caudal peduncle; ventral outline nearly straight, the axis of the body much below median line; head rather large, compressed; interorbital space moderately broad, very convex; snout long and bluntly pointed; mouth very low, moderate in size, somewhat oblique; lower jaw slightly included; maxillary very broad at tip, the upper edge curved upward; eye small, in posterior half of head; teeth on both jaws, rather large, none on vomer or palatines; barbels long, nearly equaling head and just reaching base of centrals; fins moderate, origin of spinous dorsal a little nearer posterior base of soft dorsal than tip of snout; distance between origins of dorsals equal to dis¬ tance from snout to edge of preopercle; caudal moderately forked, lobes equal, length slightly less than distance between origins of dorsals; gillrakers 20 7, serrate, longest two-thirds diameter of eye, last few on each limb short and blunt, merely rudiments; scales large, linn, deeper than broad, the mar- Fig. lOfi. — Pst titlupeneus chryserydros (Lac6p£de). gins finely toothed; lateral line following curve of back, the pores each with 3 to 6 branches; 3 scales between dorsal tins, 3 rows on cheek; a series of long mucous canals extending downward from eye and forward across snout to maxillary, these profusely branched anteriorly. The above description based chiefly on a Specimen (No. 03850) 12 inches long, from Honolulu. Color in life (No. 02920) dark leaden purple shaded with red on side; nape yellowish; a large conspicuous orange-yellow blotch on caudal peduncle above; violet stripes radiating from eye, with orange and olive-yellow interspaces; cheek with bluish and yellowish stripes, iris red with yellow ring; barbels grayish, dusky at base, the tips yellow; fins all blue-black; soft dorsal and anal with sky-blue streaks between rays, then turning obliquely upward and backward, olive shades between the blue streaks; first dorsal blackish blue, wit h violet between the rays; pectoral blackish at the base, the tip purplish-red; ventrals blue-black, paler than caudal. Specimen No. 03425 was in life very dark brown; each scale dark blue at base, gold en on posterior portion; blue lines radiating from eye, with golden interspaces; side of head with blue and golden lines; dorsals and ventrals very dark, with golden markings on membranes; pectoral light rosy; anal crossed by golden bands parallel with body; caudal nearly black, an orange saddle on upper side of caudal peduncle. 256 BULLETIN <>E THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. No. 03356 (somewhat faded), from Honolulu, 7 inches long, in life was purplish olivaceous; upper parts darker, lower parts palest; 2 short blue lines above eye, 3 paler blue ones extending backward from eye to posterior edge of opercle, 3 similar lines extending forward from eye, the lower one longest, all these separated by brassy yellow lines of similar width and length, a brassy yellow line from upper end of premaxillary to'lower edge of eye, where it is slightly interrupted by blue, then continuing across opercle; below this a broader bluish stripe, below which is another brassy yellow one, followed by an indistinct blue stripe and that by a faint yellow one on middle of cheek; tip of premaxillary brassy; side above lateral line with 2 series of small blue spots; below lateral line 2 or 3 indistinct series of yellowish spots, these plainest above pectoral; rich reddish orange saddle on anterior portion of caudal peduncle reaching lateral line on each side, the lower series of blue spots faintly evident through its base; opercle mixed purplish, brassy, bluish, and brownish, ■edge bluish below, brownish above; spinous dorsal with rays purplish, membranes pale dusky; soft dorsal dark purplish at base, the outer third with about 5 curved narrow brassy lines, separated by similar purplish ones; caudal dark purplish; anal pale purplish with about 4 greenish yellow stripes; pectoral dull rosy; ventrals with rays pale purplish or bluish, membranes slightly yellowish; barbels grayish, tips yellow; iris yellow. A specimen (No. 03466) from I-Iilo had in life the ground-color purplish rose inclining to red rather than to tire usual livid purplish lead-color; about !) faint violet crimson streaks along the rows of scales, these streaks separated by orange radiating from eye; barbels flesh-color, then livid bluish, then whitish; back of tail bright golden shaded with orange; dorsal livid purplish, rays violet; second dorsal blackish purple at base with oblique stripes of golden olive on violet above; caudal dirty violet, the membranes olive, the rays violet; anal pale violet with oblique streaks of golden olive; ventrals light violet and olive; pectoral reddish flesh-color, a curved darker bar at base; iris red. Another large specimen from Ililo in life was very bright violet gray blue; the caudal brilliant blackish violet. Color in spirits (No. 3850), dirty white or light olivaceous on back and upper part of side; lower part of side and belly clearer white; head rusty, evidence of a dark bar across caudal peduncle and one under soft dorsal; top of caudal peduncle with a large white area; spinous dorsal, pectoral and ventrals, uniform pale; soft dorsal pale, crossed by about 5 narrow oblique darker bands; anal similar, the markings more obscure; caudal somewhat yellowish. Color in spirits of another example (No. 02920), head and body rather uniform olivaceous brown, darkest on back, palest on belly; tip of snout dark, cheeks somewhat lighter; caudal peduncle ante¬ riorly with a large white saddle; dorsal, caudal, and anal tins all blue-black; ventrals somewhat paler; pectorals pale. Our collection contains 18 specimens of this species 3 to 15 inches long, and we have examined 6 specimens collected by Dr. Jenkins and I)r. Wood. This species is generally abundant in the markets, where its livid purplish colors contrast strongly with those of the other species. Mullus chn/scrydros Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 406, 1801, lie de France. ? Srhrnd ciliatd Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 308, 1802, no locality. ? Mullus radiatus Shaw, General Zool., 618, 1803, after M. chryseredrofi Indian seas. I'pcnms chrysrn/dros. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 470, 1829 (lie de France; Hawaiian Islands; Bourbon; Coromandel) . Upnneus iminuciUalus Bennett, Proc. Committee Zool. Soe. London for 1830, 60, Mauritius. I'pcneus lutcus Guerin-Meneville, Ieonog. Regne Animal, IV, pi. 10. tig. 4, 1830-1844. ! 'pninuijo.‘!P'i'phahi8 Bleeker, Act. Soe. Sei. Ind. Neerh, I, 4856, 45, Manado; Gunther, Cat., I, 409, 1859 (Seaof Manado.) Mullus oxyccphulus , Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 41, 1866 (Zanzibar; Mauritius; Sea of Manado). Upeneus chryscrythrus, Gunther, Fisehe de.r Siidsee, III, 60, pi. 45, fig. A, 1875 (Polynesia). Parupeneus cydostdiuvs, Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wi<.n, LUX, 1900, 486 (Honolulu); not of Lacepede. Pseudnpcntus rhrysrrydros, Jenkins, Bull. XJ. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 454 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu). 198. Pseudupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard). “Moano.” Plate X XII. Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.5; eye 6.25 in head; snout 1.8; interorbital 3.75; maxillary 2.4, maxillary to eye 4.4; D. vm-9; A. 7; scales 3-29-5. Body rather short and deep, much compressed; the hack little elevated, the ventral outline com¬ paratively straight; head rather large; snout, long and projecting; mouth large, slightly oblique, lower jaw included; maxillary very broad at tip; teeth rather large, wide-set in a single row in each jaw, none on vomer or palatines; eye small, in posterior half of head; barbels long, reaching nearly to FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 257 base cf ventrals, 1.25 in head; interorbital space high and very convex; opercular spine small, flat; tins large, interspace between dorsals .3 greater than diameter of eye; origin of spinous dorsal nearer last dorsal ray than snout by a distance eipial to two-thirds diameter of eye; longest dorsal spine 1.4 in head; base of spinous dorsal 1.5 in longest ray : third dorsal raj' 2 in longest spine; last dorsal ray much produced, nearly reaching base of caudal, 1.3 in longest dorsal spine; caudal peduncle rather short, scarcely exceeding snout; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin somewhat posterior, its third ray 2 in longest dorsal spine, last anal ray produced, its length half greater than that of third ray; caudal moderately forked, the lobes a little greater than longest dorsal spine; pectoral short, about 1.5 in head, not reaching tips of ventrals; ventrals longer, 1.2 in head, their tips not reaching origin of anal by a distance slightly greater than diameter of eye; scales large, not very firm, the edges finely and obscurely ctenoid, lateral line parallel with t he back, the pores not numerously branched, the branches numbering 5 to 8. Color in life, body with alternating bands of pale rosy red and darker red; the snout and head to beyond eye smoky red, then a broad dark red band covering body from eye to origin of spinons dorsal, this with some black blotches, 3 or 4 in front of dorsal, one on humeral region, and one on salient angle of opercle, a pale red hand as broad as base of spinous dorsal around the body under the base of spinous dorsal, behind this a double dark red band around body from last dorsal spine to eighth dorsal ray, this band with much black above, but scarcely any below lateral line; next a pale hand around anterior end of caudal peduncle and under last dorsal ray, followed by a dark band around middle of caudal peduncle; posterior part of caudal peduncle with a pale ring; spinous dorsal rosy at, base, black on distal portion, a little yellowish in center; soft dorsal greenish yellow at base, the outer three-fourths blackish, with 5 or 0 narrow pink lines parallel with the border; anal similar, the pink lines brighter and separated by olivaceous lines; pectoral always yellow, rosy on base and in axil; ventrals rosy with cross lines of whitish, the anterior border blackish; caudal dull rosy, edges black. Other examples from Hilo were, in life, deep rose red, the old ones becoming darker or dark pur¬ plish cherry-red; dark hands of black with red over the black; pale band under first dorsal whitish and shaded with golden; the one under soft dorsal similar but fainter; scales of all upper parts veined with deeper red, first some bright red shaded with orange; second dorsal black, the rays red with longitudinal red streaks above; anal blackish above with longitudinal streaks above and irregular broad lines of violet; caudal violet red, the outer ray violet black with a slight pale edging; pectoral golden crimson at base; ventrals dark red, with wavy streaks of olive and violet; barbels pink with cream colored tips; iris scarlet; young with the tips of barbels bright yellow. No. 02988, a young individual 6.5 inches long, differs markedly in color. It showed in life a general color of dirty white with scarcely a trace of rosy; body with 6 half-bars of black, the first across nape and down to lower edge of eye on each side; the second at origin of dorsal and down to base of pectoral ; the third indistinct from under spinous dorsal to pectoral; fourth across back between dorsals and reaching two-thirds down side; the next from anterior half of soft dorsal; the last and blackest across caudal peduncle and down side; none of these makes a complete ring; tins resembling those of adult in color, but paler; iris pinkish. The above description based upon a specimen (No. 02985) 10.25 inches long, from Honolulu. Some of the specimens are shorter and deeper. The species is one of the most abundant of the Hawaiian fishes, always found in the markets and conspicuous for its bright color. Our collections contain 85 specimens, ranging in length from 4.5 to 10.25 inches, from Honolulu, Hilo, Kailua, Laysan Island, and Puako Bay, Hawaii. Midins muUifagcialus Quoy A Guimard, Voy. Frame, Zool., 330, pi. 59, tig. 1, 1824, Oahu: Maui. Upencus trifasciatug, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 46S, 1829 (Sandwich and Caroline islands); Streets, Bull. F.S. Nat. Mus., No. 7. 71, 1877 (Honolulu); Gunther, Kepi. Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool., I, part VI, 59, 1880 (Honolulu); not of Lacepede. Upauus velifcr Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 130, Johnston Island. Parupcnewi trifasciatus, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 486 (Honolulu; Laysan). Pseudupincus mutli/asciatus, Jenkins, Bull. II. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 456 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jau. 19, 1904), 527 (Puako Bay, Hawaii; Laysan). F. C. B. 1903—17 258 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 199. Pseudupeneus chrysonemus Jordan & Evermann. Plate XXI. Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.4; eye 5.3 in head; snout 1.7; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.3; D. viii-9; A. i, 7; scales 3-30-7. Body slender, not greatly compressed, the back gently and rather uniformly elevated from tip of snout to dorsal; ventral outline slightly convex; head moderate; snout long, bluntly pointed; mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary broad at tip, falling short of vertical of orbit by diameter of pupil; interorbital space convex; eye small, in posterior half of head; teeth rather large, in a single band in each jaw; barbels long, 1.2 in head, reaching nearly to base of ventrals; opercular spine small; fins rather large; third dorsal spine longest, 1.5 in head, or equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil, third ray longest, 3.2 in head; base of spinous dorsal 1.4 in third spine; base of soft dorsal 1.4 in longest spine; origin of spinous dorsal nearer last dorsal ray than tip of snout by longitudinal diameter of pupil; distance between dorsals 1.5 in eye; length of caudal peduncle 1.5 in head; pectoral long, pointed, slightly falcate, 1.4; ventrals slightly longer, 1.3; last anal ray 2.9, equal to base of tin; caudal shallowly forked, lobes 1.3 in head, middle rays 2.75 in upper lobe; scales finely ctenoid and obscurely dendritic; lateral line concurrent with the back, the pores with few branches, the number usually not exceeding 5 or 6; 2 scales between the dorsals, 8 on dorsal side of caudal peduncle; peritoneum somewhat silvery. Color when fresh, deep scarlet red, especially a shade from snout through eye toward tail; first dorsal plain scarlet, second paler golden with oblique stripes of scarlet and yellow edge; caudal orange, reddish at base, yellowish at tip; anal like second dorsal; pectoral pale orange; ventrals deep red; barbels bright yellow; iris red. In life, a pale streak backward from eye to middle of side parallel with back; side with 2 blotches of deep red; a row of dark spots along bases of both dorsals; young of 3 inches, from the rock pools, in life, dark olive-green above with a dark olive streak along lateral line and 3 dark shades -under first dorsal, second dorsal, and back of caudal peduncle; tip of first dorsal cherrv-red, edged with white; second dorsal and caudal translucent, scarcely reddish; ventrals and anal bright cherry-red, former mesially dusky; barbels golden. Color in alcohol, pale yellowish; each scale below dorsal with brownish edgings, generally most distinct in young and often entirely disappearing with age; a series of smaller obscure spots along median line from operclc to tip of pectoral; sides and under parts with faint traces of rosy. This species may be known by the series of dusky blotches along each side of the dorsal fin and by the simple structure of the lateral line. In life it is at once known by its golden barbels. The above description based upon a specimen (field No. 03929) 8 inches long, obtained at Honolulu, in 1898, by I)r. Wood. We have examined 4 other specimens of approximately the same size obtained at the same time, and numerous examples collected by us at Honolulu and Hilo, which range in length from 4 to 8.5 inches. Pseudupeneus chrysonanus Jordan & Evermann. Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 186, Hilo; Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 451 (Honolulu). 200. Pseudupeneus bifasciatus (Lact-pede). ‘ Munu.” Fig. 107. Head 3.2 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 1.9; interorbital 3.25; maxillary 2.5; D. viri-8; A. 7; scales 3-31-6; gill rakers 29 -f- 8, serrate, longest 1.5 in eye, no blunt rudiments, but all fairly well developed. Body short, stout, considerably compressed, back elevated; profile concave before the eye, strongly arched thence to spinous dorsal; ventral profile comparatively straight; head moderate, much com¬ pressed; snout moderate, somew hat projecting, bluntly rounded; mouth low, nearly horizontal, lower jaw included; maxillary very broad at tip, not reaching orbit; eye small, high up, in posterior part of head; interorbital very convex; teeth rather large, unequal, in a single series, in each jaw, none on vomer or palatines; cheek deep; opercular spine moderate, Hat; barbels moderate, reaching gill¬ opening, a little shorter than snout; fins rather large; spinous dorsal slightly. nearer last dorsal ray than tip of snout; longest dorsal spine 1.5 in head, slightly greater than snout and pupil; base of spinous dorsal 1.2 in longest spines; longest dorsal ray 1.65 in longest dorsal spine, or 1.25 in base of soft dorsal; interspace between dorsals greater than eye or 2.6 in longest dorsal spine; length of caudal peduncle equal to longest dorsal spine; origin of anal slightly posterior to that of soft dorsal, its longest ray about equal to that of soft dorsal, its base 1.6 in that of soft dorsal; caudal broad, not deeply forked, FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 259 its lobes 1.6 in head; pectoral rather short, equaling longest dorsal spine; ventrals considerably longer, 1.2 in head; scales large, moderately firm, slightly rivulate, the edges weakly ctenoid; pores of lateral line profusely branched, the branches usually about 10 to 12 in number, fewer posteriorly, the number as low as 5 or 6. Color in alcohol, rusty black; body crossed by 2 broad dark bars, the first under anterior half of spinous dorsal, second under posterior half of soft dorsal, each of these bars about equal to snout and eye in width and separated by a broader pale interspace; head dark; caudal peduncle pale; vertical fins dark; the spinous dorsal darkest on its anterior portion; Soft dorsal and anal dark, crossed by numerous narrow wavy pale streaks; caudal yellowish white, dark edged; ventrals pale, dark on inner surface and on edge; pectoral pale; in larger specimens the caudal fin shows somewhat the markings, of soft dorsal and anal. A large specimen, No. 03465, 12 inches long, from llilo, had in life body purplish cherry-red, rather dull and dusky', with obscure dark cross bands (one at nape, one under first dorsal, one under front of second, one under last rayrs, and one at base of tail); snout darker than body; barbels blackish; no Fig. 107. — Pseudupcneus bifasciatns i Uici'-pcde); after Gunther. golden or clear red anywhere; first dorsal deep dull red; second red olive, mottled and streaked with crimson, edge blackish; caudal deep dull red, finely spotted with crimson, edge blackish with a faint pale edging; anal like soft dorsal; ventrals purplish black, with pale edge; pectoral light purplish red; iris red. The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03911) 11 inches long, from Honolulu. This is an excellent food-fish of fine, delicate flesh. The collection contains other specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua. Mullusbifasciatus Lac6pfcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 404, pi. 14, fig. 2, 1801, no locality. Mulluii trifasdatus Lac6p&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 404, pi. 15, fig. 1, 1801, Pacific Ocean. tJpeiieus bifasciatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 46S, 1829 (Bourbon, Hawaiian, and Caroline islands). Pseudupcncus bi/asciatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 156 (Honolulu). 201. Pseudupeneus crassilabris (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Head 3 (3.66) in length; depth 3 (3.66); D. vnr-9; A. i, 7; scales 2-31-6. Body oblong, compressed, robust; head and anterior part of body heavy; profile concave from snout to a point midway between the nostrils, thence regularly curved to first dorsal; snout long, blunt, 1.66 in length of head; ventral outline little curved; caudal peduncle two-thirds length of head, its least depth almost twice in its length; mouth moderate, little oblique, the lower jaw BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 260 included; maxillary 2.33 in head, terminating between the nostrils; strong, blunt, but conical teeth in one series in each jaw, the teeth more or less widely separated; eye 2.75 in snout and 5 in head; interorbital space very convex, 3.06 in head; preopercle with upright limb slanting obliquely forwards; opercular spine strong; gillrakers 2 in eye, 4.5 in maxillary, about 28 on lower limb of arch; barbels two-thirds length of head, reaching- posterior margin of suboperele; scales large, ctenoid; dorsal fins well developed, third and fourth spines longest, 1.33 in head, twice the height of soft dorsal, the last rays of which are scarcely longer than the first; soft dorsal two-thirds as high as long, its length 2 in head; caudal moderate, well forked, upper lobe more rounding, 1.37 in head; anal differs from soft dorsal in having Its first branched ra'ys one-fourth longer than the last, the unbranched ray also slightly exceeding the last ray; the greatest height of the fin 2.6 in head; the membrane of the first soft ray envelops a small spine, which, being thus covered, might easily be overlooked; the first articulate ray of anal, as in soft dorsal, not branched; ventral fins large, 1.33 in head, about reaching tip of pectoral; air-bladder large. Color in spirits, olivaceous, lighter below, the fish as a whole having a smutty appearance; exposed part of each scale punetulate with brown; first dorsal and caudal dusky; base of soft dorsal dusky, upper half irregularly light and dark; anal with irregular dusky bars; soft dorsal, caudal, and anal tipped with black; centrals yellowish, spine and connecting membrane smutty; pectorals yellow, their base, the preorbital, and upper part of head purple; barbels very dark; branehiostegal membrane purple; peritoneum light. Known from Johnston Island, but not found among the Hawaiian Islands. rpcncus crassilabrin Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 5*23,1831, New Guinea; Bleeker, Eiium. Spec. Pise. A rehip. Iridic., 38, 1859 (name only); Giinther, Cat., I, 111, 1859 (taken from Cuvier & Valenciennes); Bleeker, Fischfauna Neuc-Guinea, 8 (name only) in Ac. Soc. Sc. Indo. Neer., VI, 1859; Smith & Swain, Proc. lT. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 129 (Johnston Island). Paru pencils crassilabris, Bleeker, Quatrieme Mem. Famine Iehthyologique Nouvelle Guinee; Bleeker, Revision Mulloides, in Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet, XV, 1875, 33 (from Cuvier & Valenciennes) (New Guinea). 202. Pseuclupeneus pleurostigrna (Bennett). Fig. 108. Head 3.35 in length; depth 3.6; eye 5 in head; snout 1.9; interorbital 3.6; maxillary 2.65; D. viii-9; A. 7; scales 3-28-5. Body oblong, compressed, profile evenly arched from origin of spinous dorsal to tip of snout, except a slight depression on snout; snout bluntly rounded, lower jaw included; mouth moderate, horizontal; a single row of wide-set, small, conic teeth in each jaw, none on vomer or palatines; maxillary not reaching vertical from eye by a distance equal to three-fourths diameter of eye; barbels FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 261 reselling slightly beyond posterior edge of preopercle; longest dorsal spine 1.3 in head or from poste¬ rior base of spinous to posterior base of soft dorsal, last soft dorsal ray equal to second, each 2.5 in head; distance between dorsals equal to 3 rows of scales or one-fourth of head; second anal ray equal to last, each equal to base; origin of soft dorsal slightly in advance of anal, tips of last rays of each extending to same line posteriorly, the spinous dorsal extending nearly an eye diameter beyond tip of pectoral; pectoral not reaching quite as far posteriorly as ventrals, which are 1.2 in head; pectoral 1.3; caudal peduncle 1.3, its least depth 2.7; scales large, finely and distinctly ctenoid and strongly rivu- late; lateral line parallel with back, pores usually with 8 to 12 branches anteriorly, fewer posteriorly. Color in life, dirty whitish, darkest on back; scales narrowly edged with yellowish olive; under parts white, with slight rosy wash; head obscure rosy, snout and maxillary clearer rosy; side with some olive; a large black blotch on lateral line just under and behind last dorsal spine; spinous dorsal greenish on membranes, the spines rosy; soft dorsal greenish, with a few small dark spots crossed by about 7 narrow pale streaks; caudal pale yellowish, edge of lower lobe red; anal pale with 3 pale yel¬ lowish green streaks; pectoral pale; ventrals pale rosy. A fresh specimen from 1 1 do had the body bright rose-red with a little yellow shading, more crimson on opercle; a black spot on side opposite space between dorsals, behind this spot a large paler oblong area of pink; first dorsal red, with yellow olive on membranes; second with basal half blood red (black washed with red), above this 5 oblique violet lines alternating with olive-yellow; caudal with outer rays crimson, the fin mottled red and reddish olive; anal with 4 oblique violet stripes alternating with golden; pectoral light reddish; ventral deeper red; barbels white; iris scarlet. Color in alcohol, side and upper parts dull plumbeous, an irregular broad pale bar across side under anterior portion of soft dorsal, this usually appearing as a large white blotch; abroad darker area under posterior portion of soft dorsal; a large black spot, 2 or 3 scales in diameter, on lateral line under last dorsal spines; under parts yellowish white; dorsal, caudal, anal, pectoral, and ventrals pale yellowish white; the caudal and spinous dorsal somewhat dusky; soft dorsal black at base, paler on distal portion, the color made up of a number of closely placed black bars, obscure at. the base. The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 02984) 10.25 inches lohg, from Honolulu. We have 27 specimens 5 to 1 1.25 inches long, from Honolulu and Hilo. I'penevsplenroxUtima Bennett, Prop. Committee Zool. Soe. London for 1830, 59, Mauritius. Vpateiic brandeggii Bleeker, Naturh. Tijds. Ned. Ind., II, 1851, 230, Banda Neira. Mullus plcurostit/ma, Playfair. Fishes of Zanzibar. 40, 1866 (Zanzibar; Mauritius). Parupeneug plrurostiipna, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. \V iss. Wien. LXX, 1900, 486 (Laysan). Pseudupeneug plrurostiyma, Jenkins, Bull. 0. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 456 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu). 203. Pseudupeneus fraterculus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Fig. 109. Head 3.75 to 4 in total; depth 4.75 to 5; eye 5 in head, 1.35 to 1.5 in interorbital portion of head, 2.35 to 2.5 from end of snout, 1.25 in interorbital space; !>. viu-9; A. i, 7; scales 2 or 3-31-7. Flu. 109 .—Pseud upturns fraterculus (Cuvier & Valenciennes); after Playfair. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 2(52 Snout pointed, compressed, maxillary reaching rather more than halfway below front edge of orbit; barbels reaching below hind margin of preopercle; interorbital width slightly convex; opercular spine of moderate strengt h; fourth dorsal spine rather the longest, equal to three-fourths the height of body below it; .‘1 rows of scales between 2 dorsals; front portion of second dorsal equal to two-thirds height of first dorsal; pectoral as long as head, anterior to hind edge of orbit, anal commencing slightly Behind origin of second dorsal; caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed; scales on snout and head, includ¬ ing most of preorbital bone, and uncovered portion with some rather large pores. Color reddish, the edges of the scales slightly darkest; a broad purplish band, having a light silvery edge, passes from in front of eye to snout; 2 more narrow silvery lines, formed of short oblong spots, proceed from hind edge of orbit for a short distance; 2 rows above lateral line, and generally 3 below, have a golden yellow spot in the center of each scale; a light golden band over free portion of tail; first dorsal marbled with brown, second with 4 and the anal with 3 reddish bauds; caudal reticulated with light-gray markings. Length 8.5 inches. (Day.) This species is recorded from Honolulu by Steindaehner. It was not recognized by us. I '/inirtisfrafrrru/us Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., VII. 524, 1831, Seychelles. Mitllus dispilurus Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 41, pi. 5, tig. 3. 18011, Zanzibar, Muling plcnrotievia Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 41, pi. 5, tig, 4, 1800, Zanzibar. Vpimeus spUurus , Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot, Ges. Wien, 1870, 747; not of Bleaker. Vpencus ; teeth rounded; preorbital notched; caudal lunate. Pampomaci-nlrus Blocker, Nat. Verb. Hull. Maats. Weten., II, 1877, 05 ( polynema ); teeth uniserial; lower jaw scaly; snout scaly; spinous dorsal with membrane incised and lobed. Amblypomua'ntrus Bleeker, Nat. Verb. Holl. Mauls. Weten., II, 1877, 68 (bpevicepe) ; snout and lower jaw naked. Eupomacentms Bleeker, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Weten., II, 1877, 73 ( lividm ); snout scaly; lower jaw naked; membranes of spinous dorsal not notched; teeth uniserial. Brackypninaceritius Bleeker, Nat. Verb.. Holl. Maats. Weten., II, 1877, 73 Wbifateiatouy, as above; membrane of spinous dorsal deeply notched. 211. Pomacentrus jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 115. Head 3.4 in length; depth 1.8; eye 3.3 in head; snout 4; maxillary 3.2; interorbital 2.75; D. xrn, Id: A. ii, 13; scales 4-29-1 1 ; Br. 4. Body ovate, deep, compressed, dorsal outline rather steep, evenly curved from tip of snout to soft dorsal, following edge of scales on spinous dorsal; head deeper than long, compressed, subconic; snout bluntly conic, jaws equal; maxillary reaching anterior edge of eye; mouth small, horizontal; a single row of close-set, incisor teeth in each jaw; posterior edge of preopercle roughly serrate; opercle ending in 2 short fiat spines, the upper very obscure; interorbital wide, strongly convex; fins rather large; origin of dorsal over ventral, origin of each equally distant from tip of snout; first 2 or 3 dorsal spines shorter than others; others about of equal length, shorter than the longest dorsal rays, the median rays being longest, 1.5 in head; caudal forked, lobes rounded, upper the longer; anal rounded, longest ray 1.5 in head, second spine rather stout and strong, 2.2 in head; ventrals long, reaching vent, 1.1 in head; pectoral broad, upper rays the longer, 1.2 in head; scales large, finely ctenoid; body and head, except lower jaw and snout, scaled, scales on top of head small; bases of all the fins except ventrals well covered with fine scales, those on spinous dorsal larger; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline to a line under base of third or fourth dorsal ray, where it drops 3 rows of scales to middle of caudal peduncle, thence continuing to base of caudal fin, the detached portion little developed. Color in life, ground dark drab; central portion of scales olivaceous, each one with black on lower part of posterior edge forming vertical hands on body; axil black; outer border of dorsal fin, above scaled part, black: pectoral dusky olivaceous, black at base; ventral and anal black; caudal dusky with posterior border lighter; iris bright yellow. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 271 Color in alcohol, .«•• . . . imparl, >a,nis. p.274 dd. Dorsal xn, W, the spines as long as solt rays, anal II, 11 . „r,Udut d "74 cc. Eye comparatively small, more than 1 in head (4.6) . 212. Abudefduf sindonis (Jordan & Evermann) . 1’late 40." Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.75; eye 3.4 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 3.4; interorbital 2.8; D. mi, 19; A. n, 15; scales 4-28-9, 22 pores. Body short and deep, dorsal outline evenly arched from tip of snout to soft dorsal, head deeper than lone compressed; snout short and conic; mouth small, horizontal, lower jaw slightly shorter; maxillary reaching to anterior edge of orbit; a single row of small, rather blunt, slightly compressed teeth on each jaw; preopercle entire, opercle ending in 2 small Hat spines, upper very small and oi)SCure- eye anterior, high, its lower edge above upper base ol pectoral; interorbital broad, steep, and convex-’ fins laro-e, origin of dorsal over base of ventrals, its distance from tip of snout equal to dis¬ tance from base of last ray to tip of upper caudal lobe; spines strong and long, first 0.7 ot tourth, which is 1 9 in head and of same length as following spines; middle dorsal rays produced, longest ray 1.2o m head- anal similar to soft dorsal, longest ray 1.25 in head, second spine longest 2 in head; caudal forked upper lobe the longer; ventrals reaching past vent, outer rays longest, about equa to head; pectoral broad, upper rays longest, equal to head; scales large, ctenoid, covering entire body and head except lower jaw and snout anterior to eye; lower limb of preopercle scaled; large scales cover¬ ing nearly all of dorsal spines, smaller scales covering as much of soft dorsal and anal and nearly all of caudal ■ very minute scales on base of pectoral, none on rays of ventrals; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline, on 22 scales, ending 3 rows of scales short of posterior base, of dorsal, then dropping 3 rows of scales and continuing obscurely on middle of caudal peduncle to base of caudal fan. Color in alcohol, uniform very dark brown, nearly black; 2 narrow wavy bands of white on side, first beginning about under fourth dorsal spine and extending under about middle ol pectoral, thence curving slightly backward toward vent, rather indistinct below pectoral; second band beginning under last dorsal spine and lirst ray, extending toward middle of anal, rather obscure indistinct for 2 lor 3 scales before reaching anal; fins all black, pectoral slighty lighter than others; a large black ocellated spot with a narrow white border on back and lower part of soft dorsal, larger than eye, just back of h broad dark brown vertical bands, deepen back; scales over and behind eve, a row over nape with black centers; a black spot on caudal peduncle above, at base of last dorsal rays; vertical fins blackish; pectoral pale brown; ventrals blackish. Described from an example (No. 04511) taken at Honolulu. This species is easily distinguished by the presence of the black spot, on caudal peduncle, which is present at all ages. The young have also a black spot at base of pectoral. We have examined 39 specimens of this common species, 6 collected by us at Kailua, 5 at Ililo, 10 at Waianae, 1 at Moanalua, and Sat Honolulu; 1 obtained by McGregor at Lahaina, Maui, and 8 by I)r. Jenkins at Honolulu. Specimens were also collected by the Albatross at Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii; Napili Bay, Molokai; Necker Island, and Laysan Island. Our examples are one-half to 8.25 inches long. Chsetodon sordid us Forsk&l, Descript. Animal., 62, 1775. Djidda, Red Sea. Glyphisodon sordid us , Riippell. Atl. Reis. Nord. Af.. 34, PI. VIII, tig. 1, 1828; Jenkins, Bull. 17. S. Fish Comin., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 458 (Honolulu: Lahaina, Maui): Snyder, op. oit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Hawaiian Islands, Laysan Island). Glyphisodon (jiga8 Lienard, Dix. Rapp. Hist. Nap. Maur., 35. 1840, Mauritius. ( 1 li/phisodon n of at us Day, Proe. Zool. Soc. London 1869, 521, Andaman Islands. Glyph isodon sordid us, Gunther, Fisc lie der Siidsee, VII, 231, 1881 (Red Sea, east coast of Africa, East Indian Archipelago, . Tahiti, Raiatea, Samoa, and Bonham Island). Abudcfduf sordidus, Fowler, I’roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 504 (Hawaiian Islands). Glyphidodon ( Paraglyph i dodon ) viclas, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 502 (Laysan): not of Kulil A van Hassel? Family LXYIII. MALACAXTH ID.-E. The Blanquillos. Body more or less elongate, fusiform, or compressed; head subcorneal, the anterior profile usually convex; suborbital without bony stay; the bones not greatly developed; cranial bones not cavernous; opercular bones mostly unarmed; mouth rather terminal, little oblique; teeth rather strong; no teeth on vomer or palatines; premaxillary usually with a blunt posterior canine, somewhat as in the Labridx; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone, not slipping under the edge of the preorbital; gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchise well developed; gill- membran.es separate, or more or less united, often adherent to the isthmus; lower pharyngeals sepa¬ rate; scales small, ctenoid; lateral line present, complete, more or less concurrent w ith the back; dorsal fin long and low, usually continuous, the spinous portion always much less developed than the soft portion, but never obsolete; anal fin very long, its spines feeble and few; caudal fin forked; tail diphy- cercal; ventrals thoracic or subjugular, t, 5, close together; pectoral fins not very broad, the rays all branched; vertebne in normal or slightly increased number (24 to 30); pyloric cceca few or none. Fishes of the temperate and tropical seas, some of them reaching a large size. Genus 146. MAI ACANTHUS Cuvier. Body elongate, slightly compressed; cleft of mouth horizontal, with the jaws equal; eyes lateral; scales very small, minutely ciliated; one continuous dorsal, with the first 4 to 6 rays not articulated; dorsal and anal very long; pectoral rays all branched; jaws with vilMform teeth; an outer series of stronger teeth, some of them canine-like, and with a canine at the posterior extremity of the inter¬ maxillary; no teeth on the palate; preopercle entire; opercle with a spine; gill rakers little developed; vertebra- in small number, 10 -j- 14 = 24. Malacanthus Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 264, 1829 (plumicri). 216. Malacanthus parvipinnis Vaillant & Sauvage. “ Makti’a.” Fig. 1 1 S. Head 5 in length; depth 0.8; snout 3 in head; eye 4.7; interorbital 2.9; maxillary 2.6; D. v, 57; A. 53; 1’. 10; V. i, 4; scales 8-175-24. Body very elongate, compressed, greatest depth about, middle of belly; head elongate, compressed, its depth 1.7, width 2; upper profile of head evenly convex ; snout elongate, convex, rather blunt ; jaws nearly equal, rather large; mouth large, slightly inclined, end of maxillary reaching almost to front of pupil; eye small, high, posterior margin of pupil nearly midway in length of head; nostrils formed as horizontal slits in a groove in front- of middle of eye, well separated, the anterior placed in about last BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 276 third of snout; interorbital space very broad, convex; lips rather broad, fleshy; teeth sharp pointed, somewhat unequal, in broad hands in jaws; opercle with a large strong spine with a fleshy flap; gill¬ opening rather large, the isthmus broad, gill-membrane forming a broad' fold across; scales very small, ctenoid, those in the lateral line very small, and with posterior margin deeply scalloped; head naked except on postocular region, occiput, cheek, and opercle, which are covered with small finely ctenoid scales; dorsal very long, of more or less uniform height; dorsal spines short, flexible; rays flexi¬ ble, seventh 2.5; anal long, similar to dorsal, twelfth ray 2.5; the fin beginning at tip of pectoral; pec¬ toral broad, 1.35 in head; ventrals small, close together, 2.5; caudal expanded, truncate, 1.(5; caudal peduncle short, compressed, its depth 3.75; lateral line slightly irregular, superior at first, then run¬ ning down on middle of side of trunk at its last third. Color in life of a specimen 12 inches long, from Honolulu, light olive green; belly silvery; side with about 20 faint short hands of the back color; dorsal flesh-color, a little rosy, a narrow edge of yellow; caudal lobes gray; iris deep blue, a little golden above. Color in alcohol, pale brown on upper surface and. forming about 20 pale slightly inclined cross bars. along side, fading out in the pale color beneath; side and lower surface very pale straw-color washed with silvery; fins, with the exception of caudal, pale straw-color; caudal pale straw-color, Fig. 118.— Malncmtthus-^arvijjhmi.'i Vaillant & Sauvage; after Gunther. middle rays whitish, 2 jet-black horizontal bands beginning on the upper and lower rudimentary caudal rays and running to edge of fin; a spot on lower part of iris. Described from an example (No. 04128) taken at Honolulu. We have from Honolulu 20 examples 7.25 to 11.75 inches long and 1 from Hilo 8.75 inches long. Specimens were obtained bv Dr. Wood at Honolulu and by the Albatross at Honolulu and at Lahaina, Maui. Malaeanthvs pairlpimns Vaillant. A Sauvage; Rev. Mag. Zook (3), III, 1875, 283, Sandwich Islands; Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 499 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu, Lahaina, Maui). Malacanthus Imil/ii, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, V, 160, taf. XCVIII. tig. B, 1876 (Tahiti. Yap, and Sandwich islands). Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 497 (Honolulu); not of Bleeker. Suborder PHARYNGOGNATHI.— The Labroid Fishes. Lower pharyngeals fully united; nostrils double; gills 3.5, with no slit behind the last; ventral tins thoracic, each with 1 spine and 5 rays; dorsal and anal spines not very strong; scales weakly ctenoid or cycloid; in other respects essentially as in the Percuiclra. Species mostly of the tropical shores; most of them large fishes of strong dentition and bright colors. a. Lower pharyngeals T-shaped or Y-shaped, their teeth conical or tubercular; teeth in jaws usually not confluent. Species carnivorous; the sexes often dissimilar . Lai)Hda\ p. 277 an. Lower pharnvgeals more or less spoon -shaped or basin-shaped, their teeth broadest transversely and truncate, arranged in mosaic; teeth in jaws more or less perfectly confluent, forming a sort of beak; anal spines 2; dorsnl spines 9; scales very large, 22 to 25 in lateral line; vertebra 10 or 11 + 11 = 24 or 25. Species herbivorous; the sexes colored alike . Scaridse , p. 338 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. \i i Family LXIX. LAB RULE. — The Wrasse-Fishes. Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, lateral line well developed, continuous or interrupted, often angularly bent; mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillaries protractile; maxillaries without supplemental bone, slipping under membranaceous edge of the preorbital; anterior teeth in jaws usually very strong and canine-like; teeth of jaws separate or soldered together at base, not forming a continuous plate; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lower pharyngeals completely united into one bone, without median suture, this bone T-shaped or Y-shaped, its teeth conical or tubercular; lips thick, longitudinally plicate; nostrils round, with 2 openings on each side; dorsal tin continuous, the spinous portion usually long, its spines rather slender, to 20 in number; anal similar to soft dorsal, with 2 to 6 spines; ventrals thoracic, i, 5, inserted below the pectorals or slightly in advance of them; branchiostegals 5 or 6; pseudobranchia; well developed; gills 3J, the slit behind the last arch small or obsolete; gill-membranes somewhat connected, sometimes joined to the narrow isthmus; air-bladder absent; no pyloric cceca. Species chiefly of the tropical seas, living among rocks, coral reefs, or kelp. Many of them are brilliantly colored, and some are valued as food-fishes. Most of them feed upon mollusks, the dentition being adapted for crushing shells. a. Lateral line continuous. b. Scales nit her large, not more than 40 in lengthwise series. c. Posterior canines present. d. Head with scales; dorsal spines xir. c. Teeth of jaws in single series. /. Preoperele usually finely serrate; caudal lunate. . . . . Ltpidnplois. p. 27S ff. Preoperele entire; caudal rounded . I ’erriculus, p. 280 cc. Teeth of jaws in 2 series . Ycrrcd, p. 281 dd. Head scaleless; dorsal spines ix. g. Body oblong, not deep. h. Canines in front of upper jaw very small, close set; those of lower jaw forming a cutting edge. SteUiojulis, p. 283 fdi. Canines in front of jaws strong, not forming a cutting edge . Halichfjsres , p. 285 gg. Body rather short and deep . Macrapha njngodon , p. 288 cc. Posterior canines not present. i. Snout much produced . Goniphosus, p. 289 ii. Snout not much produced. j. Dorsal spines ix. k. Body rather deep . - . Anampaca, p. 291 kk. Body elongate . /’. sv udojulis, p. 294 jj. Dorsal spines vm . Thalassomu , j>. 295 bb. Scales smaller, more than 40 in lengthwise scries. 1. Posterior canines present. m. Scales small, more than 70 in lengthwise scries . . Julia, p. 304 mm. Scales larger, 50 to 60 in lengthwise series . . Coris, p. 310 U. Posterior canines not present . Cheilio, p. 314 («i. Lateral line interrupted. >/. First 2 dorsal spines not conspicuously removed from the third. o. Scales large, about 20 to 30 in lengthwise series. p. Preoperele serrate; dorsal spines xi . Cirrhilabrus, p. 315 pp. Preoperele entire; dorsal spines ix (rarely x). q. Teeth in jaws in one series. r. Canines of upper jaw bent outward and backward . Pseud oc/uil in u$, p. 316 it. Canines not bent outward and backward . . Cheilinus, p. 319 qq. Teeth in jaws in many series . Voraculic/dhys, p. 322 oo. Scales small, more than 70 in lengthwise series . . Cgmolutcs, p. 327 nn. First 2 dorsal spines more or less conspicuously removed from the third. s. Two anterior spines of dorsal separate from others and placed as a separate tin on nape . Iniislius , p. 328 88. Two anterior spines of dorsal removed,* but not wholly detached, there being more or less of membranous connection. t. Cheeks with small scales . Ilcmiplcronvtus, p. 33 : it. Cheeks scaleless . Xyrichlhys , p. 33 i 278 BULLETIN . mi, 10; A. in, 12; scales 8-34-13. Body oblong, compressed; head longer than deep, upper and lower profiles evenly weakly convex; snout rather long, pointed, rounded above; jaws produced, pointed, about equal; mouth rather large, maxillary reaching front of eye; teeth strong, conic; 4 large canines in front of each jaw, the outer on each side of mandible enlarged; lips rather thin, fleshy; eye moderately large, its posterior margin about middle of length of head; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrated; interorbital width broad, convex; nostrils in front of eye, anterior in short fleshy tube; last dorsal spine 2.7 in head; seventh dorsal ray 2.25; third anal spine 2.5; fifth anal ray longest, 2.2; dorsal and anal rather broad, rounded; caudal truncate, broad at base; pectoral small, 1.7 in head; centrals pointed, 1.5; caudal peduncle broad, Compressed, 1.75; scales large, thin, small upon back in front of dorsal fin and along base of dorsal and anal; scales smaller on chest than on sides of body; interorbital width, snout, space in front of eye, and mandibles without scales, head otherwise scaly; scales on cheeks very small; lateral line concurrent with back and running posteriorly along middle of side of caudal peduncle. Described chiefly from an example (No. 04288) from Hilo. Color in life (No. 122 (l. I*. J.), pinkish shades on white ground-color; numerous horizontal brown stripes crowded together along top of head and back; a brown stripe from angle of mouth to angle of preopercle; chin and throat white, covered with red spots; colors of body posteriorly gradually give way to yellow, which becomes bright yellow on caudal fin; a black blotch at base of posterior part, of soft dorsal extending on caudal peduncle; a black spot nearly as large as eye on first dorsal between first and third spines; iris black, with red inner margin; tips of dorsal spines yellow, the soft dorsal and anal bright yellow; pectoral rosy; centrals white, with rosy and yellow shadings. Specimen No. 02976 in life had upper half of head and anterior portion of upper part of side dull rose; side mostly dirty yellowish, with about 10 pale bands made by pale areas on centers of scales; caudal peduncle fading gradually into rosy anteriorly; a broad dark reddish band from snout through eye to gill-opening, below this pale rosy, with small blotches of brown and pale red; a bluish wash from angle of mouth to gill-opening; lower jaw and throat pale rosy; a large deep black blotch on side under last dorsal rays, connecting with its fellow across caudal peduncle; spinous dorsal with rosy spines, membranes bluish-black, and a large blue-black blotch on membrane between second and third spines; soft dorsal bright yellow; caudal and anal bright yellow, the latter somewhat smoky anteriorly; pec¬ toral rosy; ventrals pale bluish, rosy on margin. Specimen No. 02977 was in life dark purplish reel, becoming ashy below; upper parts of head rosy; cheek ashy, washed with rosy; 2 or 3 obscure dark blotches on preorbital; a dark postocular bar ending in a rather distinct. opercular spot; 2 or 3 black blotches at angle of preopercle; subopercle also with several black blotches; lower jaw bluish gray, blotched with rosy and dusky; a very pale reddish blotch under last rays of soft dorsal, in center of which is a black spot covering 1 scale; spinous dorsal bluish gray, a large black blotch on membrane between second and third spines; soft dorsal pale red with a yellow border, the last rays orange near tips, which are yellow, a more or less distinct patch of pale pinkish brown below them; caudal pale rosy, membranes smoky blue, outer rays darker, and with a narrow pale yellow border; anal very pale rosy, the border pale yellow, narrowly bordered with bluish; pectoral rosy, base darkest; ventrals pale smoky bluish; iris red. a Lepidoplois bilunulatus on plate. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 279 Another example in life was deep purple red, fading to livid purplish. Old examples were distinctly striped, caudal dull purplish red, not yellow, besides pale blotch below dorsal. Color in alcohol pale brown; back a little darker, lower surface whitish; head with dark-brown lines above, lowest 2 broadest, running from snout to eye and back along side of head; streak from corner of mouth and several spots at same place dark brown; narrow brown lines along back and broader ones on side; a black blotch on spinous dorsal in front between second and third spines; a large black blotch below last dorsal rays on back; fins all pale or whitish, except ventrals, which are grayish in middle. We have several small examples (the smallest 4.2 inches in length) which are marked exactly like the adults. This species is very common about Hawaii, appearing daily in the markets. Our collections contain 33 examples (31 from Honolulu ami 2 from Ililo), 4.4 to 14 inches in length. Specimens were obtained at Honolulu also by Dr. Jenkins, the Fur Seal Commission, and by the Albatross. Cossi/phus aUiotamiatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. l’oiss., XIII, 111, 1839, Sandwich Islands; Giinther, Cat., IV, 105, 1862 (Sandwich Islands). Cossup/ms bilumdatus, Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, VII, 240, pi. CXXX, 1861 (Sandwich Islands); in part. Labvoides dimidiatus, Giinther, Siidsee, 213, 1881 (Sandwich Islands). Harpe bUunulata, Smith & Swain, Proe. U. S. Nat. M us., V, 1882, 137 (Johnston Island); Steindachner, Don ks, Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 503 (Honolulu). Lcpidoplois'-' bilumdatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 158 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Honolulu). 218. Lepidaplois modestus (Garrett). Fig. 119. Head nearly 4 in total length; depth 4; eye nearly 6 in head; scales ?-33-12; Br. fi; D. ,\n, 10; A. in, 12; V. i, 5; I’. 17; C. 2, 1, B, 6, 1, 2. Head presents a slight concave depression above eyes; preopercular serrations very small; eves subcircular; maxillary reaching to center of eye; scales of lateral line slightly branched. Dorsal fin extends over a base equal to half length of fish without caudal, base of soft portion Fig. 119. — Lepidaplois modestus (Garrett); alter Guenther. slightly less than one-third the fin; anal nearly half as long as dorsal, its posterior base slight! v posterior to dorsal; ventrals nearly reaching anal; edges of caudal fin pointed and prolonged. Color, purplish brown, passing into bluish gray beneath, and obsolete!)- lineated longitudinally with darker; a large oblong pale diffuse spot beneath the posterior end of the dorsal fin, which is directed obliquely downward and forward; irides silvery, tinged with yellow; dorsal fin pale grayish, marked anteriorly with a large diffuse bluish-black spot, its soft portion tinged with reddish and margined above with yellow; anal, ventral, and caudal bluish gray, the former posteriorly tinged with faded red and edged with yellow; pectorals nearly colorless. (Garrett.) Crenilabrus modestus Garrett, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., in, 1863-1868 (Jan., 1864), 106, Sandwich Islands. Cossyphus modestus, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 241, taf. 129, fig. B. 1881 (Honolulu). Misprinted Lepidoplois. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 280 219. Lepidaplois strophodes .Ionian & Kvermann. "A’awn." Plata XXIII Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.75; eye 4.65 in head; snout 3.25; mouth 3.1; interorbital 4; D. xn, 10; A. iii, 12; scales 7-34-13. Body oblong, compressed; head longer than deep; upper and lower profiles evenly and slightly convex; snout long, pointed, rounded above; jaws produced, pointed, about equal; mouth large, maxillary reaching beyond front of eye; teeth strong, forming a sharp cutting edge on sides of jaws, front of each jaw with 4 large canines; eye rather large, anterior, high in head; posterior margin of preopercle very finely emarginate; interorbital space rather broad, convex; nostrils small, anterior in short tube; dorsal spines pungent, longest 3 in head, last 3.5; third anal spine longest, 2.8; third anal ray 1.9 in head; pectoral rounded, 1.7; ventrals pointed, 1.4; caudal broad at base, truncate; caudal peduncle broad, compressed, its depth 2; scales large, thin, those on front of dorsal, along its base and that of anal, small; lateral line concurrent with back, sloping down at caudal, then running straight to its base. Color in life, pale rosy white; upper parts of the snout., nape, and side to base of about ninth dorsal spine, lemon-yellow, extending down on side to level of upper edge of pupil; side of head very pale rosy, 2 irregular broken lines of wine-colored spots across snout and through eye to posterior edge of operele, a similar row of 4 oblong spots from angle of mouth downward and backward to edge of operele; cheek and side of lower jaw with numerous small irregularly placed orange spots; side with about 16 brighter rosy longitudinal lines, those above less distinct on account of the deeper rosy ground color, those below more distinct, the ground color being more white; side between anal and soft dorsal fins with a broad sooty black spot extending irregularly upon both fins and fading out upon body anteriorly, the posterior edge being nearly vertical and well defined; caudal peduncle and base of the caudal fin whitish, with a slight tinge of rosy, a pale rosy band separating this from the black lateral area; region in front and below the pectoral with about 4 series of small reddish-brown spots; pectoral region and the under parts somewhat bluish; dorsal fin rich lemon-yellow, the tips of the soft rays whitish, and a small, round, black spot on middle of membrane of second spine; base of soft rays and last dorsal spines rosy from intrusion of the rosy wash on side of body; last dorsal rays sooty black at the base from extension of the Jrlack spot on the side; caudal pale lemon-yellow; anal pale rosy in center, lemon on spines and along tip of fin, base of fin sooty black from intrusion of black spot on side of the body, the black extending farthest down on the interradial membranes; pectoral very pale rosy; ventrals pale rosy, the membranes bluish, the tip of second ray blackish. Color in alcohol (field No. 1)4291), gray-brown, gradually darker posteriorly; space between soft dorsal and anal abruptly black, the color extending forward in darker streaks along the rows of scales and forming a large black blotch on soft dorsal and anal; top of head and space before dorsal abruptly pale; posterior part of caudal peduncle also abruptly pale; a black blotch on dorsal lietween second and third spines, not involving third and fourth, as in L. bilunulalus; dorsal and caudal otherwise pale; a pale blotch at base of posterior dorsal rays; side with narrow dark brown longitudinal lines, coalescing posteriorly with the black blotch; 2 narrow brown streaks from lip to front of eye, then hack across side, of head above, edged with narrow, darker, wavy lines; a wavy streak from corner of mouth toward base of pectoral; lower side of head with small brown spots or blotches; ventral fin mostly dusky. This species is very close to Li /lidaplois bilunulalus , differing chiefly in the dark zone on posterior part of body and in the smaller size of the dorsal spot. Our specimens are all young, but we have the young of L. bUunulatus scarcely larger and showing the markings of the adult. Our collection contains 5 specimens 3.75 to 4.7 inches long, all from Honolulu. L( pi dap lois « strophodes Jordan A: Kvormann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (April II. 1903), 190, Honolulu. (Type, No. 60672, U. S. N. M.) Genus 148. VERRICULUS Jordan & Evermann. Body elongate, subfusiform, compressed, with rather long pointed snout; mouth rather large, with anterior canines strong, ] to ;t; posterior canines present; lateral teeth short, confluent in a serrated cutting edge; cheeks and opercles scaly; preopercle entire, both limbs more or less scaly; scales mod- By typographic error spelled Lepidoplois. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 28] erate, about 40 in lateral line; lateral line continuous; D. xn, 10; A. iii, 10; dorsal spines low, pungent ; soft dorsal and anal not elevated, their bases without scales; caudal siibtruneate; pectoral short. This genus is allied to Verreo and Xesiohs. From its nearest relative, Xexioles, it differs in the presence of a posterior canine tooth. The single species is brilliantly colored. • Vcrricutux Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 191 (mniiuineus). 220. Verriculus sanguineus. Jordan A Evermann. Plate XXV. Head 2.9 in length; depth 2.5; eye 6.2 in head; snout 3.1; mouth 2.8; interorbital 4.75; D. xn, 10; A. in, 12; scales 5-40-13. Body elongate, compressed oblong; head long, pointed, conic, its depth 1.7 in its length; eye small, its posterior margin in middle of length of head; snout long, pointed, rounded; jaws produced, equal; mouth large, nearly horizontal, corner reaching below front rim of eye; lips thick, fleshy; teeth strong, those on sides short, close-set, forming a sharp cutting edge on side of jaw; 5 canines in front of upper jaw, 4 in front of lower, a posterior canine on each side of upper jaw; tongue long, pointed, free in front; preopercle not serrate; interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils small, anterior in short tube; dorsal spines strong, sharp-pointed, longest in middle and posteriorly; last dorsal spine 4 in head; anal spines strong, last spine longest, 3.75; seventh anal ray 3; caudal rounded; dorsal and anal fins scaled at base; pectoral rounded, 1.9 in head; ventrals short, spine strong, pointed, two-thirds longest ray, which is 2 in head; caudal peduncle broad, deep, 2.2 in head; scales small, thin, cycloid; head with very small thin cycloid scales on occiput, cheek, greater part of opercle, behind eye, and on opereles, otherwise naked; lateral line slightly curved in front, then obliquely down to base of caudal. Color in life, deep red, edge, of upper jaw and lower lip golden; a long stripe below eye pure golden; a long stripe from eye along back to base of caudal golden, with a red shade, a vertical black bar edged with golden above, on opercular region; a long blackish area covering it from eye to above pectoral, with some blackish before, behind, and above; a black spot at base of caudal; dorsal and caudal golden, first dorsal edged with violet and with the lower half violet; anal entirely deep blood- red; ventrals golden; pectoral reddish, golden at base. Color in alcohol, very pale brown; a dusky baud from snout across back of head and on side, fading out indistinctly posteriorly; a blackish spot at middle of base of caudal; opercle posteriorly with black vertical blotch; fins all pale or light brown. Described from the type, No. 50677, U. S. N. M. (field No. 03489), an example 7.5 im-lies long, taken at Hilo with hook and line, in deep water with Etelis eviirus, Etelixrux marshi, Erythrichlhi/x xcklegeli , Intit/onia xteindachneri, and AtUhias fuxcipmnix. < )nly the type thus far known. 1 r>ric>Uux saw/ii incus Jordan ,v Evermann, Bull. P. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 191. Hilo. Genus 149. VEKREO Jordan & Snyder. This genus differs from IjepidapUnt in having the teeth in 2 series, the outer ones canine-like, growing smaller posteriorly, the inner ones coalesced into a narrow, blunt-edged plate; a large straight posterior canine projecting forward from hinder part of upper jaw. Large fishes, similar in appear¬ ance to ix’pidaplois. 1 'rrn o Jordan & Snyder, IJroc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 619 (oxyccphalus) . 221. Verreo oxycephalus (Bleeker). Fig. 120. Head 2.9 in length; depth 3.35; eye 7 in head; snout 2; mouth 3.75; interorbital 4.1; 1). xn, 11; A. iii, 12; scales 6-35-13. Body elongate, compressed, oblong; head elongate, compressed, pointed, its depth 1.5 in its length; snout and jaws produced, pointed, the latter about equal; lips very thick, broad, fleshy, plicate; maxillary not reaching anterior rim of orbit; nostrils small, close together, anterior in very short tube; mouth rather large, nearly horizontal; teeth in 2 series in jaws, the outer canine-like growing smaller posteriorly, the inner coalesced into a narrow blunt-edged plate; 2 enlarged canines in front of each jaw, those in lower with 2 small teeth between them at symphysis; posterior margin of preopercle very finely serrate; a posterior canine; interorbital width broad, slightly convex; gill¬ opening large; gillrakers short, thick, conic; dorsal spines strong, thick, pointed, the membranes 282 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. deeply incised between; seventh spine longest, 3.4 in head; seventh dorsal ray longest, 2.3; anal spines stout, strong, third longest, 2.75; ninth anal ray longest, 3; pectoral rather short, broad, rounded, 1.9; ventral spine strong, 3.4 in head, fin 2; depth of caudal peduncle 2.75; scales large, thin, cycloid; lateral line concurrent with back, running along to base of caudal; head with small scales on top, on cheeks, and on opereles, otherwise naked. Color in life, 2 straight longitudinal stripes from eye, lower one continuous' to root of caudal, but becoming somewhat faint at places, the upper breaking dp into 3 elongated blotches over the lateral line; 5 red blotches on back, first 2 under spinous dorsal, third under anterior part of soft dor¬ sal, fourth at posterior end of soft dorsal, fifth forming a saddle above end of tail; ground color above lateral line faintly pinkish; 4 faint reddish streaks from nape to caudal, the upper 2 running through the red blotches on back; body below dirty white with a purplish tinge; 13 faint, dirty reddish-yellow stripes from axil and throat to caudal, the uj permost running together at a point above vent, the 5 lowermost ones terminating at base of anal, fourth and fifth from above border red stripe; head and snout faint reddish; a cluster of yellowish spots on a red ground on interorbital; a yellow patch on each scale on head, except those on subopercle; cheek and jaw paler; frenum and throat faintly pur¬ plish; a jet-black blotch covering the lower half of sixth to ninth spinous dorsal membranes; a small blotch at root of tenth spine; anterior half of soft dorsal yellow, reddish at root and tip, membrane of posterior half pale, rays orange, lower half of last 4 red; caudal yellow, middle of membrane and rays reddish orange, edges reddish, a red spot at upper and lower base, of tin; a small red blotch at ventral side of tail, another above posterior end of anal; anal spines and membranes faintly purplish; soft anal yellow, root and margin reddish, tip white, faint purplish streaks on membrane; ventral pale, faintly tinged with purple, spine tinged with red; membrane of pectoral very faintly purplish, rays faint orange, root reddish, axil faintly purplish, a reddish yellow bar at base of fin; the outer edge of iris red, inner yellowish. Color in alcohol, very pale brown with longitudinal pale lines; basal portion of dorsal tin from sixth to tenth spines black. Described from one example (No. 04134) from Kailua, which agrees fairly well with specimens from Japan described and figured by Jordan and Snyder ( 1’roc. II. S. Nat. JMus. 1902, 019), and doubtless belongs to the same species. The identity of the Australian jug-fish (Verrco uuimaculalm) with this species is not proved, but it is not unlikely. Apparently the species is subject to considerable variation in the number and position of the pinkish spots. Cossjfojfhux nxycephalus Bleeker, Notices, Ichth. Vers. K. Ak. Weten. Natur. Amstcrcl.. XIV. 1862, 129, specimen in Museum of Leyden, supposed to be from Japan; Giinther, Cat., IN’, 109, 1862 (Australia). f Co&fyphus unimaculatus Maeleay, Fishes Australia, Proc. Linmean Soc. N. 8. Wales, VI, 77. 1881. Port Jackson. Cossyphus unimaculatus, Steindachner & Dbderlein, Fische Japans, in Dunks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LIII, 1887. 271 (Tokyo); Ishikawa, Prel. Cat., 20, 1893 (Tokyo; perhaps not of Gunther). Dia&todon unimaculatus, Jordan Snyder, Proe. V. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901 (December 10, 1900), 359 (Tokyo). Verreo oxycephalus, Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 619, fig. 3 (Tokyo). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 283 Genus 150. STETHOJULIS Gunther. Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, 25 to 30 in lateral line, those of the thorax enlarged, larger than those of rest of body; head scaleless; lateral line not interrupted; mouth small; canines small, close set, those of upper jaw very short, those of lower jaw forming a cutting edge; large posterior canines present; tins low; D. i x, 11; A. in, 11, the spines short and pungent. Small fishes of the coral reefs allied to H alichoeres, but the anterior canines much less developed and the posterior canine wanting. Coloration always exquisite. ShilwjuUs Gunther, Cut., It', 110, 18011 (strir/ircntcr). a. Side without longitudinal stripes; olivaceous, thickly covered with small bright green dots . axillaris, p. 283 aa. Side With 4 longitudinal blue-red stripes; upper half of side grayish olive, lower half grayish white with purplish wash . alboviltala, p. 284 222. Stethojulis axillaris (Quoy & Gaimard). “ Omaha.” Fig. 121. Head 3 in length; depth 3.2; eye 5.4 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 5; interorbital 5; 1>. ix, 11: A. in, 11; seales 3-26-8. Body rather short, deep and moderately compressed; head longer than deep and pointed; snout sharp pointed; jaws each with a series of elose-set bluntly conic teeth; no enlarged anterior canines, posterior canine not developed in any specimen examined; preorbital oblique; opercle ending in a broad thin flap; eye small, the lower edge of orbit in axis of body; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved ; caudal peduncle moderate, its depth about 2.2 in head; fins moderate; dorsal spines short, the rays slightly longer; caudal slightly rounded; ventrals short; pectoral longer, 1.5 in head; Fig. 121. — Slrtliojulis axillaris (Quoy A Gaimaril); after Gunther. scales large, those on breast and nape not reduced in size; head entirely naked; lateral line complete, curving downward; 3 rows of scales under posterior portion of dorsal. Color in life of example (No. 03441) taken in coral rocks, olive, with irregular white areas irregu¬ larly placed over body; dorsal and anal fins golden with series of pink dots on rays; on one side of caudal peduncle 2, on other side 3 black spots; black spot with yellow margin at bases of last 2 rays of soft dorsal, similar one in same position on anal; golden spot just above axil of pectoral; yellow from tip of snout following horizontal straight line backward just below eve to preopercle; yellow below this line to ventral aspect of head, fading to a light color in alcohol. A young example 2.5 inches long when fresh, clear olive-green, sanded above with very faint gray points; lower half of head from snout abruptly golden, the upper lip orange; axil orange; a black streak across base of pectoral; 3 indigo-blue spots bordered with paler blue on caudal peduncle, the middle one largest, the third not ocellate and above median line; dorsal orange, finely barred with darker and with olive at base, its edge whitish; anal orange with whitish edge, obscurely green at base; a large ocellus on last rays of dorsal and anal; caudal plain reddish; pectoral and ventrals greenish gray. Example No. 3077, somewhat faded; back greenish brown with very line white sand-like specks; head violet brown, dotted above; belly and lower half of side abruptly purplish red, with traces of 4 red streaks along rows of scales; 2 very small black ocelli surrounded with blue on tail, the second 284 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. larger, both on lateral line; a large yellowish white spot in axil of pectoral, base blackish; dorsal brown, everywhere finely speckled, edge darker; caudal plain dusky; anal same color, yellowish at base; cen¬ trals dirty white; pectoral pale. Another example, in life was olivaceous, thickly covered with very small bright green dots; throat and belly greenish silvery; base and axil of pectoral with brown spot; a bright orange spot just above pectoral, fading to white in alcohol; 2 or 3 small black spots on lateral line on posterior part of caudal peduncle, the last, if present, on base of caudal fin; dorsal tin olivaceous, with brownish spots, a black spot at the base of last 2 rays; anal olivaceous, the base green. In alcohol the small green specks become white. In the very young there is a small black spot on the last raj s of anal; spots on caudal peduncle almost invariably 3 or 4, the black dorsal spot nearly always present; in examples a little larger the anal spot has disappeared and the number on the caudal peduncle is reduced to 2, rarely 3; in still larger examples the spots on caudal peduncle are reduced to 1 or 2; the anal spot is absent, and that on the dorsal is usually absent. In young examples the yellow or white axillary spot is not evident. Our collection contains a good series of specimens exhibiting these characters, and consists of a fine series of 64 specimens, one-half to 4.7 inches long, 18 from Hilo, the others from Honolulu. Of the latter, 3 were secured by Dr. Wood and 14 by Dr. Jenkins. Specimens were also obtained by the . I /Wros* at Honolulu, Puako Bay and Hilo, Hawaii; off the southern coast of Molokai at stations 3829, 3834, and 3837 in 20, 8, and 13 fathoms, respectively. This species, originally described from Maui, is known also from Pelevv, Solomon, Fiji, Navigator, Society, New Hebrides, Pdnape, and Bandao islands. Individuals were frequently attracted by an electric light of the Albatross hung just below the surface of the water. Julis axillaris Quny .V Gdimard, Voyage de l’Uranie, Zoo!., 272, 1824. Maui, Hawaiian Inlands. Strlhoju/is axillaris. Streets, Bull. U. s. Nat. Mils., No. 7, 65, 1877 (Honolulu); Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, VII, 251, Tat. cxxxvi, Fig. 0, 1881 (Hawaiian Islands); Fowler, I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Fhila. 12.10, .508 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 459 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Hawaiian Islands). 223. Stethojulis albovittata (Kbl renter). Plate XXVI. Head 3 in length; depth 3; eye 6 in head; snout 2.7; premaxillary 4; interorbital 4; D. ix, 11; A. hi, 11; scales 4-27-9. Body rather short, stout and moderately compressed; head longer than deep; snout moderately long, conic; dorsal profile rising in a regular gentle curve from tip of snout to caudal peduncle; ven¬ tral outline somewhat less convex; mouth small, each jaw with a series of close-set, bluntly conic teeth, decreasing regularly in size posteriorly; no canines; eye small, slightly anterior, lower border of orbit in line with axis of body; interorbital space rather broad, gently convex; caudal peduncle not deep, its depth equal to snout; lower posterior edge of operele very oblique, extending upward and backward; opercular flap high, broadly rounded; scales large, those on breast and nape not reduced; a series of smaller scales at base of dorsal and anal and on base of caudal; lateral line complete, follow¬ ing curvature of back to middle of soft dorsal, where it curves downward 3 scales and continues to base of caudal; fins low, longest spines of dorsal about 2 in snout ; dorsal rays a little longer; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal slightly rounded; ventrals short, reaching halfway to origin of anal, their length less than snout; pectoral longer, 1.4 in head, reaching base of anal. Color in life, upper half of side grayish olive, lower grayish white with purplish wash; a purplish blue-red line along body at base of dorsal, beginning on snout, curving downward to include upper margin of eye, then upward to occiput, thence along base of dorsal to last dorsal ray; a similar line front eye backward under lateral line to vertical from base of third dorsal spine; a third from snout under eye to middle of base of caudal, curving upward over base of pectoral and then broadly down on middle of side; a fourth beginning on lower jaw, curving upward across cheek, then running upward and backward on shoulder-girdle, passing over base of pectoral, thence parallel with third line to base of caudal; these lines at first bright purple-red but soon fading to white; dorsal pale orange, slightly dusky along border; caudal orange, dusky at base and along margins; anal pale bluish; pectoral pale yellow at base, dusky toward tip; ventrals smoky; iris yellow. Color in alcohol* bluish purple above, paler below; a narrow white line from tip of snout to base of caudal; below this a similar line beginning on lower jaw, curving upward across cheek to edge of operele, then ascending margin of shoulder-girdle to base of pectoral, then across base of pectoral and FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 285 along, lower part .of side to lower base of caudal fin; a similar line backward from eye under lateral line, ceasing above pectoral, another from forehead across upper edge of eye, crossing upward to nape, thence along base of dorsal to caudal peduncle; side of head washed with bluish, the under pari with bluish and Clnnese white; breast pale bluish with brighter bluish spots; tins all pale or dusky white. Above description based upon a specimen (No. 05718) 4.6 inches long, obtained at Honolulu; life color taken from specimen (No. 03031) 4.25 inches long, obtained at Honolulu, June 7. Our collection contains one other specimen (No. 03231) 4.1 inches long, obtained at the same time and place. In addition to these, we have examined 21 specimens collected by Dr. Jenkins, and others obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu, where the fish appears to be common. The length varies from 4 to 5 inches. Original type locality unknown. The species has been recorded from Maui and Honolulu. Labrits albovillatus Kolreuter, Nov. Comm. Detrop., IX, 458; Bonnaterre, Ichthyol.. 10S, pi. 98, tig. 399, 1788. locality unknown. .Itilis built ulii . tpioy A I Illimani, Voyage de II railie, Zool.. 307, pi. .">( fig. 1, 1834. Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Stelhojuliisalboxiltata, Gunther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., VIII, lstil, 388; Gunther, F'ische dersiidsee, VII. 38., Taf. t xu, Fig. B. 1881 (Hawaiian Islands); Steindachner, I>enks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 504 (Honolulu); Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 508 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins. Bull. U. s. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 459 (Hono lulu): Snyder, op. fit. (Jan. 19, 1904) 528 (Honolulu). Genus 151. HALICHCERES Ruppell. Body oblong, compressed, not elevated, covered with large scales, 25 to 30 in the lateral line, which is not interrupted, hut bent abruptly behind; scales on breast a little smaller; head scaleless, compressed conic; preopercle entire; teeth large, 2 to 4 strong canines in front of each jaw, a posterior canine tooth; lin rays usually D. i.v, 11; A. m, 11; tins low; caudal lunate, truncate or rounded; ventrals inserted under axil of pectoral; gillrakers short and feeble; gill-membranes slightly joint d to the narrow isthmus; no scaly sheath at base of dorsal; vertebral 10 + 15 = 25. Species numerous, of rather small size and gay coloration, the typical species (with canines j) all belonging to the East Indies and Polynesia, those with canines § (Ichtliy callus) being all American. Halichivrcs Ruppell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 10, 17 1837 (bmaculatus) : not Halich&ms Nilsson, 1820, u genus of seals. IrlU/iyctoUus Swoinson, Nat. Hist, Class. Fishes, II, 232, 1839 (I limidiatus ). Chpsrttjulis Gill, Prov. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 142 (substitute for Ilaliclueres, regarded as preoccupied). Ptirajniis Bleeker, Enum. Poiss. de Japan, in Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet.. XVIII, 1879, 5 (if itiecilopierus ); no definition, Indio Jordan & Everraanti, Cheek List Am. Fishes, 412, 1890 (nuliatiis) . a. Side brick-red, with about 6 series of green spots; belly pale blue . . . lao, p. 285 aa Each scale with a dark red crescent spot, convex anteriorly, bordered posteriorly with blue . ornalissiintts p. 3s, , 224. Halichceres lao Jenkins. “Lao.” Fig. 122. Head 3.4 in length; depth 3.4; eye 5.5 in head; snout 3; preorbital 5; interorbital 4.25; D. ix, 12; A. m, 12; scales 4-28-8. Body short, slender and greatly compressed; dorsal outline rather straight from tip of snout to occiput, thence gently arched in a long curve to base of caudal; ventral outline a longer lower curve; head small, much longer than deep; snout long, sharply conic, jaws each with a pair of strong canine teeth anteriorly, and a row of close-set shorter teeth on the sides; eye small, lower edge of orbit on axis of body; interorbital convex, the nape trenchant; caudal peduncle moderately deep, 2 in head; preorbital oblique; preopercle and opercle smooth, the latter ending in a long pointed flap ; scales large, thin, their edges soft, surface delicately striate; scales on breast and nape much reduced; head entirely naked; lateral line complete, following curvature of back for 20 scales, then descending 3 rows and continuing to base of caudal; spinous dorsal low, its spines weak, about equal to snout, dorsal rays somewhat longer and about equal to distance from tip of snout, to posterior edge of pupil; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal slightly rounded, the outer rays slightly produced; ventrals long, the outer rays produced, reaching vent, 1.6 in head; pectoral small, slender, as long as ventrals. Color of a fresh example, side brick -red, with about 6 series of green spots, the upper 3 brightest; belly pale blue; the upper blue stripe continued anteriorly, running across humeral region and above eye to just above nostril, a broad green stripe across operclesand below eye to mouth, this narrowly bordered by blue, and on anterior part of opercle, broadening and running downward, somewhat BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISII COMMISSION. 28. tv, 11; A . in, 11; scales 3—28—10. Body short, deep and compressed; head short and blunt; snout short, conic; mouth small, hori¬ zontal, 4 front teeth in each jaw strong, the second on each sideof upper jaw turned backward; a prom¬ inent posterior canine on upper jaw near the angle, this sometimes duplicated; caudal peduncle deep, 2 in head; eye small, wholly above axis of body; interorbital space rounded ; opercular flap rather long and rounded; fins well developed; origin of dorsal anterior to upper end of gill-opening, its distance from tip of snout equal to length of head; dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length about 2.5 in head, rays about equally high, outline of fin gently rounded; anal rounded, its origin under base of second FfG. 124. — Mncrop/fari/iifiorirm qrnffroy (Quoy it Gaimarcl). Type < > f M. arjuilnlo Jenkins. or third dorsal ray, its. height equaling that, of soft dorsal; caudal truncate or very slightly rounded; outer rays of ventrals produced, reaching origin of anal, their length 1.4 in head; pectoral broad, the upper rays somewhat lengthened, equal to length of ventrals; scales large and firm, the surfaces finely striate; head entirely naked ; nape naked; scales of breast scarcely reduced; lateral line following curve of back curving downward 5 rows of. scales under last, dorsal ray and continuing on 4 scales to base of caudal, the tubes with 2 or 3 branches. Color in life, olive, with broad stripes along the rows of scales, these made; up of a, large, bright steel-blue spot on each scale and a black bar behind it, the spotssmaller, closer, and brighter on breast ; head with many curved blue stripes, throat with similar ones; first 3 dorsal spines tipped with golden, rest of dorsal, anal, caudal and ventrals golden olive with bluish-black edged ocelli; a narrow black edge on dorsal, anal, and caudal, followed by a still narrower whitish one; pectoral light orange, its base deep bluish. Color in alcohol, grayish brown, sideof body with about 10 irregular pale stripes separated by darker ones; cheek and operoles with narrow wavy brownish or bluish lines; breast and belly with FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 289 round bluish spots; dorsal brownish, with a median series of large round bluish spots, above which is a similar series of smaller spots; base of membranes of anterior dorsal spines black, white at tip; anal similar to soft dorsal, somewhat darker, a series of bint* spots along its base in addition to the second series distal lv, edge of lin paler, narrowly tipped with dark; caudal grayish, with narrow, vertical darker lines, the lin narrowly tipped with darker; ventrals whitish with 5 or 6 cross series of bluish spots; pectoral pale. We have examined 7 specimens of this species — one collected by us at Honolulu in 1901, 5 obtained by Dr. Jenkins at tin* same place in 1889, and one sent us bv Mr. Berndt. They are 8.5 to 5.4 inches in length and agree well with the original of M. geoffroy , which was described from Maui. Quoy & Gaimard’s plate has the body and fins all blue; blue spots on all the (ins save pectoral; yellowish on base of pectoral and tip of caudal; spots on ventrals distinct. The species is rare about the reefs. In life it is Merv handsome. Jul is gtoffroy Quoy & Gftimard, Voy. Frame, Zool., 270, pi. 5(J, tig. 3, 1824. Maui , Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Foiss., XIII, 479, 1X39 (Hawaiian Islands, Quoy A Gaimanl’s specimen); Bleekcr, Act. Soc. Sri. Indo-nederl., I, 1850, 58 (Mamuloen Makass). .fulls meleogris Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., XIII, 4M. 1839. Ulea. Macfoph anjngodmi gcoffroyi, Bleekcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1801, 412, and Atl. Ichth., 129, pi. 37, lig. 5, 1802; Jenkins, Bull. r. S. Fish Cumin., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 400 (Honolulu). Platyglossus geoffroy ii . Gunther, Cat., IV, 145, 1802 (Hawaiian Islands); not of Gunther's Sudsee. Macropharyngodon aguiloto Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 I Aug. 30, 1900), 40, fig. l, Honolulu ( type. No. 0130. L. S. Jr. Univ. Mils., coll. O. P. Jenkins). Genus 153. GOMPHOSUS Lacepede. Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with moderate-sized scales, 25 to, 30 in tin* lateral line; lateral line not interrupted; head sealeless; snout abruptly produced, a long tube, which bears the rather long jaws at the end; canines small; no posterior canine; gill -membrane attached to the isthmus; D. vm, 13; A. in or 1 1, 11. Small fishes of brilliant colors, allied to Tha/assniuu, but distinguished from all other Lubriihi by the prolonged snout. Goiuphosus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 100, 1802 (nrrulcus). a. General body color brown, scales margined with darker -brown; vertical fins dark, the rays pale-tipped; caudal dark. with pale border at end (in alcohol ); upper and lower rays of caudal little produced . ravins, p. 289 uu. General body color green and bluish, scales margined with blue, vertical fins pale; caudal pale, with upper and lower rays dark, somewhat produced . . tricolor, p. 290 227. Gomphosus varius Lacepede. “ . I lilolo. ’ ’ Fig. 125. Head 2.5 in length; depth 3.5; eye 10 in head; snout 1.8; mouth 4.5; interorbital 5.5; D. vm, 13; A. ii, 11; scales 4-27-9. Fig. 125. — Gomphosus varius Lacepede. Body elongate, compressed, deepest about middle of pectoral; bead long, upper profile straight; snout very long, upper jaw slightly the longer, and produced into a long beak, its depth equal to eye; lips thick, fleshy; teeth strong, ends rounded, forming a cutting edge in sides of jaws; canines 2 in F. C. B. 1903—19 290 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. front above, 4 on front of mandible, all conic; eye small, anterior margin behind middle of length of head; margin of preopercle undulate; interorbital width broad, convex; nostrils small, posterior nearly over front margin of eye; dorsal spines pungent, much lower than soft rays, the longest of which is 3.75 in head; second anal spine longest, 3.6 in snout; longest anal ray 3.75 in head; caudal obliquely truncate, the lowest rays the longest; pectoral 2 in head; ventrals small, 3.2; scales large, cycloid; lateral line descending abruptly below posterior dorsal rays, tubes branched. Color in alcohol, anterior half of body below white, shading into deep brown above pectoral; top of head dusky; each scale on trunk with black median spot.; blackish streak in front of eye, 2 broken blackish streaks from behind eye; dorsal, anal, and caudal blackish brown, former 2 tins narrowly white, caudal broadly white; anal with median row of rounded pale spots; pectoral and ventrals pale brownish, former with blackish spot at base above. Described from an example (No. 04276) taken at Honolulu. The species is rather common in the markets of Honolulu and Hilo, and is represented in our collections by 27 specimens — 21 from Honolulu, 3 from Kailua, and 3 from Hilo. It is smaller than G. tricolor, the length of our specimens ranging from 5 to 9.2 inches. Gomphosus varius Lac£pMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111,104, pi. 5, fig. 2. 1801, Tahiti; Gunther, Cat., IV, 193, 1862 (Aneityum, Tahiti); Ishikawa, Prel. Cat., 28, 1897 (Miyakoshima, Riukiu Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 507 (Honolulu); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1900, 510 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 464 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 529 (Honolulu). Gomphosus pectoralis Quay & Gnimard, Voyage de l'Uranie, Zool., 282, 1824, Maui, Hawaii; Day, Fish. Ind., 406, pi. 86, fig. 6, 1877 (Andamans); Bennett, Fish. Ceylon, 3, pi. in, 1830 (Ceylon; anal with a yellowish cross-band). Gomphosus fuscus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 25, 1839. Maui; Brevoort. Exped. Japan, 272. 1856 i Lew Chew). Gomphosus mehmotus Bleeker, in Nat. Tijd. Neder. Ind.. VIII, 1855, 457, Kokos, Atlas, I, 87, pi. xxi. fig. 3. 1862, Cocos; Java; Gunther, Cat., IV, 193, 1862 (East Indies). 228. Gomphosus tricolor Quoy & Gaimard. “ Hinaled iiwi.” Plate XXXVI. Head 2.5 in length; depth 3.8; eye 11 in head; snout 1.7; mouth 4.6; interorbital 6; D. vm, 13; A. ii, 11; scales 4-27-9. Body elongate, compressed, deepest, about base of pectoral; head long, upper profile straight; snout very long, jaws equal, produced into a long beak, its depth equal to eye; lips thick, fleshy; teeth forming cutting edge in sides of jaws, 2 curved canines in front of upper jaw, 4 canines at front of mandible; eye small, its anterior margin much nearer gill-opening than tip of snout; margin of pre¬ opercle undulate; interorbital width broad, convex; nostrils small, the posterior nearly over front rim of orbit; dorsal spines pungent, the longest much shorter than longest ray, which is 4.8 in head; anal spines pungent, second longest, 4.5 in snout; first anal ray 4.65 in head; caudal emarginate, lobes pointed; pectoral 2.1 in head, reaching above origin of anal; ventrals short, 1.7 in pectoral, sharply pointed; caudal peduncle deep, its depth 4 in head; scales large, cycloid; lateral line descending abruptly below posterior dorsal rays, the tubes branched. Color in life ( No. 03256), indigo-blue with a greenish shade becoming distinctly green on back and belly; edge of each scale dull violet, the violet shades continuous on belly, but restricted on back to a brownish-red spot on each side, the form and shade of violet markings varying considerably; head green above, deep blue on cheeks and opercle, light, blue on jaws, indigo-blue at throat, otherwise varying shades of greenish and dark purple; light-red streaks radiating from eve; a bright yellowish- green bar behind gill-opening covering basal fourth of pectoral fin; a jet-black spot in this on base of first rays of pectoral; dorsal reddish brown at base, then bright blue, the upper part golden green; anal similar; caudal light bluish green, its scaly base dull violet; ventrals dull blue, other rays black; pectoral golden green at base, otherwise pale violet washed with blackish above; iris green with a scarlet ring. Another example was dark blue in life, with a golden-green patch behind pectoral; scales of body each with a vertical bar of dull purplish red. Color in alcohol, blackish shaded with deep blue-green; lips, dorsal, anal, median caudal rays, and blotch above base of pectoral pale blue-green; pectoral blue-green basally; black spot at base of upper caudal rays, outer portion of fin black. Described from (No. 04192) an example from Iiilo. ( >ur collections contain 47 excellent speci¬ mens, varying in length from 5.75 to 12.5 inches — 39 from Honolulu, the others from Hilo. Of these, FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 291 10 were collected by Dr. Jordan, 3 by the Albatross in 1896, and 4 by Jordan and Snyder in 1900. Specimens were collected by the Albatross in 1902 at Honolulu and l’uako Bay, Hawaii. This handsome species is common in the markets at Honolulu and Hilo, whither it is brought in quantities from its native reefs. Goinphosus tricolor Quoy & Guimard, Voyage de 1’lTranie, Zool., 280, pi. 55, fig. 2, 1824, Maui; Steindachner, Dents. At. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 506 (Honolulu); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phi la. 1900, 510 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 464 (Honolulu i; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 529 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii). Goinphosus cepedianus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, is, pi. 390, 1839, 1 Hawaiian and Caroline islands. Goinphosus sandivicht usis, Gunther, Cat., IV. 194, 1862 (Sandwich Islands). Genus 154. ANAMPSES Cuvier. Body oblong, rather deep, compressed, covered with moderate or large scales (25 to 30 in the lateral line, about 50 in subgenus A mpheces) lateral line continuous; head scaleless; preoperele entire; teeth uniserial; 2 anterior canines in each jaw prominent, turned forward, compressed, with cutting edges; no posterior canines; D. ix, 12; A. hi, 12. Species of rather large size and showy colors, of the East Indies and Polynesia. The group is naturally divisible into 2 groups distinguished by the size of the scales. The Japanese species constitute the subgenus or probably distinct genus Ampluns, distinguished from Anampses by the small scales. Anampses Cuvier, R£gne Auim., Ed. 1 1 , 259, 18-9 (Utrodnn; curia; the characters taken from the latter species; the former perhaps a TiUipin. ) A mpheces Jordan & Snyder, Proc. V. s. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, 628 ( ; eye 8 in head; snout 2.9; preorbital 4; interorbital 4; D. ix, 12; A. in, 12; scales 4-27—10. Body short, oval, deep, and compressed, deepest anteriorly ; anterior profile rather straight from tip of snout to nape, thence in a long curve to caudal peduncle; ventral contour evenly curved from tip of snout to origin of anal, thence in a long low curve to base of caudal peduncle; head short, nearly as deep as long; snout short, evenly conic; mouth very small, in line with axis of body; jaws anteri¬ orly each with 2 prominent canines, flattened and curved forward, with cutting edges; eye small, above axis of body; interorbital high, somewhat trenchant; caudal peduncle greatly compressed, its least depth 2 in head; scales large, deep, the edges thin and soft; scales of breast and nape much reduced; scales with a few thin s true or lines; lateral line following contour of back until under fourth dorsal ray from last, where it curves downward 3 rows of scales and continues to base of caudal; a row of small scales at base of dorsal and several series on base of caudal; head entirely naked; tins rather large; origin of dorsal above upper end of gill-opening; longest dorsal spines shorter than snout, the rays a little longer; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays about equally long; caudal truncate, about 2 in head; ventrals very short, 2.5 in head; pectoral longer, 1.7 in head. Flu. 127. — Anampses ei'f’rmanni Jenkins; from the type. Color in life, brownish red, with a narrow vertical blue line on each scale; snout blue; chin, throat, and sides of head with blue reticulations; dorsal tin brownish red, the outer margin blue, the fin with 7 or 8 longitudinal wavy blue lines and rows of dots, some running into each other and making reticulations; ground-color of anal red, the outer margin blue, the flu with 4 or 5 distinct longitudinal lines; ventral fin red with blue lines and dots and blue on anterior margin; pectoral olive, anterior margin blue; caudal red with longitudinal blue lines. Color in alcohol, bluish brown on head and body, lower jaw blue and green, the sides purplish, breast and belly purplish and bluish; scales of side each with a narrow vertical pale bluish streak, these forming irregular vertical bars; dorsal purplish, the edge bluish green, the membranes with irregular pea-green lines and spots in about 5 series, these sometimes coalescing and reticulate; anal purplish, the edge pea-green, the membranes crossed by 5 narrow blue-green lines, parallel and con¬ tinuous; caudal brownish at base, paler distally, the membranes with some greenish; ventrals dusky, greenish on anterior margin; pectoral brownish white, dusky at base and anteriorly. This species appears to be related to Anampses yodeffroyi Gunther, from which it differs markedly in the coloration and in the larger scales, Gunther states that his specimen had 30 scales in the lateral 294 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. line, but his figure shows 37, and his species is described as bluish gray in color, whereas the present one is brownish red. The markings on the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are also quite different. This species was first described by Dr. Jenkins, from Honolulu, w here he obtained 4 specimens. Another was obtained by the Albatross in 1896, 2 in 1891, and 1 by Jordan and Snyder in 1900. Others were obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. The specimens examined are 10.5 to 12.5 inches long. A beautiful and interesting species, moderately common about the coral reefs. . I imnipxi s ( irnnamii Jenkins, Hull. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 57, lig. 14, Honolulu (typu, N<». 0136, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mils,, coll. O. P. Jenkins); ibid, XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 459 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Honolulu). 231. Anampses godeffroyi Gunther. Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.6; eye 8 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 3.75; interorbital 3.75; D. ix, 12; A. Ill, 12; scales 4-27-10. Body short, oval, deep, and much compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved; head short, but longer than deep; mouth small, each jaw provided with 2 flat, projecting canines; eye small, above axis of body; interorbital space rather narrow and very convex; caudal peduncle deep, 2 in head; fins rather high, the soft portion of dorsal somewhat higher; caudal truncate, 1.9 in head; venfrals short, not reaching vent, 2 in head; pectoral longer, nearly equal to distance from base of ventrals to origin of anal; scales large, thin, much deeper than long, the edges soft; scales on breast and nape much reduced; a row of small scales at base of dorsal and anal and several series on base of caudal; head entirely naked; lateral line following curvature of back until under fourth dorsal ray from last, where it curves downward 3 scales and then continues to base of caudal; pores of lateral line little branched. Color in life essentially that of A. erermanni, except that the bluish vertical lines on the scales are broader and more spot-like in the center, especially on the caudal peduncle, w here they assume the form of oval or roundish blue-green spots; side with about a dozen pale horizontal stripes, made up of the series of spots on the rows of scales; anterior part of side under pectoral with 8 or 9 rather distinct bluish horizontal lines composed of a series of spots on the row's of scales, the upper 3 or 4 extending from shoulder-girdle, curving upward and backward to base of pectoral; back along base of dorsal with 3 or 4 irregular series of small bluish-white specks, these usually quite distinct; blue- green stripes on anal broader, more wavy, and more oblique than in A. erermanni; dorsal spotted and reticulated w ith bluish green. This species is related to A. erermanni and .1. cuvier , differing from the former as already described, and from the latter chiefly in the less Spotted coloration. It is possible that these specimens are extreme forms of t he common species called Anampses evermanni and t hat the proper name of all is Anampses godeffroyi. We have 3 specimens of this species, 10.25 to 12 inches long, obtained by us at Honolulu. Anampses . 252, pi. r\ i„ 1881, Sandwich Islands; from a drawing by Andrew Garrett, evidently incorrect. Genus 155. PSEUDOJTJLIS Bleeker. Body elongate, compressed, covered with large scales; lateral line continuous; each jaw with 2 strong canines in front, no trace of posterior canines; dorsal with 9 pungent spines, anal with 3. General characters of Halichieres, from which genus Pseudojulis differs in the absence of posterior canines and in having 3 anal spines. Species of small size occurring about rocky islands of the Pacific. Only 1 species known from the Hawaiian Islands. Pseudojulis Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 412 ( girardi ). 232. Pseudojulis cerasina Snyder. Head, measured to end of opercular flap, 3.1 in length; depth 4.3; depth of caudal peduncle 8; length of snout 2.8 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 5.26; D. ix, 11; A. in, 12; pores in lateral line 28; scales in lateral series 26; between lateral line and dorsal fin 1 ; between lateral line and anal 7; body notably long and slender, head conical, snout pointed; mouth very small, the cleft smaller than eye; FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 295 2 canines in each jaw, the upper pair wide apart, allowing the lower ones to fit between them; canines but little longer than the other teeth, which grow gradually smaller posteriorly; no posterior canines; preopercle not serrated; head naked; scales of breast smaller than those of body; lateral line abruptly bent downward below ninth dorsal ray; dorsal low, the longest (eighth) spine equal in length to snout, the rays about a tenth longer; longest anal ray 3.1 in head; spines slender, the third with a short cutaneous filament ; caudal slightly rounded, 1.51 in head; pectoral 2.1 in head; ventral pointed, 2 in head. Color in spirits (perhaps somewhat similar in life), head pale orange, upper part of opercle with a purple tint, the lower part silvery; nape purple; a narrow dorsal area, reddish orange fading ventrally to light orange; a rather indefinitely outlined, broad, pinkish stripe from opercle to base of caudal; lower part of body light orange; a reddish orange spot somewhat smaller than the pupil at lower edge of base of pectoral; each scale row with a narrow line of a darker shade than the color area on which it occurs; tins orange, the spinous dorsal suffused with red; scaled portion of caudal reddish orange. One specimen, the type, measuring 3.5 -inches long, was collected at Honolulu by Mr. Berndt. No. 50877, U. S. Nat. Mus. No other specimens known. Psetidrtjulis ccrasina Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190*2 (Jan. 19, 1901), 528, Honolulu. Genus 156. THALASSOMA Swainson. Body oblong or elongate, moderately compressed, covered with large scales; lateral line continuous; head scaleless; a slight sheath of scales along base of dorsal; no posterior canine; dorsal spines slender, the number always 8; anal spines 3, the first very small; lower pharyngeals essentially as in Ha/ichceres. Beautiful fishes of the coral reefs and warm currents, the coloration largely deep green or blue. Thalassoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Fishes, II, 221, 1839 (purpurea). Chlorichthys Swainson, Nat. Hist, Classif. Fishes, II, 232. 1839 t bifasciatus ). Jnlis Gunther, Cat,, IV, 179, 1862 ( pavo ); not of Cuvier, R6gne Anim., 1st ed., 261, 1317 ( julis ). a. Caudal doubly lunate, its middle rays somewhat produced; eye small, 9 in head; color chiefly grass-green and blue, a scarlet dash on cheek . purpweum, p. 295 oa. Caudal lunate; eye larger, 1.25 to 6.9 in head. b. Canines present in front of lower jaw. c. Two pairs of canines in front in lower jaw . ballieui, p. 297 cc. One pair of canines in front in lower jaw. d. Length of dorsal spines less than length of snout (1.5 to 2 in snout); body without vertical bars. e. Body short, moderately deep; interorbital space high; origin of dorsal over middle of base of pectoral; lateral line nearly straight for 19 scales, or under .fourth dorsal spine from last, where it curves down 2 rows, contin¬ uing to base of caudal on median line of peduncle; red . 1 . .fit? cum, p. 299 ee. Body moderately long; interorbital rather long; origin of dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral; lateral line parallel with dorsal outline to below fifth dorsal ray from last, where it curves down 3 scales, then continues to base of caudal . umbrostigma, p. 300 dd. Dorsal spines equal to snout or longer; body with numerous vertical bars of green or orange. f. Head entirely naked; longest dorsal spine about equaling snout in length . duperrey, p. 302 ff. A patch of 8 rather large scales on upper end of opercle; longest dorsal spine somewhat longer than snout . lutmris, p. 303 bb. No canines present in either jaw . aneilense, p. 304 233. Thalassoma purpureum (Forskai). “Olani;” “ Olale “Palaea” (very small); “Aweta” (small); “Hou” (large). Head 3 in length; depth 3.4; eye 9 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 3.2; gape 3; interorbital 3.7; D. vm, 12; A. in, 9; scales 3-29-10. Body short and stout, heavy forward and not greatly compressed in the adult; head heavy, longer than deep; snout short, bluntly conic; mouth small, slightly oblique, the gape not nearly reaching anterior edge of orbit; jaws each with a pair of very strong blunt canines in front and a series of shorter, dose-set conic teeth laterally; eye small, slightly anterior, high above axis of body; anterior profile, in a gentle uniform curve from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; ventral outline similarly curved from tip of lower jaw to edge of gill-opening; fins low; dorsal beginning over base of pectoral, its dis¬ tance from tip of snout equaling length of head, or 1.6 in base of dorsal; dorsal spines short and weak, their length 5.5 in head; soft portion of dorsal slightly elevated, the rays 4.5 in head; anal similar to BULLET* of the united states fish commission. 296 soft dorsal, its origin under base of third or fourth dorsal ray, its spines obscure, its rays equal to those of dorsal; caudal short, doubly lunate, the outer rays slightly produced, their length equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil, or exceeding the shortest rays by an eye’s diameter; middle caudal ray slightly longer than the next one on either side; ventrals short, reaching halfway to vent, their length less than that of snout bv a pupil’s diameter; pectoral short, broad, rhombic, the upper edge being longest, the free edge but little shorter, the upper rays longest, 1.6 in head, the lowermost ray 3.5 in the upper; scales large, thin and leathery, those on breast considerably reduced; head entirely naked; lateral line nearly straight from origin to vertical of last dorsal ray but 3, where it curves downward and proceeds to the base of caudal on the third series below; pores of lateral line beautifully and numerously branched, the branches ranging from 4 to 8 or 10 in number. Color, nearly fresh, very brilliant, bright grass-green, the belly abruptly bright blue, top of head livid purplish, lower part of head deep blue, cheeks and opercle green, edged with blue; salmon-scarlet dash across cheek; blotches on side of back livid violet lavender; 2 stripes on side and some odd scales a peculiar dull scarlet red, same as head markings; 2 similar stripes across base, or in front of pectoral, the stripes edged with blue; dorsal lavender at base, the upper half blue; caudal blue, with lavender streaks and blotches; anal like the dorsal, greenish at edge; ventrals plain blue; pectorals blue, black¬ ish above, the axil red; upper lip pale edged; lateral bands not serrated; no black dorsal spot. Color of same specimen in spirits, pale bluish green; top of head and snout with a broad purplish atea extending from nape over interorbital to near tip of snout, and extending down on side of snout in an irregularly pointed angle to near gape, dull purplish; in front of this on snout, a narrow pea- green stripe uniting on sides with the color of the cheeks; in front of this a narrow purplish line, partly upon skin of premax diaries and extending on side to posterior angle of mouth, rest of skin of premax diaries pea-green; under parts of head, lower jaw, and a broad band extending upward on the cheek, narrowly enveloping the eye except for a narrow space on the supraorbital and extending in a narrow point toward the occiput, pale pea-green; a large irregular yellowish-white marking from eye broadening downward across cheek and opercle, bifurcating on opercle, the lower branch extending downward to edge of subopercle, the other backward toward base of pectoral and terminating at edge of opercle; above this the opercle and humeral region are unicolor with the cheek and lower parts of head; edge of opercle above pectoral with a narrow dusky yellowish border, dark on anterior line; upper part of side at base of dorsal with a narrow irregular green line, outside of which is a greenish- purple line about 2 scales in width, extending from nape to posterior end of dorsal fin; side below this pale bluish green with broad yellowish-white lines, the upper extending from above base of pectoral to middle of base of caudal, the lower from lower base of pectoral along lower part of side, to caudal, these 2 lines approximately parallel and 2 scales apart; a few odd scales of same color; another line of same color from gill-opening under base of pectoral, terminating under tip of short pectoral rays; a more narrow, but similar, bar across base of pectoral; breast and belly bluish green; upper edge of caudal peduncle bluish purple; lower edge of caudal peduncle whitish; basal half of dorsal fin pale slaty olive or bluish purple; lower edge of caudal peduncle whitish; basal half of dorsal fin pale slaty olive or bluish purple; outer half of dorsal bright pea-green, the 2 colors separated by a narrow wavy black line, the lower band increasing abruptly at last dorsal ray, about three-fourths of which it covers; anal same color as dorsal; caudal irregularly bluish and greenish at base, the distal portion dusky yellowish, a bluish mark extending to tip of fin on produced portion above and below; edge of basal portion of outer ray, above and below, pale greenish; ventrals greenish white; pectoral greenish yellow, darker above, especially on outer ray, which is purplish black; axil somewhat dusky. The above description is based upon a specimen (No. 03390) 16 inches long, obtained at Honolulu July 8. Another specimen (No. 03731) 16 inches long, obtained at Kailua August 5, was described as fol¬ lows, as it appeared in life after having been placed in a small pool: Two bright coral-red stripes on body, one along middle of side, the other from lower base of pectoral to lower portion of caudal fin; body below this line bright cobalt-blue; between the 2 stripes, green above and blue below, blend¬ ing in center, the upper edge of scales in middle of these stripes with a coral-red patch; back emerald green, with 5 deep cardinal blotches on upper part of back, those nearest nape being largest, the size diminishing posteriorly; nape and snout darkish cardinal red, the patch on snout expanding laterally and forming a triangle in front of eye, the ventral angle of which terminates near posterior end of gape; tip of snout blue, with a dark cardinal bar in middle; suborbital region blue, overlaid with FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 297 green; a short blue bar dorsally from eye; an irregular darkish cardinal patch downward and hack- ward from eye across cheek and opercle; upper portion of opercle blue, middle of opercle green; jaws and throat bluish green; rest of pectoral with a red bar; upper angular part of opercular flap red; base of scales on back red; lower half of dorsal tin deep coral -red, upper half cobalt-blue; caudal blue, with 8 stripes of darkish cardinal color, only outer 2 of which reach to the end of tin, the others extend¬ ing about two-thirds length of tin; margin of caudal tin greenish; anal same color as dorsal; centrals blue; upper half of pectoral deep blue, the lower paler, edge darkish purple; axil coral-red; inner part of lips deep cardinal-red; iris green, with red border. As this fish died the darkish cardinal-red on head, snout, nape, back, and stripes on caudal tin became darkish brown and the bright coral-red on body and fins bright brick-red; the green assumed a darker shade, and the blue faded noticeably. ( ienerally at death that indescribable luster of the fish entirely disappears. Another specimen (No. 03460) 8 inches long, from Hilo, was in life clear green with various marks of bright creamy red; head green with radiating red stripes of the same shade; tins also red and green, the edge of dorsal and anal purplish black; a deep purple edge to the lower red band of dorsal and upper of anal; caudal tipped with dull yellowish; throat verging on blue. This latter specimen in spirits shows the dorsal and anal tins each with a broad dusky purplish base, beyond which is a somewhat narrower bright bluish-green band, bordered distal ly by an equally broad pale yellowish-white band, the fin in each case tipped with thin scallops of purplish, the bluish- green line with a thin wavy black border proximally. While the color of the dorsal and anal tins in this specimen differs considerably from that in our larger examples, it does not differ as greatly from the smaller ones, and we hesitate to regard it as representing a different species. Although the markings of this species are quite distinct and diagnostic, it has been frequently con¬ fused with related species, particularly with Thalassoma fuscuni. This is evidently the species described by Forskal under the name Scarus purpureus, which was later described by Lesson and by Cuvier & Valenciennes as Julis < /uadricolor , recently by Mr. Fowler as Thalassoma immanis , and still more recently by Seale as Thalassoma berendti. blocker had 4 specimens which he identified as Julis . ix, 11; A. iii, 9; scales 2-25-6. • Body short, deep and compressed; head long, conic; snout long, sharply conic; anterior profile rising in a relatively straight line from tip of snout to nape, thence gently convex to base of caudal peduncle; ventral outline less convex; mouth large, horizontal, below axis of body, gape reaching anterior line of orbit; upper jaw with 3 pairs of anterior canines, outer strongest, curved outward and backward; lower jaw with a single pair at tip, similar to inner above; jaws laterally with a single series of smaller conic teeth; preorbital narrow, oblique; eye high up, its lower border on axis of body; interorbital space rather broad and Hat; depth of caudal peduncle about 2 in head; scales large, surfaces finely striate; head, nape, and breast with large scales; lateral line following contour of back until under base of sixth dorsal ray, where it is interrupted, reappearing 2 rows farther down and continuing on 6 or 7 scales to base of caudal fin; fins rather large; dorsal spines somewhat greater than eye in length, spines with a sheath of large scales reaching nearly to their tips; soft dorsal and anal with a lower sheath; soft dorsal elevated, rays equal to snout and eye; anal similar to soft dorsal, second spine strongest, nearly as long as snout; anal rays somewhat longer, equaling those of soft dorsal; caudal rounded, its length 1.3 in head, its base covered with very large, thin scales. Color in life, according to Mr. Sindo, body dull brick-red; belly and base of anal pale purplish; about 17 thin, thread-like longitudinal yellowish streaks along side anteriorly; dark greenish blotches above eye and on snout; a bluish horizontal bar on cheek, below which is a yellow bar; median line of throat and tip of snout brick-red; edges of operele and preopercle bright purple; a purple stripe with reddish edges through middle of dorsal fin, below which the color is dull brick-red, like that of body, and above which the spinous dorsal is orange-yellow, the margin of the membranes bright cardinal-red; above the purple streak in the soft dorsal is a bright yellow streak, above which the fin is cardinal-red, fading gradually upward; dorsal rays purplish; tip of soft dorsal somewhat red; caudal rays purple, the membranes immediately next to the rays yellow, middle part dull brick-red; anal same as caudal; ventrals pale purplish; pectoral pale; iris scarlet-red. The same specimen after having been in spirits more than a year has the bod}' light brownish blue; a pale streak along each row of scales, but no trace of the narrow yellowish streaks above noted; top of head and upper part of cheek dusky blue; operele and edge of preopercle rich blue; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins bright blue, the soft dorsal pale on the outer two-thirds, dorsal rays bright blue; ventrals and pectoral light blue, latter darker blue at base. The color of this specimen in spirits is wholly different, from that which it possessed in life, and it would be difficult to believe that such changes had taken place except that the specimen was carefully tagged when the color note in life was taken. Since writing the above, we have noticed similar changes in the Samoan species, P. hcraticnia. The blue shades are permanent in spirits, while the pink or crimson wash soon vanishes. The 17 thread-like streaks, mentioned in Mr. Sindo’s field notes above, have vanished entirely in the original type. A number of specimens taken at. Lay sail by the Albatross retain these marks, the streaks being almost white, like white threads, covering most of the side anteriorly. This is a very peculiar color mark, which should well distinguish the species in life. A single specimen, type No. 50678, U. S. N. M. (field No. 05757), was taken bv Mr. Sindo in Ilen- shaw’s pool near Hilo, a deep tide pool in the lava rocks. PseuilticlKiUnus evanidus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. I \ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 192, Henshaw's pool, near Hilo, Hawaii; Snyder, op. cit. (.Tan. 19, 1904 ) 530, (Albatross Stations 3873, 3876, and 4073, Hawaiian islands). Psendncheilinns hemtamia, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 63, 1877 (Honolulu) ; not of Bleeker. 253. Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins. “Aleilii lakea.” Plate XXXVII and Fig. 135. Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.2; eye 5 in head; snout 2.7; preorbital 6.5; interorbital 5.75; D. ix, 10; A. ill, 9; scales 2-23-6. Body moderately deep and compressed; head very long and pointed; snout long and pointed; the lower jaw slightly the shorter; anterior profile from tip of snout to origin of dorsal straight, ascending at an angle of about 35°; body deepest at origin of dorsal; mouth rather large, but narrow, nearly horizontal, the gape reaching not quite to vertical of eye; lower jaw with 1 pair and the upper jaw BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 318 with .‘I pairs of enlarged canine-like teeth in front and a series of smaller close-set teeth laterally, the canines sometimes not developed; premaxillaries strongly protractile; skin on lips at sides broad and (lap-like; eye rather large, its lower edge on axis of body; scales large, smooth, firm, the surfaces very finely striate; cheek and opercles scaled, 2 rows on cheek; lateral line following curvature of back to scale under base of last dorsal ray, where it is broken, beginning again on scale in same series 2 rows lower, or sometimes in same series 2 scales more anterior; fins rather large; dorsal beginning over base of pectoral, membranes of spines extending beyond their sharp tips, longest dorsal spine about equal to snout, last dorsal ray somewhat produced; anal similar to soft dorsal, the spines and rays about equal to snout; caudal rounded, equal to snout and eye; ventral? short, equal to snout; pectoral rounded equal to snout and pupil. Color in life, brownish red, the anterior half coppery, the posterior half grayish; side of body with 8 nearly black longitudinal stripes following along the rows of scales, narrower than the inter¬ spaces, broadest and most distinct posteriorly, the upper one fading under the dorsal, sometimes t races of a faint ninth line; a faint median streak from nape to front of dorsal preceded by a distinct white streak from vertex to tip of mouth; head vaguely mottled purplish and orange, the opercles largely orange; spinous dorsal dull purplish at base, then dull blue, followed by dull yellow, t he fleshy tips crimson; soft dorsal mostly orange yellow, reticulated with bluish, dull purplish at base with a dull bluish streak above it; anal like soft dorsal; caudal bright orange-yellow; pectoral and ventrals dull pink. The same specimen in alcohol is pale brownish white, the longitudinal stripes black or dark brown; head dusky yellowish; fins bluish and yellowish green; base of caudal most yellowish. Another specimen (No. 03498) in life showed the body purple-lake or claret color, with 7 black lines running laterally through the body; the second line from the. top runs over the upper lateral line, and the posterior portion of the fourth line over the lower lateral line; head same color as t he body, but without the black bars, except the occipital region, which has 4 thin black streaks which are continuous with those of the body; cheek with yellow dots in irregular rows; several (about 5) purple streaks radiate from eye, which may be continuous with the black bars on the body in living examples; interorbital space and top of snout with rose-red streaks running along the median line; lips bright rose-red, a yellowish red streak over eye; spinous dorsal with 3 purple and 2 yellow bars, which are slightly wavy, alternating each other, ending on tip with a purple bar; the yellow prepon¬ derates in the soft dorsal, in which the purple bars are reduced to very thin streaks; rays purple ; caudal fin bright yellow; anal same as the soft dorsal; pectorals and ventrals plain, pale claret. The above description is based upon a specimen (No. 03238) obtained at Honolulu, June 1 1, 1901. The species was found at Honolulu by Wood, Jordan and Snyder, by us, and by the Albatross, and by us at Hilo. The 19 specimens examined are 3.6 to 5.2 inches long. Pseudochdlinus octoUrnia Jenkins, Bull. IJ. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 04, fig. 22, Honolulu (type, No. (5122 Stanford Univ. Mus. Coll., Mr. Kaleipio); Jenkins, op. « it., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 4(54 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 530 (Honolulu). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 319 Genus 162. CHEILINUS Lacepede. Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, 20 to 25 in lateral line; lateral line interrupted; cheek with 2 series of large scales; opercles scaly; preopercle entire; teeth in 1 series, 2 canines in front of each jaw, not bent backward nor outward; no posterior canine; lower jaw not produced back¬ ward; lips thick; dorsal spines subequal; D. ix, 10 (rarely x, 9); A. hi, S. \ Fishes of Polynesia and the East Indies, usually brightly colored, the shades chiefly red and green. Cheilinus LaoOp&de, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., in, 529, 1801 (trilobatu*) . Urichthys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, It, 224, 1839 (lunulatus). Crnssilnbrus Swainson. op cit., 225 ( nndulalus ). Thalliums Swainson, op. cit.. 230 (blochi-ehlorurus ) . Oxychei, linns Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 143 ( arenalus ). c i . Caudal rounded, upper and middle rays not produced . hexagon atm, p. 319 aa. Caudal with upper ajid middle rays produced. b. Upper caudal ray usually longer than head; head about 3 in length; eye about 5 and snout about 3.25 in head. Size small . bimaculatus, p. 320 bb. Upper caudal ray shorter than head; head about 2.6 in length: eye about G and snout about 2.7 in head . trilobatus, p. 322 254. Cheilinus hexagonatus Gunther. “Poofi.” Fig. 136. Head 2.4 in length; depth 2.75; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2.4; maxillary 2.6; interorbital 4; 1). ix, 10; A. hi, 9; scales 3-24-6. Body elongate, oblong, compressed, deepest about ventral fin; head elongate, its depth 1.4 in its length; upper profile of head slightly convex to origin of dorsal; snout long pointed, rounded; mouth large, oblique; jaws large, strong, lower slightly projecting; teeth in jaws forming sharp cutting edge along sides, rather small, sharp pointed, compressed; 2 enlarged sharp canines in front of each jaw, lower fitting in between upper; eye rather small, anterior; margin of preopercle undulate; interorbital space convex; nostril in short tube in front of eye; last dorsal spine 3,75 in head; eighth dorsal ray 3; third anal spine longest 3.4; sixth anal ray 2.6; caudal rounded; pectoral short, rounded, 2.25 in head ; ventral short, rounded, 2.5; scales large, thin, cycloid; lateral line straight above, interrupted below last dorsal rays, then beginning low and running straight out on base of caudal. Described from an example (No. 04296) from Honolulu. Color in life (No. 3506) dull drab above, each scale with a vertical bar of vermilion red; lower surface rosy; markings on head cadmium with a ground-color of dull brownish, neutral tint; dorsal with 3 longitudinal bars of cadmium, interspaces dull-greenish blue; anal Venetian red with a faint yellow median longitudinal liar, more distinct anteriorly; caudal rays green, membranes yellow, narrow, posterior border red; pectoral yellowish toward base, pink distally; ventrals rosy, with black BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 320 blotch on proximal half; a light pink zone around anterior portion of caudal peduncle, showing also on posterior end of dorsal. Color in life of example from Hilo, head livid violet brown, the varied marks orange, posteriorly scarlet; body reddish brown, each scale with a bright red bar, redder in the young than in the adult; caudal peduncle olivaceous, the fin in the adult with blue or olive rays, the tip red; bar across caudal peduncle light pinkish; dorsal dull olive green or brown with orange marks or lines, the last rays pinkish like the crossbar; anal rosy; ventrals rosy, with a red-black blotch on the inner side; pec¬ toral orange, scarlet at base; jaws and throat livid bluish. Smaller examples show no blue on caudal rays. Young are very rosy. Bones and teeth bluish green. Another example from Hilo had the anterior half of the body dull olive when fresh, posterior becoming more reddish with varied marks of bright orange, those about eye yellow alternately with livid blue; eye blue with yellow streaks; iris red; posterior part of dorsal and anal clear orange pink; dorsal dusky, edged and mottled with reddish; anal with more red, shaded with dusky; caudal light orange, barred and dotted with light olive and with 2 washes of black, 1 basal and terminal; a black spot edged with bright yellow behind eye; another near middle of side not ocellate. Color in alcohol, dull brown, darker on back; head grayish with narrow pale lines above; below eye oblique pale lines running down across preopercle, subopercle, and interopercle, inclosed above by narrow line beginning behind corner of mouth and running up below eye and across to axil of pec¬ toral; a pale vertical streak across caudal peduncle below basal portion of last dorsal rays; dorsal gray¬ ish with 2 narrow pale longitudinal streaks and base of last rays pale; anal pale, rays greenish, posteriorly dusky on outer portion, a median pale longitudinal line; caudal greenish, edged above and below' with brownish; pectoral and ventrals pale brownish, latter tinged with dull greenish, basally blackish brown. This species is very common about Hawaii, coming daily into the markets of Honolulu and Hilo, from which places we have 26 specimens 5.5 to 10.25 inches long. Gunther records the species from Yap Island, and the Alhntross obtained it at Honolulu and off Molokai. Known also from Johnston Island. ClieiUnus hexagonatus Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VII, 247, pi. 135, fig. B, 1881, Yap Island; Snyder. Bull. It s. Fish Coram., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 530 (Honolulu and station 3834, off southern coast of Molokai). - ChciUnus dif/ramma , Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 133 (Johnston Island); not of LacupCde. Chcilhms znnvrus Jenkins, Bull. Tj. S. Fish. Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 56, lig. 13, Honolulu (type, No. 6134. Stanford 1'niv. Coll. Dr. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. cit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 434 (Honolulu).' 255. Cheilinus bimaculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Plate XXXVIII. Head 3 ill length; depth 2.9; eye 5 in head; snout 3.25; preorbital 5.5; interorbital 4.5; D. ix, 10 or 11; A. in, 8 or 9; scales 2-22-6. Body short and deep; dorsal profile evenly and gently curved from tip of snout to last, dorsal ray; ventral outline somewhat less convex; iiead conic; snout moderate, bluntly pointed; month rather large, slightly oblique; maxillary nearly reaching vertical of eye; each jaw with a pair of strong canines in front, and a series of shorter teeth laterally; eye moderate, the lower edge on line of axis of body; interorbital rather broad, moderately convex; fins high; origin of dorsal over gill-opening; first dorsal spine short, the others longer, their length equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; dorsal rays somewhat higher, their length 1.9 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its last rays but one somewhat produced, making the fin pointed; caudal usually with the upper ami middle rays greatly produced and filamentous, the produced rays usually consisting of 1 upper and 3 or 4 middle rays; middle rays sometimes little produced; lower caudal rays usually not produced, the tip of the fin forming a sharp angle; ventrals reaching two-thirds of way to origin of anal, their length 1.8 in head; pectoral short, broad and rounded, the upper rays scarcely longer than the lower, 2 in head; scales large, those on nape and breast not reduced; head covered with large scales; lateral line ceasing at base of soft dorsal ray, beginning again 2 scales lower down and 1 to 3 scales anteriorly and con¬ tinuing to base of caudal. Description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03002) 5 inches long, from Honolulu. Color in life of a nearly fresh specimen, taken at Honolulu June 7, rosy or brick-red, greenish on back, paler below; blackish blotches on caudal peduncle, a small black spot, on middle of side below lateral line, below sixth dorsal spine; anterior part of side vermiculated with orange-red on borders of FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 321 scales, which are yellowish green; head and nape purplish, with narrow reddish orange or yellow lines radiating from eye, those toward snout reddest, those backward more yellow; 2 greenish yellow bars on opercle, which is yellowish green above and bluish below; dorsal pale, specked with olive or brownish, edge of (in red; membrane of anterior ray with a blue spot bounded above by a similar bright red border; last few dorsal rays pale, with rosy specks, yellowish toward tips; caudal mottled greenish and reddish on basal half of rays, elsewhere mottled rosy, yellowish, greenish, and white, the border narrowly blue; anal flesh-color at base, mottled reddish, grayish and greenish on distal parts, the border blue; pectoral and ventrals pale rosy, the latter somewhat mottled with greenish, reddish, and white; iris bluish olive, with radiating orange lines; tip of lower jaw dark bluish, paler on the throat. This same specimen, after having been in spirits one year, is dusky white, palest, below; the lines and markings on the head have changed to pale sulphur-yellow, as likewise, the border to the scales on anterior part of body; the dark greenish postocular spot has become dark brown, almost black, and the green of the side pale; the black lateral spot persists; the blue spot on anterior portion of dorsal has become black, and the red above it has faded to pale lemon. In some specimens the black lateral spot is absent on one or both sides, while occasionally in other specimens it is duplicated and appears as a double spot, on at least one side. Most specimens show in spirits traces of 4 or 5 broad dark liars, and a dark blotch on basal part of Caudal fin. Another specimen (No. 02350) in life was scarlet, a little olivaceous on back, the color deepest behind opercular flap and produced bv a vertical spot on each scale; side of head green, with scarlet line radiating from eye, irregular in position; a brown spot behind eye; a jet black round spot larger than pupil below seventh scale of lateral line; a black ocellus behind middle of first dorsal spine, rest of dorsal with red reticulations around pale spots; caudal and anal similar; soft fins whiter than spinous portion; ventrals whitish, reticulated with red; pectoral pale with a red streak at base. An example (No. 03343) 4.25 inches long, taken at Honolulu, June 14, when nearly fresh had the back and upper parts of side and head brick-red, mottled with dark olive; 2 rows of scales below lateral line with the entire margin orange-red; 3 or 4 faint round dusky spots above lateral line anteriorly; a conspicuous black spot just below lateral line beneath fifth and sixth spines; caudal peduncle dusky underlaid with rosy; snout and interorbital space with irregular greenish white lines; whiter lines radiating forward and coppery ones backward from eye; a large brownish spot back of eye bounded by coppery orange; opercle in front of pectoral greenish, with 2 obscure, coppery stripes; under parts paler, the scales with pale orange centers; margin of lower jaw white, rest black; middle line of throat black; dorsal blackish brown, the Sheathing scales dusky rosy; first ray blood-red on outer two-thirds, followed by a black spot; margin of fin with a narrow white line, tips of the ray rosy, posterior 6 or 7 rays yellow; caudal with upper half yellow with rosy splotches, median rays with a large blackish blotch on basal half, outer half and lower part of fin greenish yellow; anal greenish olive, posterior margin greenish yellow, with rosy splotches; pectoral pale rosy, yellow on base; ven¬ trals dusky anteriorly, paler on inner rays, crossed by about 4 rows of orange-red spots; iris olive with spots and lines of orange. This little fish is one of the most beautiful of the many brilliant fishes found among the Hawiian Islands. The extreme delicacy and beauty of the markings are well shown in the exquisite painting by Mr. Hudson which accompanies this report. The vies was originally described from the Hawaiian Islands, being found among the coral rocks, where it is apparently not uncommon. We have examined 40 specimens from Honolulu, and 1 from Hilo, all of small size, rarely exceeding 5 inches in length. Other specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu. CheiUnus himaculatus Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., 14, 96, 1839, “ L'ile Onarourou” (Honolulu), Coll. JEydoux & Souleyet; Gunther, Cat., IV, 131, 1862 (Hawaiian Islands); Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, VII, 246, 1881 (Honolulu); Steindacliner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 504 (Honolulu): Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 464 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 530 (Honolulu). t Cheilinus cemmams Bleeker, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind., 111,290, 1852, Ceram; Gunther, Cat., IV, 127, 1862 (Amboyim: Aneityum.) F. C. B. 1903—21 322 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 256. Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepcde. Head 2.6 in length; depth 2.6; eye 6 in head; snout 2.7; maxillary 3; preorbital 3.6; interorbital 3.6; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.2, least width 12; I), ix, 10; A. hi, 8; P. 11; V. i, 5; C. 12; scales 2-20-5. Body short, deep, and much compressed; back considerably elevated, the anterior profile rising in a bold curve from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin; a slight depression on snout in front of eyes; interorbital space rather wide and high; head rather small, compressed, its greatest width 2.3 in its length; snout large and heavy; mouth moderate, little oblique, entirely below axis of body, the jaws equal: each jaw with a pair of strong, curved canines in front, and a row of shorter conic teeth on each side, these decreasing in size posteriorly; eye small, entirely above axis of body; proorbital deep; lips thick and fleshy; opercle ending in a broad, short flap; caudal peduncle very deep and thin. Scales large, thin and firm, covering body and entire head except snout, those oil head thickest ; lateral line beginning at upper end of gill-opening and running in a nearly straight line to scale beneath last dorsal ray, where it ceases but reappears 2 rows farther down and 3 scales farther forward, thence continuing to base of caudal; pores of lateral line not much branched. Dorsal fin beginning over base of pectoral, the spines weak and short, their length not much exceeding half length of snout; soft dorsal pointed, the longest rays 1.5 in head; a sheath of large scales at base of dorsal; caudal tril¬ obate, the outer and middle rays produced, the longest rays about. 1.4 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, pointed, the longest rays 1.3 in head; anal spines graduated, the first very short, less than orbit, the third about 3.5 in head; pectoral broad, truncate, its length 1.9 in head; ventrals very lung and pointed, reaching base of first anal ray, their length about 1.25 in bead. Color in life, olive gray ; a series of greenish-blue cross-streaks, very numerous and well defined, pale cherry-red cross-shades between them; head with radiating streaks and spots of crimson; chin dull; dorsal light olive with cherrv-red edge and intramarginal streak; soft rays mostly colorless; a little dusky spot at base; caudal dusky, edged all around with pale, the tip and edge mostly red; anal olive with green rays and 2 red marginal stripes; ventral with blue rays, an olive blotch and a pink edge; pectoral yellow-olive, dark olive at base. Color in alcohol, dark brown, blotched irregularly with darker; head with numerous short, narrow pale streaks, some of them more or less wavy, those on opercles breaking up into round spots; dorsal fin greenish olive, with pale border narrowly edged with darker; caudal dark greenish; anal dark greenish, edge pale; pectoral pale; ventrals greenish-blue; iris green. Description of male (No. 04627, 10 inches long) from Pago Pago, Samoa. A female example 6 inches long (from Pago Pago) differs from the male just described chiefly in the more slender snout, less elevated back, rounded caudal, less pointed dorsal and anal, and much shorter ventrals. The pale markings on the head are less distinct. The female and young with short ventrals correspond to Cheilinus sinuoms described from Sandwich Islands by Quov and Guimard. We have obtained many specimens of this species from Samoa, but saw none in Honolulu. The only Hawaiian record is that of Quoy and Gaimard. Cheilinus h-ilobatus Lacep&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 529, 1)27 , pi. 21. tig. 2, 1801, Indian Ocean near Mauritius. CheiUnus sinuosus Quoy A Gaimard. Voy. Uranic, Poiss., 278, 1821, Sandwich Islands; young: Ruppell, Atlas Fisoh., 22, 1S2S; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. XIV, 79, 1839; Bleeker, Atlas, I. GO, pi. 27, tig. 2, 1862; Gunther, Cat., IV, 126, 1862; Klunzinger, Pixel). Roth. Meer. in Verhmid. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XXI, 1871, 553. Cheilinus rivulalus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 86. Genus 163. NOVACULICHTHYS Bleeker. Labroid fishes with oblong body; postocular region of head scaly; 27 or 28 scales in longitudinal series; each jaw with many series of conspicuous crystalline teeth, the 2 anterior canines curved, no angular teeth; dorsal fin and base of anal scaleless; the 2 anterior dorsal spines flexible, the following 7 pungent; anal spines 3; lateral line interrupted; lower pharvngeals with 4 or 5 series of teeth. Novaculichthys Blocker, Consp. Gen. Ltibr. in Versl. Ron. Ale. Wet. XIII, 1862, 102 (txnioHrus): Bleeker, Proe. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1861, 410-13; Bleeker. Atlas Iclith., 1, 113, 1862. a. First 2 dorsal spines somewhat shorter than Hie ethers, never produced . aa. First 2 dorsal spines not at alt shorter than the others, sometimes produced. ,wuodi , p. 323 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 3 2 3 b First 2 dorsal spines somewhat removed from the third, nnd the third and fourth somewhat farther apart than the others; in males the first 2 prndueed to more than twice length of third; in life general body color above dull olive brown with no dark cross-bars . - - - - . . Ucniouru s, p. 1125 bb. First 3 dorsal spines about equally spaced with the others; the (irst 2 greatly produced, more I lmn 3 times the length of the third, and the liftli produced to about twice the length of the third; general body color green with dark cross-bands . kallosomii, p. 327 257. Novaculichthya woodi Jenkins. Plate XI. and Figs. 137 and 137a. Head 3.25 in length; depth 3; eye 5.5 in head; snout 2.6; maxillary 3.6; interorbital 4.6; I >. ix, 12; A. m, 12; scales 3-27-7-24 pores; Br. 6. Body oblong, elliptical, greatly compressed; dorsal outline but slightly more convex than ventral; head longer than deep; snout rather short and pointed; lower jaw slightly the longer; mouth small, slightly oblique, the maxillary not reaching vertical of eye by a distance equal to pupil; each jaw with a pair of large curved canines in front and a scries of smaller conic teeth on the sides; anterior profile gently and regularly curved from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; cheek moderately deep, oblique; interorbital high, convex, somewhat trenchant; dorsal tin beginning over middle of opercle, the ante¬ rior spines not detached nor produced; spines all sharp, about equal in length, 3.6 in head; dorsal rays somewhat longer, about 2.5 in head; anal spine short and sharp; anal rays about equal to those of soft dorsal; caudal slightly rounded, its length 2 in head; ventrals with the spine sharp, a little longer than diameter of eye, the first rat' filamentous, reaching somewhat beyond origin of anal, about 1.25 in head; pectoral moderate, barely reaching origin of anal, 1.5 in head; scales thin and firm; lateral line following line of hack until under base of fourth dorsal ray from last, where it drops 2 rows of scales and continues to base of caudal; head entirely naked, breast nearly naked, only 2 or 3 small scales apparent. Description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03483) 6.6 inches long from 1 1 ilo. Color in life, olivaceous above, rosy on nape, violaceous below, the general effect pale violet ; some rosy shades on side; above pectoral yellowish white shaded with rosy; violet on lower side, gold-rosy on side and bright rosy on nape; side of head livid violet.; 2 gray streaks across lower jaw, no distinct marks on head, hut in fresher male specimens an ill-defined golden area behind head passing off into rosy; spinous dorsal violet-blue, with round ink-like spots of indigo-blue; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal bright salmon-red, unmarked; ventrals violet white; pectoral reddish, the axil scarlet with a violet line; some dark red dots on caudal; pores of lateral line pale orange; iris bright crimson. 324 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Another specimen (No. 03496) obtained at Hilo, showed in life the following colors: Head and caudal peduncle below lateral line pale bluish purple; back along spinous dorsal brownish yellow overlaid with a grayish shade; a pale yellowish patch above axil of pectoral; an orange dot on each scale of lateral line, margin of scale pale brownish; nape brown with slightly reddish tinge; belly with 9 or 10 whitish vertical streaks on the peritoneum, but discernible through the skin; membranes of spinous dorsal purple, with a round, jet-black spot between each 2 spines, purple on edge; soft dorsal delicate orange-red, the base with purplish shade, small black spots similar to those on spinous dorsal on first 2 or 3 membranes of soft dorsal; caudal fin pale orange-red; the distal portion brighter; anal and pectoral same ascaudal; ventrals palepurple; iris pinkish red. A nearly fresh specimen ( No. 02974 ) was described as very pale rosy, with bluish and purplish irridescence, somewhat yellowish above pectoral; 2 rows of scales next to dorsal whitish; nape rosy; snout and cheek ashy yellowish; under parts whitish: middle of side with a wedged-sliaped paler space ending in a blunt point on caudal peduncle; fins all pale rosy, except spinous dorsal, which has a small bluish-black spot on each membrane; iris pink. Still another specimen (No. 03456) was described as bluish on body with golden tinge; spinous dorsal blue with a white spot on each membrane; soft dorsal and anal rosy; ventrals rosy except produced ray, which is white; pectoral light rosy w ith slight dusky on upper 2 rays on proximal half; iris rosy. An examination of this same specimen after it had been in alcohol more than 2 years shows the spinous dorsal bluish dusky with one or more rather distinct whiter spots, these continuing on the mem¬ brane of 3 or 4 rays, rest of soft dorsal and all the other fins pale yellowish white; axil dusky. An examination of a large series of specimens, including the types of .V. woodi and N. enlargyreus and a careful study of Mr. Seale’s photograph and description of N. tattoo, shows that all constitute bnt one species. The tattoo marks on the belly shown in Mr. Seale’s photograph and described by Dr. Jenkins in his account of N. entargyreus show plainly in our alcoholic specimens Nos. 05757, 05434, and 05726, and the life color note taken by Mr. Sindo on specimen No. 03496 calls attention to the same markings. In the majority of our specimens, including specimen No. 03496, these “ tattoo " marks do not appear externally, as I)r. Jenkins has correctly stated, being upon the peritoneum and not always showing through. Upon dissection, however, we find them present in all of the numerous specimens examined by us. Dissection also show's them to be equally plain upon the cotype of N. woodi. We have examined 19 examples (3 collected by Dr. Jenkins, including the types of -V. woodi and N. enlargyreus) , 7 from Hilo and 12 from Honolulu; these are 4.6 to 6.75 inches long. The species is rather common about the coral reefs. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 325 Xovaculichthya woodi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 52, iig, 8, Honolulu (type, No. 6029, Siun- lord Univ., Coll. Dr. Wood); Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 465 (Honolulu). Nnvaculichlhys entargiireus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1899 (Aug. 30. 1900), 53, fig. 9, Honolulu (type, No. 5984. Stanford Univ., Coll. Dr. Wood). NwacitiiCMhys tattoo Seale, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, Vol. I, No. 4,5, fig. 2. 1901. Honolulu (type, No. 611, B. P. B. M.. Coll. A. Seale). 258. N o vaculich t hv s taeniourus (Lacepode). Fig. 138. Head 3.2 in length; depth 3; eye 7.5 in head; snout 2.9; maxillary 3.4; preorbital 4.6; interorbital 5.5; D. i.\, 12; A. hi, 12; scales 2-26-9. Body rather long and greatly compressed; head rather long, longer than deep; snout long, low and bluntly conic; anterior profile oblique, rising in a gently convex line from tip of snout to nape; dorsal and ventral outlines in long, low curves; caudal peduncle very deep, 2 in head; mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil; jaws each with a pair of strong curved canines in front, and a series of small, close-set conic teeth laterally, usually a second or third pair of smaller canines toward the front; eye small, anterior, above axis of body; interorbital rather broad, convex but not trenchant; opercles' smooth, their edges membranous, the opercle ending in a long broad soft flap; dorsal fin continuous, first 2 spines not detached, the membrane between them and the third not notched, these spines large but soft and flexible, not produced in the female, but markedly produced in the male, their length being more than twice that, of third spine; origin of dorsal fin over vertical from upper edge of preopercle, length of second dorsal spine equaling gape; other dorsal spines somewhat stiffer and sharper, their length about equal to second; soft portion of dorsal somewhat elevated, length of longest rays 2 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its rays somewhat Fig. 138. — Novaculichthys txnvmrui (LacDpude). longer, 1.8 in head; caudal broad, slightly convex, its length 2 in head; vent nils short, not reaching vent by a distance slightly greatei than diameter of eye, their length 2.4 in head; pectoral broad, its length slightly greater than half head; scales large, smooth, and thin; lateral line following second row of scales from back, until under base of third dorsal ray from last, where it drops 3 rows of scales and continues to base of caudal, there being 19 pores on the first part and 4 on the other; head entirely naked, except a few very small obscure scales back of orbit. Color in life, from a specimen (No. 03249) from Honolulu, dull olive brown; each scale, except on belly, with a large vertical oblong spot of olive white; belly light dull red, each scale with a white edge; scales of breast plain dirty olive; head olive, darker above, reddish on lips; 4 dark olive bands radiating from eye, each edged with gray, the second and third confluent at base, the first and second short, the third reaching edge of subopercle and the fourth nearly to edge of preopercle; membranes BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 326 of first 2 dorsal spines jet-black, with a golden spot below; rest of dorsal tin with alternations of oblique bluish or grayish lines and rows of olive spots, these spots smaller and more reticulate near tip of tin; anal similar, its edge dusky; caudal dark olive, with bluish reticulations, a broad band of dirty white covering its basal two-fifths; pectoral faintly olivaceous, its inner base and a large axillary blotch jet- black; ventral* reddish black, with a black spot in the axil; iris purple. On specimen No. 03501 there was a bright yellow spot at base of pectoral; axil black, an irregu¬ larly curved black spot behind axil, concave anteriorly. Another specimen (No. 03502) differed markedly from the preceding example, having the color in life dull slaty bluish, no orange or reddish on belly; edges of scales on belly not white; no lines radiating from eye; no other markings on bead; black and yellow on first 2 dorsal membranes; the black axillary spot large and united with the curved black area at lower edge of pectoral. Another specimen, 8 inches long (No. 03393), taken July 8, was blackish olive, nearly uniform, the scales of side with a pale olive-gray vertical bar; axil jet-black, with a jet-black ocellus above, and bright yellow- on base of first pectoral ray; head mottled olive, unmarked; dorsal dingy olive, with a large black ocellus behind second spine; soft dorsal vaguely cross-spotted with dull bluish and dull golden-olive, its edge washed with red; anal mottled olive, edged with blackish; caudal reddish olive, with a dull pink or flesh-colored crossbar, a dusky bar behind; ventral* mottled black; pectoral dusky, its first ray reddish. The same specimen in alcohol has the scales pale or dusky white, somewhat rosy, with broad dark brown borders; axil of pectoral black, with a large bluish-black blotch above and a narrow blue- black line below; membrane between first and second dorsal spines black, that between second and third spines with a black spot below, which is a light, yellowish area, rest of dorsal fin pale yellowish white, crossed by numerous series of irregular large brownish-purple spots, these coalescing more or less posteriorly; edge of soft dorsal more or less purplish; anal similar to soft dorsal, markings less distinct, edge darker; caudal with a broad yellowish white bar on its basal two-fifths, the outer portion dusky olivaceous crossed by obscure vertical paler lines; 1 or 2 scales on lateral line beneath first to third dorsal rays, sometimes with a blackish spot; head pale yellowish white, a narrow dark line from eye downward and backward to near edge of preoperele; a similar bar from posterior border of eye downward and backward toward edge of operele, slightly below upper edge of pectoral; a third much shorter line from posterior border of eye, where it sometimes coalesces with the second, upward and backward toward origin of lateral line; and a fourth, shorter and less distinct, upward and backward from upper edge of orbit toward nape. In some specimens, particularly the males, there are 2 narrow lines across interorbital space from eye to eye, 2 similar ones downward from eye toward end of maxillary, and a fainter one forward from eye under nostril. In some specimens, particularly the larger ones, the general color is darker and the oblong black pectoral ocellus is more distinct. The above description, except life-color notes, based upon (No. 05611) a specimen 10 inches long from Honolulu. This species appears to be not uncommon at times among tin' Hawaiian Islands. There was 1 specimen from Honolulu in the collection examined by Steindachner. It was not obtained by Dr. Jenkins, but 2 specimens were obtained by Dr. Wood in 1898, and one male by Jordan and Snyder in 1900. Abundant, in Samoa. The young of this species have the first 2 dorsal spines elongate and more or less detached, as usual in Xovaculichtliyx. Our collection contains 21 excellent specimens, only 3 of which are males. Two examples were collected at Honolulu by Dr. Wood and 2 by Jordan and Snyder; of our speci¬ mens only 2 are from Ililo. Length, 5.4 to 10.2 inches. J.abrus t remount* Laecpede Hist. Nat Poiss., til. 448, 518, 1801 . Tropical Pacific. Spams hemtiplurrium Lacepede, op. fit., IV. 53. 1(50, 1802, locality not given. dpamjSS&uhio* Lilcvpodc, op. Oil., 54, 1(50, 1802. locality not given. Julis ranikomtsis Quoy & Guimard. Voy Astrolabe, Poiss., 701, pi. 20, fig. 1, 1833, Vanikoro. Jnlisbifcr (young) Lay .V Bennett, Zool Beeehey's Voyage, 64, 1839, Oahu Island. Novacrita ccphalof&nia Bleaker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. 1ml . VI, 1854, 333, Lurantuka. Xovacula limit ii (young? Bleeker, Act. Soc Sc. 1ml, Necrl. 1, 1856, Vissch. Amboina, 59, Amboyna. Xovacula /'tut tcob on*. Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Miss. Wien, l.XX, 1900, 504 (Honolulu). XomcuUchthtjs hemisphterium, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 461 (Honolulu). Novaculichthys txniourus. Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 530 (Honolulu). FISHER OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 327 259. Novaculichthys kallosoma (Bleeker). Plate XLT. Head measured to end of opercular flap 3 in length; depth 3; depth of caudal peduncle 6; snout 3.3 in head; eye 5: dorsal ix, 12; anal in, 12; scales 2-26-9. Color in life green, spotted with white and banded with black. Width of body 2.7 in head; snout not pointed, the profile convex from tip of snout to occiput; interorbital area acutely rounded or angular, the distance between the eyes equal to their diameter; maxillary extending to a vertical passing through anterior edge of pupil; each jaw with a pair of canine teeth at the symphysis, the lower pair fitting between the upper teeth; head naked, except a small space behind and below orbit, where there are 2 rows of minute scales, which do not extend around the orbit but occupy only a space equal in length to diameter of eye, the center of the scaled area being on a line between pupil and upper edge of base of pectoral; lateral line interrupted on the twentieth scale, beginning again on the third scale below and extending to base of caudal; first and second spines of dorsal greatly lengthened and very flexible, the first equal to the length of head, the’ second 2.4 in length, these spines connected with each other and with the following ones, the membrane between the first and second about equal in height to the eighth spine, that between the second and third deeply scolloped; each spine with a narrow strip of membrane along the posterior edge of the free part, the fifth longest of the remaining spines, its length 2.2 in head; longest ray 1.6 in head; anal spines slender, graduated in length from first to third, the second 4.5 in head; longest ray 1.7; caudal rounded, its length 1.2 in head; pectoral extending to a point above origin of anal; second ray of ventral elongate; when depressed, reaching anal opening. Color in alcohol, yellowish white; head with 9 black lines radiating from eye; an elongate white spot on chill extending downward from corner of mouth, another on cheek below eye near angle of preopercle, and a third below the latter in the branchiostegal region; body with 5 narrow dusky bands, the first extending from origin of dorsal downward and backward across edge of opercular flap and base of pectoral to base of ventral; the second passing downward from base of sixth dorsal spine, widening and disappearing in region of pectoral ; the third extending between the third dorsal and the third anal rays; the fourth between the eighth dorsal and eighth anal rays; the fifth, shaped like a chevron, the point forward, is on the caudal peduncle; first and second spines with broad, dusky bars, the fin with large dusky clouds, prolongations of the dark body bands; between the large spots are smaller ones corresponding with vertical rows of irregular spots on the body; anal colored like the dorsal; distal half of caudal rays dusky; pectoral white; ventrals dusky, the inner half of fin bordered with w hite. Described from a single specimen, 4.5 inches long, obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu, which agrees with a specimen, bright green in life, collected by Dr. Jordan at Pago Pago, and with another from the island of Negros, P. I. Since the above was w ritten we have received from Mr. Berndt a second specimen, from Honolulu, which is grass-green in color. Our plate is from the Pago Pago specimen, by Dr. Jordan, revised by Kako Morita. Novacula kallosoma Bleeker, Visch. Araboyna, 5, in Act. Soc. Sc. Indo. Neerl. VI II, Amboyna. Novarulirlithijs kallosoma, Bleeker, Synon. I.ubr. in Yersl. Kcm. Ak. Wet., XIII. 1862, 293 (Amboyna); Atlas Icth. I, 145, 1862, tab. 31, fig. 3; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Corain , XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), 530 (Honolulu ). Genus 164. CYMOLUTES Gunther. Body compressed, oblong, covered with small scales; snout rather elevated; head naked; lateral line interrupted; no posterior canine tooth ; D. ix, 12-14; A. in, 12-14. Ci/mrjlutes Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V III, 1861, 387 ( prxtexlatus ). 260. Cymolutes lecluse (Quoy & Gaimard). Head 3.35 in length; depth 3.65; eye 5.65 in head; snout 2: gape 4; interorbital 5.1; D. ix, 13; A. m, 13; scales 7-79-23. Body fusiform or wedge-shaped, tapering gradually from nape to caudal; head short; snout long but decurved, the anterior profile in a regular bold curve from tip of snout to nape; mouth low, hori¬ zontal, the gape not nearly reaching vertical of eye; each jaw with a pair of strong canines in front and a series of smaller conic teeth laterally, inside of which are shorter, bluntly conic teeth; eyes high up, BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 328 near the dorsal line and close together; cheek very deep; opereles with their edges smooth; opercle with a broad, flexible flap; caudal peduncle moderately deep, 2.8 in head; scales small, densely cover¬ ing entire body, except a narrow naked area on breast and nape; head naked, but with a small patch of 6 or 8 scales below the eye; lateral line running high, following contour of back until under fifth dorsal spine from last, where it closes, reappearing again 5 scales below and continuing to base of caudal fin, sometimes the last pore of first part bent down and the first of the last part bent upward; dorsal fin beginning over middle of opercle, the spines soft and flexible, their length about 4.4 in head, dorsal rays scarcely longer:; anal spine and rays similar to those of dorsal; caudal truncate; outer rays of N eu¬ trals slightly produced, their length 2 in head; pectoral rather short and broad, about 1.75 in head. Color in life of a nearly fresh specimen (No. 03153) pale rosy white, with some yellowish; top of head pale greenish; anterior pectoral region greenish; a small jet-black ocellated spot, with pale blue border on upper part of side under about eighth dorsal spine; dorsal pale greenish, edged with pale orange and blue, a narrow black line near tip of first membrane; caudal pale yellowish white; pectoral and ventrals whitish; anal white; iris yellow surrounded by rosy. Another specimen (No. 03408) had the belly pale bluish white, the general color of body very pale olive-green; anal colorless; dorsal colorless except for a narrow pale red edge; a yellow ocher spot .on opercular flap; a small dark spot on upper posterior part of the caudal peduncle; caudal colorless, the anterior half tinged with pate yellow; other fins colorless; iris bright yellow surrounded by a rim of lake-purple, a stripe along back for entire length, just above lateral line slightly paler and more nearly color of belly. A live example (No. 03458), taken at Honolulu, July 27, had the general color bluish white; edge of gill-opening and posterior part of opercle pale pinkish yellow ; a quadrate area from gill-opening to vent and from ventral line of belly to level of lower border of eye.pure white; an indistinct irregular band of pale pinkish yellow from below eye backward along upper border of the quadrate white area; posterior half of side with about 13 transverse pale pinkish bars; a small round black spot, with bright greenish blue border on side above tip of pectoral and just below lateral line; anterior part of dorsal fin with a Y-shaped black line with greenish border; posterior part bordered with pale pinkish yellow . Color in alcohol, very pale yellowish or brownish white; side from above base of pectoral to ver¬ tical of origin of anal with a broad yellowish white area, the small black spot on side unchanged, as is likewise the black on first dorsal membrane; black spot on side rarely absent and sometimes double; occasionally an indistinct black spot on each side of upper posterior end of caudal peduncle. The above general description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03153) obtained' at Honolulu. This species reaches a length of ti or 7 inches and is fairly abundant at Honolulu. We have examined 26 specimens (4.8 to 6.25 inches long), 1 from Hilo, the others from Honolulu. Xyrichthys ledusc Quoy & Guimard, Voy. frame, Zool., 284, pi. 65, fig. ]. 1824, Hawaii. Xyrichtlnis uilurolipidotus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 52, 1839, Owhyhee (Hawaii) (Coll. Quoy A Guimard). Cymolutes ledum, Gunther, Cat., IV, 207, 1862 ( Hawaiian Islands). I'umolutef ledusr, Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 465 (Honolulu); Snyder, op.cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu). Genus 165. INIISTIUS Gill. Body compressed, oblong, covered with large thin scales, about 26 in the lateral line; head scale¬ less or nearly so; head short and deep, the upper and anterior outline compressed to a sharp edge; profile almost vertical; eye small, placed high; D. ii-vii, 12; A. in, 12; first 2 dorsal spines detached from the others and inserted on or close behind the occiput; lateral line interrupted, extending on the second row of large scales below the dorsal sheath ; canines, 2 in front of each jaw; no posterior canines. This genus contains some 5 or 6 species, chiefly of the western Pacific. They are similar in most respects to the species of Xyrichthya, differing principally in having the 2 anterior spines of the dorsal fin produced, separated from the others, and placed as a separate fin on the nape. Jniisiius Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 143 (pavo). «. Body-color in lii'e olive green or gray, not black or brown: 3 more or less distinct cross-shades . pavoninus , p.329 art. Body-color in life black or brown; no crossbars . niger , p. 331 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 32V> 261. Iniistius pavoninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Plate XLII and Fig. 139. Head 3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3.4; preorbital 2.3; interorbital 5; D. ii-vii, 12; A. m, 12; scales 3-27-9. Body short, deep, and greatly compressed; head deeper than long; caudal peduncle very short and deep, its length 3 in head, its depth 2.2; snout very short and blunt, the anterior profile almost vertical from tip of jaws to front of eyes, thence, in a sharp curve to origiu of dorsal, from which line the dorsal and ventral out lines are about equally curved to caudal peduncle; snout and anterior profile very trenchant; mouth small, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching vertical of anterior edge of orbit; mandible strong, the lower edge compressed and convex; a pair of strong curved canines on front of each jaw, back of which are smaller teeth; each side of jaw with short conic teeth; preorbital nearly vertical and very deep; interorbital high, very convex and very trenchant; preopercle and opercle smooth, their edges thin and flexible; anterior 2 spines of dorsal detached, placed upon occiput over posterior line of orbit, the first spine produced and filamentous, its length 1.9 in head, both spines very soft and flexible, other dorsal spines rather short and flexible, their length less than gape of Fro. 139. — Tuiisliiis pavoninus (Cuvier A Valenciennes). Type of /. kurozonns Jenkins. Tin* first anal ray in figure should be a spine. mouth; dorsal rays somewhat longer, 3.2 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays of about equal length, about 2.6 in head; ventrals with outer ray produced, nearly reaching origin of anal, their length 1.6 in head; pectoral short, reaching a vertical at vent, the length 1.7 in head; scales large, smooth, thin, and adherent, those on breast slightly reduced; head naked, except sometimes a few small scales below eye; lateral line ascending for 3 scales, then continuing approximately straight to scale under last anal ray but 2, where it drops 3 rows and continues on 5 scales to base of caudal. Color in life of a male (No. 03484) 14 inches long, olive green, with 3 dark cross-shades narrower than the interspaces; first band with each scale below level of eye edged with bright blue, a black crescent above, edged in front with light blue; in second band most of the scales below level of eye edged with bright blue, 3 of them with black; in the third band some scales edged with pale blue; first interspace with a quadrate sjfot of golden white; middle line of forehead, chin, and throat violet, this color varying in shade and edged on each side with light orange; an oblique band on cheek anil whole opercular region golden olive, with oblique violet lines and dots; first dorsal dull violet; second 330 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. dorsal dull olive, with lines and spots of violet blue, greenish blue distally; caudal dull olive, with intramarginal band of sky blue; ventral pale, axil blackish violet; pectoral largely blackish; anal dull olive, with bluish marks and an intramarginal sky-blue band; iris crimson. Examples from Hilo had the pale lateral spot generally white tinged with golden, sometimes pure white, sometimes pure rosy; some have an additional black spot edged with blue above front of anal. A female has the same cross-bands, the first black spot similar, the white area shaded with both yellowish and violet, the marks in the second band wanting, the least trace of markings on head anteriorly, and fin side; fin markings similar, but all faint; iris dull crimson; intramarginal band on caudal distinctly pale blue. Two other specimens (Nos. 03000 and 03001) were described in life as pale olive gray, whitening on side ami belly; side with -I broad darker bars, the first at base of pectoral, second between anterior end of anal and middle of dorsal, third between posterior ends of dorsal and anal, and the fourth at base of caudal fin, the third darkest; a black spot covering I scale under membrane between fourth and fifth dorsal spine; this bordered, except behind, with blue; first and second series of scales below dorsal with narrow blue lines; dorsals grayish, with numerous blue lines extending upward and for¬ ward, these separated by broader grayish brown lines; anal white with a narrow blue line near its border, tipped with brown; caudal whitish, dark at tip; pectoral olive gray above, pale yellowish below; ventrals white; iris pink. Another specimen (No. ,03025) was described as pale dusky white; opercle with 2 darker bands, one downward from eye to subopercle, the other across operele, each with some purple; side with a broad vertical dusky bar upward from front of anal, and 2 less distinct ones farther back; edges of some scales pale yellow; a small black spot, bordered anteriorly with blue, on second row of scales below fourth dorsal spine; dorsal pale bluish, crossed by numerous brownish orange bars; caudal white, with 2 or 3 narrow faint yellow cross-bands, the tip black; pectoral white, slightly dusky at base; 2 pale rosy blotches on belly at base of anal; ventrals white; iris purple. Color in alcohol (No. 03534) pale, somewhat dusky; body crossed by 4 broad brownish vertical bars, the first under proximal half of pectoral, the second upward from anterior anal rays, the third between last dorsal and anal rays, fourth on distal half of caudal peduncle; humeral region, interspaces between dark bars, lower parts of head and belly yellowish white, the space between lower half of first, and second dark bars most, distinctly white; one scale above lateral line and under base of fourth dorsal spine black, bordered on its base by light blue; dorsals dusky, almost black on edge, the membranes vermie.ulated with dark and light; caudal smoky, the edge darker; anal dirty yellowish, the edge with a narrow olivaceous border; ventrals pale; pectoral dusky, black within. A young example from Hilo when fresh was violet olive, without red; 4 dark areas or bands, with pale interspaces, that behind pectoral white; base of each scale light golden, its edge violet; indigo black ocellus, edged before with violet blue; scales all over body showing shades of violet and golden, faint; first dorsal dusky bluish; second dorsal violet and golden in oblique streaks; one blue- black ocellus on dorsal edged with blue; caudal and anal faintly violaceous, the latter with a light violet border and golden edge; pectoral yellowish; ventrals dusky, edged with yellowish and viola¬ ceous; eye with faint radiating streaks of violet and golden. Smaller specimens in alcohol are considerably lighter; ridge of snout and nape bluish, cheek and opercles brownish, with narrow wavv darker brown and bluish lines; dorsal fin paler, with -,yavy purplish or bluish lines extending upward and forward, the margin somewhat dusky. In many oi the smaller examples the black scale on the side is without the bluish anterior border. In some small specimens, one or more scales toward the lower end of the second dark bar are darker, forming a more or less distinct brown blotch; an occasional specimen is found with an extra black spot on side above lateral line. This species is the largest one of the genus found among the Hawaiian Islands and is one of the most important, being a valued food-fish. These specimens are certainly Xyrichthys pnroninux Cuvier & Valenciennes, as were also the speci¬ mens from Honolulu identified by Steindachner with Xyrichihys paro Cuvier & Valenciennes. It is very doubtful whether the latter species is found among the Hawaiian Islands. The color assigned to it by Cuvier and Valenciennes and by Bleeker does not apply to any of the numerous specimens examined by us. The species described from Cape San Lucas by Hr. Hill as Ini-Mux mundienrpus is evidently identical with this species. We have examined a total of 64 specimens, 56 from Honolulu, 7 from Hilo, and 1 from Kailua. The Albatross secured some also at Puako Bay. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 331 Xyrichthys pavoninus Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 63, 1839, Sandwich Islands. (From a drawing by Webber, the artist of Cook’s third voyage.) flniistiu. s mundicorpus (Jill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 145, Cape San Lucas moll. John Xantus): Jordan it Evermanti, Fishes North it Mid. Amer., II. 1620, 1S9S. Novacula (Iniistius) pavo, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 505 (Honolulu); not of Cuvier it Valenciennes, nor of Bleeker. Novacula pavo, Gunther, (’at., IV, 175, 1862 (Sandwich Islands). Novacula (Iniistius) tetrazona , Steindachner, up. cit.; not of Bleeker. Iniistius Irucozon us Jenkins, Bull. r. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900). 54, fig. 11. Honolulu, young. (Type, No. 6137 Stanford Univ., coll. <>. P. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1893), 165 (Honolulu). Iniistius pavonin us, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903) 465 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 531 (Honolulu: Puako Bay, Hawaii). 262. Iniistius nig-er (Steindachner). Fig. 140. Mead 2.8 iii length; depth 2.5; eye 6 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3.3; preorbital 2.65; interorbital 6; I). 1 1— vn, 12; A. in, 12; scales 3-28-10. Body short, deep and greatly compressed; head as deep as long; snout very blunt, anterior profile rising nearly vertically from tip to front of eye; dorsal and ventral outlines each in a long, low curve; Fir;. 110. — Iniistius viper (Steindachner). Type of I. verater Jenkins. caudal peduncle compressed very deep, depth 2.3 in head; preorbital very' deep, nearly vertical; mouth small, nearly horizontal, t lie maxillary nearly reaching vertical of anterior edge of orbit, jaws each with a pair of long curved canines anteriorly, and a series of small bluntly conic teeth, laterallv; eve small, very high; interorbital space high and strongly cult rate; first 2 dorsal spines remote and entirely detached from remainder of fin, placed upon occiput above posterior half of eye, the spines soft, flexible and much produced, the length of the first equaling distance from tip of snout to edge of pre- opercle, second shorter by a distance equal to gape of mouth, remaining dorsal spines slender and flexible, their length about 2.7 in head; dorsal rays slightly longer, about 2.5 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays about equally long; caudal gently rounded, the rays about 2.25 in head; outer rays of ventrals produced, reaching vent 1.7 in head; pectoral broad, its length 2 in head; scales large, thin, smooth, and adherent, those on breast somewhat reduced in size; lateral line rising 3 scales from tipper end of gill-openihg, thence continued along second row of scab's to the scale beneath last dorsal ray hut one, where it drops 3 rows to middle of side, continuing on 5 scales to base of caudal; head entirely naked, excepting 1 or 2 small postocular scales. 332 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life (No. 03422) head and body nearly uniform black, underlaid by purplish on belly; caudal black, the outer third white with rosy tinge; pectoral black at base, the outer two-thirds trans¬ parent; centrals black, with some purple; soft dorsal and anal nearly uniform black, the last rays of each usually but not always tipped with white; no humeral spot. Another specimen (No. 03423) was very dark brown; a black scale with blue border just above lateral line and under tourth dorsal spine; belly showing some reddish purple; soft dorsal and anal with minute spots and reticulations of dark blue, similar spots on caudal; centrals dusky red, with blue markings, detached dorsal with olive and blue; sides of face with tinges of olive over the dark background; pectoral pale on upper margin; indistinct dark olive area on body under and behind last third of pectoral; tip of soft dorsal, anal and tip of caudal not pale; iris purple. An example (No. 02940 ) 2 days in alcohol had the head and body uniform black throughout; dorsal jet-black, narrowly tipped with white, the exposed tips of spines white; caudal with a broad whitish tip. Another specimen (No. 03457) had the body and head and tins quite black without other marking ot any kind; the light colored extremity of caudal was rosy toward the posterior border, and the light tips of dorsal and anal showed some rosy tinge with a narrow bit of blue in the dorsal tip! Color in alcohol, head and body uniform dark brownish black; distal third of caudal, tips of dorsal and anal and most of pectoral plain yellowish white, the pectoral a little dusky, rest of fins rich blue- black. This species is thus far known only from Honolulu, and does not appear to be very abundant. It was not obtained by Jenkin.4 in 1889, the 2 specimens described by him having been obtained bv Wood in 1899. Through an error, the figure given by Jenkins shows 10 dorsal spines instead of 7, as given in the text. The figure given by Steindachner is also defective, showing only 6 instead of 7 dorsal spines, and having the detached dorsal spines very much too short. We have 19 specimens, including the type of /. vernier, ranging from 4.8 to 8 inches long. Novacula ( IniiMus ) nigra Steindachner, Anzeiger fur Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1900, No. XVI, 176 (June 27. 1900), Hono¬ lulu; Denies. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 605, pi. IV, fig. 2, Honolulu; the type. MIMha Jenkins. Bull. (\ s. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 55, fig. 12, Honolulu. [Type, No. 5990, Stan- ford Uniw, coll. Dr. Wood). Jnmtius niger, Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 165 (Honolulu! Genus 166. HEMIPTERONOTUS Bleeker. Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size; head compressed, more or less elevated and obtuse, with the upper profile generally more or less parabolic; cheek with small scales; lateral line interrupted; no posterior canine tooth; D. ii-vii, 12; A. in, 12, the 2 anterior dorsal spines separate from the others. Hem.iptcronot.ui s Lacgp&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111,215.1801 ( quinquemaculatus ). Hemipteronotv s Meeker, Proc. Zool. Sor. Pond. 1861, 414 ( Hemipteronotus quinquemaculatus): Bleeker, Versl. Kon. A k. Wet., XIII, 1862, 103 ( quinquemaculatus ). a. No large dark area on the side, a narrow bluish band from lower anterior portion oi eye running downward to behind corner of mouth, parallel with the other vertical lines from the eye and upper part of the head . copei p 352 ' aa. A large dark area on the side several scales wide and high. b. Anal without distinct markings . .... , . ,, , , , , 6 . . nmbnlatus, p. 333 Anal with oblique color bars, with black spots only in the male. c. Last rays of dorsal and intermembranes with large black spot . . . baldwini p 334 cc. Last rays and membrane without black spot . . jenicimi p 336 283. Hemipteronotus copei Fowler. Head 3.85 in length; depth 3; eye6.25in head, equal to interorbital; D. ii-vii, 12; A. in, 12; scales 26 in lateral line. Body elongate, much compressed, deepest in the pectoral region; head elevated, compressed, the anterior profile very parabolic, though slightly convex; snout not produced; eye small, high, 3 in space between its anterior margin and tip of upper jaw; interorbital convex; mouth narrow; teeth strong, the outer lateral teeth larger than the others, except the canines, which are in 2 pairs on the anterior portions of the jaw, those in lower closer together than those of upper jaw and fitting in FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 333 between the latter when the mouth is closed; gillrakers moderate; gggudobranchiie developed; head naked except a series of 6 scales, which descends obliquely forward from the postorbital though not to center of eye in the vertical, and 2 scales on upper margin of operele; origin of dorsal slightly pos¬ terior to median vertical keel of preopercle, the first 2 dorsal spines sharp, tip of first ending in a short filament, and about the same height as spines which succeed them, the latter being rather strong, firm, and not sharp; dorsal rays longer than the spines, the last ray, when depressed, reaching base of caudal; caudal rounded; anal similar to dorsal, its origin under the first dorsal ray, third anal spine longest; pectoral 1.75 in head, its origin below center of body and above origin of ventral; innermost ventral ray joined to body by a membrane; tips of fins not reaching origin of anal, but extending beyond tip of pectoral; lateral line concurrent with back, interrupted at the 21st scale. General color dull brownish, the fins immaculate; a narrow bluish band from lower anterior por¬ tion of eye running downward to behind corner of mouth, parallel with this other vertical lines run¬ ning from eye to upper part of head, the one on preopercle broad; the opercles with narrow lines on their posterior portion. Oahu Island. This species in known to us only from Mr. Fowler’s description. Hemipteronotus copei Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900 (Nov. 0, 1900), 508, pi. XX, tig. I, Oahu. 264. Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins. Fig. HI. Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.8; eye 5.1 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3.5; preorbital 2.7; inter¬ orbital 5; D. ii— vii, 12; A. in, 12; scales 3-27-9. Body short, deep, greatly compressed; head as deep as long; snout very blunt, the anterior profile rising nearly vertically from tip of snout to front of eye, where it makes a sharp curve to nape; body Fig. 141. — Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins; from the type. deepest at base of ventrals, thence tapering gradually to caudal peduncle; mouth horizontal, the jaws equal, maxillary not. reaching vertical of anterior edge of orbit; small conic teeth on sides of jaws, a pair of enlarged canines in each in front; preorbital nearly vertical and very deep; eye small, high up; pre¬ opercle smooth, operele ending in a broad soft flap; caudal peduncle deep, its least depth 2 in head; origin of dorsal slightly behind posterior border of orbit; first 2 dorsal spines remote from but con¬ nected by low notched membrane with third spine, the detached spines soft and flexible, little pro¬ duced, their length equaling gape; remaining dorsal spines low, about equaling length of detached portion; dorsal rays subequal, a little longer than spines, 2.75 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under base of fourth dorsal ray; caudal short, slightly convex, length 2 in head; outer ray of ventral somewhat produced, not reaching vet.', its length 1.75 in head; pectoral somewhat longer than ventrals, reaching vent, its length 1.4 in head; scales large, thin, and firm, those on breast some- BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 334 what smaller than those on side; cheek with about 6 vertical rows of somewhat smaller scales, 2 scales on upper end of opcrcle, rest of head naked; lateral line beginning at upper end of gill-opening, curv¬ ing upward for 4 pores, thence following contour of back, until under base of last dorsal ray, where it drops down for 2 scales and continues to base of caudal. Color in life, light drab, the posterior portion of each scale white or whitish; a large dark-brown blotch as large as head on middle portion of body, in which the posterior half of each scale is white; first 2 dorsal spines dusky, no distinct markings on fins. Another specimen ( No. 03027) was white, centers of scales anteriorly dusky, a large black blotch on side above tip of pectoral, covering 23 to 25 scales; preocular part of head bluish black; dorsal, anal, and ventrals white; caudal dusky white; pectoral white with slight yellowish shade. One specimen (No. 03447) when fresh dead, was gray with bluish tinge on body and fins; small black spot on tip of anterior dorsal; large black area on side of body 7 scales wide and about 7 scales deep; below this an area of scales bluish with white margins, this extending a little farther backward than the black area. This species is sometimes very dark, almost black, as is shown by 3 specimens from Ililo, one of which (No. 03478) was in life dirty olive, paler mesially, the head livid dusky, the anterior part of body to tip of pectoral black; fins all mottled blackish, no markings; very faint paler lines below, and a very faint shade of olive in places; no real markings, save the black anterior half of body. A smaller specimen, probably a male, had lower half of black area to front of anal deep violet bine. Color in alcohol, yellowish white, head, nape, and breast with bluish rosy wash; middle of side, with a large brownish-black blotch, about 6 scales in length and 9 in depth, the distal portion of each scale whitish; detached dorsal spines dark, rest of dorsal and anal pale, purplish and orange at base; caudal dirty whitish distally, purplish at base; pectoral and ventrals pale yellowish white; eye with a silvery ring around pupil, surrounded by light brassy, annexed by purplish blue. This species is known only from the type and 15 other .specimens obtained at Hilo and Honolulu'; these are 4.75 to 8.75 inches in length. Ifauiptcronotiis umbn'latus Ji'iikins. Bull. tT, S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. (10, 1900), 53, lig. 10, Honolulu (type, No. 6135, Stanford Univ. Coll. Dr. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. oit. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 161 (Honolulu). 265. Hemipteronotus baldwini Jordan & Evermann. Plate XXXIX. Head 3.25 in length; depth 3; eye 5.75 in head; snout 1.75; maxillary 3; preorbital 2.2; inter- orbital 4.8; D. ti-viu, 13; A. in, 13; scales 3-27-9. Body moderately short and deep, greatly compressed; head slightly deeper than long; anterior profile nearly vertical from mouth to front of eye, sharply cultratc; dorsal outline gently convex, sloping, to the deep caudal peduncle; ventral outline less convex; caudal peduncle very narrow, the depth 2.25 in head; mouth small, horizontal, the maxillary nearly reaching vertical of orbit; the jaws equal, each provided anteriorly with a pair of strong curved canines and laterally with a single row of short close-set conic teeth; lower jaw strong, its outline very convex; preorbital nearly vertical and very deep; preopercle and opercle smooth, with membranous edges, the latter produced somewhat in a broad rounded flap; origin of dorsal but little posterior to orbit, far in advance of base of ventrals; first 2 dorsal spines somewhat removed from third but connected to it hv a low membrane, their length scarcely greater than the gape of mouth; remaining dorsal spines short and weak, scarcely equaling gape; soft dorsal low, the rays slightly longer than the spines; anal similar to soft dorsal, rays some¬ what longer; caudal slightly convex, rays 2 in head; outer ray of each ventral somewhat produced, not. reaching vent, the length about 1.9 in head; pectoral broad, the longest rays 1.7 in head; scales large, thin, smooth, firmly attached, those on breast somewhat reduced; head naked, except about 4 series of small scales extending from eye downward to level of mouth; lateral line curving abruptly upward from upper, end of gill-opening, following contour of back to the scale under third dorsal ray from last, where it d rops 3 rows and continues to base of caudal, the pores simple, unbranched. Description based upon the type, No. 50644, U. 8. Nat. Mus. (field No. 03414), a male example, 8.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu. Color in life (field No. 03123) pale, yellowish white over head and body; a diffuse lemon-yellow blotch under and above pectoral; a large brownish-black blotch on lateral line under, seventh to tenth dorsal spines; dorsal fin vellowish-white, tip of detached part with a jet-black crescent (this marking variable in position, sometimes being farther posterior), rest of fin faintly mottled with yellowish FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 335 anil olive, the latter in narrow oblique lines; caudal yellowish white; anal yellowish white, with narrow, wavy, pale-blue lines, and a large jet-black spot bordered with blue on membrane of last 5 rays; iris whitish. Another specimen, also a male (field No. 03371), was, in life, livid gray, each scale posteriorly with a vertical spot of violet; anterior line of profile bright violet; a violet line downward from eye with a whitish area behind it on cheek; an oblique violet line downward and backward from opercular flap to behind axil; posterior to this a vague yellow area, behind which is an ovate white spot, each scale around which has a vertical bar of bright violet; above this a large black blotch washed with brick-red; dorsal bluish-gray, the rays posteriorly with an increasing amount of orange, where the blue is reduced to oblique crossbands, an intermarginal line of violet, a small black spot on last ray; membranes of second to fourth dorsal spines with a terminal black ocellus; anal pale golden, with oblique bluish stripes, a large jet-black ocellus bordered with blue on last rays; caudal pale orange, crossed by bluish lines; ventrals and pectoral pale. Still another male example (field No. 03004) was described as follows: General color very pale, smoky white, edges of scales pale bluish, beneath seventh to ninth dorsal spines a large blotch, brick-red above, pale rosy below, all irregularly overlaid with black or brown; median line from tip of snout to base of first dorsal spine bright blue; a narrow bright blue line downward from anterior part of eve to angle of mouth; region above pectoral pale lemon-yellow, a short oblique pale blue line above base of pectoral; dorsal pale flesh-color, with short vertical bluish lines, 3 jet-black spots at tips of first, second, and fourth spines; anal pale yellowish, a black spot on distal half of last 3 rays; caudal pale, with obscure bluish cross-lines; pectoral and ventrals white; iris yellowish, red at lower posterior angle. A female (field No. 03372), 7.5 inches long, from Honolulu, which is taken as a cotype, differed in life coloration from the male in lacking the black ocellus on the anal and in having more violet on the white lateral spot, also more golden before it.; violet lines and spots obscure, but present; 3 to 8 small blackish points above lateral line behind black dorsal blotch; a small black ocellus on second to third dorsal spines and one on seventh, these wanting in some females; fins otherwise colored as in the males, but the blue fainter and the orange of dorsal brighter. Field No. 03005 differed in color from field No. 03004 only in the absence of black on the dorsal and anal fins, the paler blue lines on head, the paler caudal fin, and in having black spots on the back. Another female example (field No. 03271), 7.5 inches long, in life had the head and body smoky white; a large bluish white spot under tip of pectoral; snout bluish around border and surrounded by a broad pale yellow space involving nearly all of anterior half of side below level of eye; a large black spot under fifth to sixth dorsal spines, crossing lateral line and penetrating yellow of side, nearly reaching white spot; back of this a series of about a dozen small black specks, scattered along side above lateral line to near end of dorsal fin; median line of snout and head blue; dorsal pale, with wavy yellow cross-lines, pinkish toward margin; caudal pale; anal pale, with about a dozen pale yellow crossbars; pectoral and ventrals pale; iris yellow and red*. Color in alcohol, creamy yellowish white; head somewhat orange on cheek and opercles; faint rosy lines downward from eye to mouth and on preopercle; median line of anterior profile bluish; middle of back with a large black or brownish black blotch lying on lateral line, beneath which is a large white blotch under and above pectoral fin; anterior part of spinous dorsal blackish at edge, the color ocellated, rest of dorsal yellowish white with narrow purplish cross-lines; anal similar, with a large jet-black spot on last 4 rays; caudal color of soft dorsal; pectoral and ventrals yellowish w hite. One of the female cotypes (No. 03372) is pale olivaceous, the general color that of the male; dorsal with black spots on membranes of second, third to fourth, and eighth spines, the latter ocellated; a series of about a dozen small black spots back of the dorsal blotch on side above lateral line; no black spot on anal. The differences in coloration are very marked in the 2 sexes. The male, in all specimens exam¬ ined. has the jet-black spot upon the last rays of the anal, and this is not present in any of the females examined. The female always has a series of small black specks on the side above lateral line poste¬ rior to the large lateral blotch. These markings, the small black spots on the side of the female and the large jet-black spot on the anal of the male, would apparently always serve to distinguish the sexes. The extent of variation in color among individuals of the same sex is indicated in the color descriptions given above. We should have added that occasionally there is a small jet-black spot upon the last rays of the dorsal. 336 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. This is one of the most abundant and beautiful fishes found among the Hawaiian Islands. It appears to he related to II. melanopus of Bleeker, but differs from it markedly in the presence of the large black lateral blotch and in the absence of the large red lateral blotch shown in Bleeker’ s figure. • The collection contains 42 excellent specimens, 40 from Honolulu and 2 from Hilo, ranging in length from 5.75 to 8.8 inches. llemipterunoliis baldwini Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (April 11, 1903), 192, Honolulu. 266. Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder. Plate 42, fig. 2. Head, including opercular flap, 3.5 in length; depth 2.8; depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 in head; eye 6; width of interorbital space 5; length of maxillary 3; I*, ix, 12; A. in, 12; lateral line 22+6. Eye located 2.66 times its diameter above angle of month; mouth nearly horizontal, on a level with upper edge of base of pectoral, the maxillary extending to a vertical through anterior edge of orbit; lower jaw slightly longer than upper; lips with rather thin, fleshy folds; outer row of teeth strong, conical, those on sides of jaws posterior to canines gradually decreasing in size from before backward; canines curving outward and forward, the lower pair, which are slightly the larger, fitting between the upper ones; inner teeth short and blunt, in narrow bands; psendobranchise present; gillrakers on the first arch 6+11, short and sharply pointed; edge of preopercle smooth. Head naked, except for a narrow, vertical, scaled area extending downward from eye to a hori¬ zontal passing along edge of flap of upper lip; first row with 7 scales, curving upward behind eye; second row with 5, the third with 4; scales of breast about half as large as those on sides of body; scales 2-27-9; lateral line curving upward over first 6 scales, then following the dorsal contour, approaching the back near end of dorsal, discontinued after twenty-second scale, beginning again on third scale below and passing along middle of caudal peduncle; first 2 dorsal spines somewhat closer together than others, but not separated from them, the membrane being continuous; height of first spine 2.6 in head, the second shorter; remaining spines 4 in head; height of rays 2.9; end of soft dorsal when depressed just reaching base of caudal tin; anal spines small and slender, the rays equal in height to those of the dorsal; base of anal and also the tips of the rays when depressed extending farther posteriorly than corresponding parts of dorsal; caudal rounded, the basal fourth with scales, the length 1.6 in head; pectoral 1.5; outer rays of ventral filamentous, just reaching vent. Color in spirits, head plain, without spots, liars, or lines; a conspicuous black spot on back cover¬ ing 2 scales above sixteenth in lateral line, its distance behind the opercular flap equal to distance between that point and tip of snout; a yellowish white spot on side of body, rather indistinctly out¬ lined, covering an area equal to width of 5 scales and height of 3 or 4, the spot partly covered by pectoral when depressed; scales of body, except on breast, belly, and part covered by the large light spot, each with a vertical pearly bar which grows wider on the ventral scales, covering over half the scale in region above base of anal; soft dorsal and anal with oblique dark bars, those of the anal not so broad as those of dorsal; caudal, pectorals, and ventrals plain. This species is said to be readily distinguished from closely related Hawaiian forms by the great depth of the body and by the small dark spot., the posterior location of which is notable, but it seems to be a young female of II. baldwini. Known only from the type, a specimen 1 incti long from Puako Bay, Hawaii. Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder, Bull. IT. S. Fisli Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), ; 30, pi. 10, fig. 19, Puako Bay, Hawaii (type, No. 50879, U. S. N. M. Coll. Albatross). Genus 167. XYRICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Body short, deep, and very greatly compressed ; anterior dorsal outline parabolic and very t renchant ; cheek scaleless; lateral line interrupted; first 2 dorsal spines removed but not detached from the third, the membrane between the second and third being moderately notched. Xi/richthijy Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss., XIV, 33 1839 ( cultratus ). Xyrichthys Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 143 ( mundiceps ). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 337 267. Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan A Evermahn. Fig. 142. Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.4; eye 6.2 in head; snout 1.8; preorbital 2; maxillary 3; interorbital 4.7; I*, ii-vii, 12; A. in, 12; scales 3-28-8. Body short, deep, and very greatly compressed; anterior profile nearly vertical from tip of upper jaw to front of eye, thence in a parabolic curve to dorsal tin; anterior dorsal outline very trenchant; body tapering rather evenly from head to caudal peduncle, which is greatly compressed and very deep, depth at middle equaling preorbital; head short; snout very short and blunt; mouth small, hor¬ izontal, the maxillary nearly reaching anterior edge of orbit; jaws equal, each with a pair of strong curved canines in front, and a single series of smaller, conic teeth laterally, the canines of lower jaw most prominent and extending in front of upper jaw; eye small, high up; the interorbital space narrow and trenchant; opercles smooth, without spines or serrations, ending in thin flexible edges; preorbital vertical and very deep; origin of dorsal tin above posterior line of orbit, far in advance of base of cen¬ trals; first 2 dorsal spines somewhat removed but not detached from third, the membrane between second and third spines moderately notched, length of second spine about 2.7 in head, remaining dorsal spines subequal, weak, about equal to gape; dorsal rays low, the last few somewhat produced, their length 3 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal short, slightly convex, rays about equal to preor- Fig. 142. — Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan & Kvermann: from the type. bital; outer ray of ventral somewhat produced, not reaching vent, its length equaling depth of preorbital; pectoral broad, its tip reaching vent, its length equaling distance from snout to edge of preoperde. Scales large, thin, and with membranous edges, those on breast somewhat smaller; head entirely naked, except for a few small scales below the eye; lateral line beginning at upper end of gill-opening following closely' the curvature of back to the scale under the last, dorsal ray but 2, where it drops 3 scales and continues to base of caudal, the pores simple, rarely branched. Color in life, grayish; each scale of posterior half of body with a large violet spot, more narrow and brighter near middle of body, the edge of each scale broadly golden-olive; a large golden area, anteriorly deep orange, above pectoral and on edge of opercle; behind this a large quadrate pure white area extending to tip of pectoral; a few scales in golden area with bright violet markings; head shaded with violet, a bright violet stripe downward from eye to behind angle of mouth; a lunate black area shaded with red just below front of soft dorsal; spinous dorsal violet-gray; edged with reddish; soft dorsal golden, with violet vermieulations at base, its edge orange; anal golden, with bluish vermicula- tions; caudal similar, with the bluish markings; pectoral faintly reddish; ventrals dirty white. One of the cotypes, a male (field No. 03373), agreed in life coloration with the type except that behind the opercle is a golden area with the bright violet stripes across anterior basal part; behind F. C. B. 1903—22 338 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. this a large milk-white patch beyond tip of pectoral; a violet border around the white, blackish above the yellow. Color in alcohol, dirty yellowish white, dusky above; head with some purplish reflections; a thin purplish line downward from anterior edge of orbit to tip of maxillary, a similar but less distinct line, from humeral region downward to subopercle; a yellowish white blotch on side above base of pectoral, in the base of which are 11 or li small purplish spots; a large white area on middle of side under and above tip of pectoral, separated from the yellowish blotch by purplish brown on 2 or 3 scales; a black spot covering the larger part of 3 scales on side above lateral line under base of first 3 dorsal rays, back at base of last dorsal rays somewhat dusky; anterior portion of dorsal tin dusky olivaceous, soft dorsal, anal and caudal pale yellowish crossed by narrow, wavy, pale purplish lines; ventrals and pectoral plain yellowish white. A handsome fish, rather common about Honolulu. The type and 5 cotypes, all from Honolulu, range from 6.5 to 9.75 inches in length. Xyriclithys nieeUatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Pish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11. 1903), 194, Honolulu (type, No. 50646, U. S. Nat, Mus.). Family LXX. SCARlDdi. Body oblong, moderately compressed, covered with large cycloid scales as in the Labrida:; mouth moderate, terminal; teeth in the jaws more or less eoalescent, at least at the base; lower pharyngeals much enlarged, united in a concave or spoon-shaped body; their teeth broadest transversely and truncate, arranged in mosaic; dorsal continuous, its formula usually ix, 10; anal ii, 9; 23 to 25 scales in the lateral line; vertebrae about 11+14=25; sexes similarly colored, and the coloration almost always brilliant; fin rays essentially the same throughout the group, and the squamation varying little except on the head. Herbivorous fishes of the tropical seas, often of large size, especially abundant about coral reefs. Little valued as food in America, the flesh being soft and pasty; but highly prized among the natives of the Hawaiian Islands, especially when eaten raw. The species in the various genera are very closely related, being distinguished chiefly by the coloration and the dentition, both series of charac¬ ters being highly specialized. . Sparisomatinse: a. Lower pharyngeal broader than long, flatfish or basin-shaped; gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus, not forming a fold cross it; lateral line subeontinuous; scales about head few and large, those on cheek in one row; lower jaw projecting; teeth whitish or rosy. b. Teeth in each jaw in 3 or 4 series, all imbricated in quincunx order on the dental plate, to which they are adnate by the posterior face; cutting edge of each jaw formed by teeth. c. Dorsal spines flexible; teeth more or less distinct, at least anteriorly . Calotomus, p. 338 cc. Dorsal spines stiff . Scaridea, p. 343 Scaring: aa. Lower pharyngeal spoon-shaped, much longer than broad; teeth of jaws fully coalesced, each jaw divided by a distinct median suture; gill-membranes forming a fold across the isthmus; dorsal spines flexible; lateral line interrupted behind, beginning again lower down on the peduncle of the tail; scales about the head rather numer¬ ous, those on cheeks in two or more series. d. Teeth pale, rosy or greenish . CaUyodon, p. 345 dd. Teeth deep blue . . Pseudoscarus, p. 358 Genus 168. CALOTOMUS Gilbert. Teeth distinct, equal, imbricated in regular oblique rows in both jaws, wholly concealing the dental plates, to the anterior edge of which they are affixed; cutting edge of each jaw formed by the outer teeth, the dental plate not reaching the edge, and visible only from within; lips double for a short distance only; scales of cheek in 1 row; lateral line continuous; base of dorsal and anal with scaly sheaths; dorsal spines 9, soft and flexible; gill-membranes broadly joined to isthmus. Large species of the Pacific, allied to Cn/ptotomus, but differing in the arrangement of tfie teeth. Calotomus Gilbert, I'roc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1890, 70 ( xenodon ). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 339 a. General color of body and fins blue; about 8 narrow white lines radiating from the eye . irradians, p. 339 mi. General color of body and fins grayish or brownish. b. Spinous dorsal without black spot between first and second spines . cyclunis, p. 340 lib. Spinous dorsal with a distinct black spot between first and second spines, c. Side somewhat mottled with lighter but without distinct spots or specks . . . sandvicensis, p. 341 nc. Side above lateral line with a series of about 5 roundish white spots as large as pupil; side below lateral line with about 10 or 12 large round white spots; numerous smaller spots and irregular markings scattered among those. sni/dtri, p. 342 268. Calotomus irradians Jenkins. Fig. 143. Head 3.25 ill length; depth 2.5; eye 6.75 in head; snout 2.5; preorbital 3.5; interorbital 4; 1). ix, 10; A. in, 9; P. 12; scales 2-25-5. Body short, deep and compressed; dorsal outline strongly arched from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, slightly depressed in front of eyes, thence in a long, low curve to base of caudal peduncle; ventral outline similarly convex; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; head short and deep, a little deeper than long; snout short, preorbital deep, not much oblique; mouth small, the gape not nearly reaching front of orbit, scarcely oblique, lying in axis of body; lower jaw slightly included; upper jaw with 3 series of strong imbricated but distinct teeth in front, the posterior 1 or 2 on each side remote, recurved and canine-like; lower jaw in front with about 4 or 5 series of teeth similar to those in upper jaw; upper lip double only on the sides covering about half the teeth, lower lip not double; eye small, high up; interorbital rather narrow, convex. Dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length about 3.25 in head; soft dorsal somewhat higher, rays about 2.3 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays equally high; caudal lunate, the lobes produced, the upper one the longer, about 1.3 in head; in some examples the caudal is more nearly truncate; ventrals short, their tips reaching scarcely halfway to origin of anal; pectoral broad, free edge slightly convex, the fin reaching slightly beyond tips of ventrals, length about 1.5 in head. Scales large, firm, the edges thin and flexible; 4 scales on median line in front of dorsal fin; a sheath of modified scales along base of dorsal, a similar but lower sheath along base of anal; a single row of 5 large scales on cheek, 2 rows of large scales on opercle. Color in life, body and fins blue; head, chin, and throat bright blue, marked with pink, in about 8 bands radiating from eye and a number of bands and irregular figures on snout, face and occiput, a few small spots on chin; of the pink bands radiating from eye, 2 reach region of angle of mouth, 2 join the irregular markings on face and occiput, and 4 radiate over the region of cheek and behind eye; a vertical bar of pink on each scale, in some regions partly concealed by overlapping BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 340 scales; vertical fins bright blue with reticulations and spots of pink; ventrals blue; pectorals blue, olive, ami pink, sometimes spotted with olive-green and edged with white. Color in spirits, pale yellowish or bluish-green, the bases of the scales darker, the edges bluish- white; top of head dark, verniiculated with brownish and greenish; side of head light bluish-green, about. 8 narrow white lines radiating from eye, one forward and downward toward snout, another to angle of mouth, a third downward across preorbital and just above angle of mouth bending forward and connecting with second, next downward and backward toward edge of preopercle, the next back¬ ward from eye and curved slightly upward and the remaining 3 upward and backward from eye; side of nape and downward to opercle with a few small white spots; underparts of head rich bluish- green; dorsal blotched and barred with whitish, green and blue; caudal with irregular crossbars of whitish and bluish green, the outer rays green, the tip of the fin narrowly bordered with white; distal end of caudal peduncle brighter green; anal purplish and greenish, with irregular reticulating white areas near base; ventrals light dusky, scarcely barred; pectoral dusky greenish, darker at base and in axil, paler on distal portion. In some examples the general color is considerably darker brownish and the fins are much darker. This species is known oidy from Honolulu, from which place we have examined 6 specimens 14 to 20 inches long. ijtxlotomus irmtlians Jenkins, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1X99 (Aug. 30, 19001,58, fig. 15, Honolulu (Type, No. 12142, Stanford Univ. Coll. O. P. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. eit. , XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 467 (Honolulu). 269. Calotomus cyclurus Jenkins. Fig. 144. Head 3.1 in length; depth 2.5; eye 5.7 in head; snout 2.2; interorbital 4.2; D. ix, II; A. l, 11; scales 2-24-5. Body somewhat elongate, compressed, dorsal outline rising in a gently sloping, nearly straight liue to origin of dorsal, from this point descending in nearly a straight line to caudal peduncle; ventral Fig. 144. — Calntoxuus ei/durus Jenkins: from the type. outline about evenly convex; head a little longer than deep; snout long, bluntly conic; mouth large, horizontal, about in the axis of body; lips thin, double for about two-thirds the side, the lower double only a short distance; lower jaw just included; interorbital slightly convex, considerably broader than eye; least height of caudal peduncle a little less than half head. Dorsal spines flexible, rather high, nearly half head; soft dorsal 2 in head; anal similar but less high, longest ray 2.3 in head; caudal rounded, no rays produced; ventrals 1.5 in head, reaching half¬ way to base of third soft anal ray; pectoral broad, its top reaching to or slightly past vertical through FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 341 tip of ventral, its length 1.4 in hearl (in the type there are 12 rays on right side and 9 on left, which is doubtless a deformity); distal border convex (on left side); origins of dorsal, pectorals, and ventral about in same vertical. Scales large, firm, those on breast not reduced, those at base of dorsal hardly forming sheath, no sheath at base of anal; large scales on upper and posterior portion of the opercle, 1 row of about 7 scales below and behind the edge, remainder of head naked; lateral line complete, portion to the head parallel to the dorsal outline, straight portion beginning below base of fourth from last soft dorsal ray; 2 or 3 supernumerary scales, with tubes, extending from upper portion on the row just above straight portion, tubes much branched, the branching covering well the exposed portion of the scale; teeth in anterior portion of jaws distinct, pointed, imbricated in several series; 2 posterior canines; lateral teeth in upper jaw small, distinct, in a single series; lateral teeth in lower jaw large, in a single series; 2 conical teeth within the outer teeth at symphysis of upper jaw, other small teeth within the outer ones on sides of upper jaw. Color in alcohol, head and body a uniform brown with some indications of dots of lighter on some of the scales, and a wide margin on the posterior border, each scale showing paler than the base; dorsal fin brown with faint traces of mottlings, no dark spot on anterior portion or darker margin; anal darker brown with less evident mottlings, and no darker margin; caudal much paler than body, upper and distal edges brown; ventral with indications of brown clouding; pectoral pale, without markings except that the base is dark brown; no markings on head except, that top of head and isthmus are darker than sides of head. Description is based on a single specimen 15 inches long to tip of caudal, obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross, 1896. This species appears to be similar to Scams spin Idem ( Callyodon waigiensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Ppiss., Vol. XIV), a small species first described, very imperfectly, from the island of Waigiu. A specimen from this island lias been identified by Bleeker as Cuvier & Valenciennes’s species, which he designates as Callyodon spinidens and of which he gives a full description and a figure. The present species differs from Bleeker’ s description in the dorsal outline, in its greater depth, much smaller eye, longer snout, and much longer ventral, in not having scales on the lower limb of the opercle and in having the base of the anal dark. Dr. Bleeker had many (72) specimens, and found C. spinidens of a limited range in distribution. Honolulu; only the type known. Calotomus niolurus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 165, fig. 21, Honolulu (Type, No. 50S49, r. s. N. M. Coll. Albatross, 1896). 270. Calotomus sandvicensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Pbnuhuntiliu.” Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 6.4 in head; snout 2.5; preorbital 4; interorbital 4; D. x, 11; A. ii, 9; scales 2-24-5. Body short, deep and compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally convex, dorsal rising in a gentle curve from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, then in a long lower curve to base of Caudal peduncle; head rather short; snout short, bluntly conic; mouth small, in axis of body, the lower jaw slightly included, each jaw provided anteriorly with about 3 irregular series of distinct imbricated incisor-like teeth; upper jaw with 2 strong baekwardly directed canines on the side, lower jaw with a single series of small close-set teeth on the side; eye small, high up, the preorbital rather wide; interorbital high, convex; caudal peduncle moderately deep, about 2 in head. Scales very large and thin; lateral line with a slight jog under base of last dorsal ray, the pores numerously branched; a single -row of 4 scales on cheek, and 4 scales on anterior portion of opercle. Dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length scarcely equaling that of snout; last dorsal rays some¬ what elevated, their length nearly half that of head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its rays equally long; caudal somewhat lunate, the upper lobe usually the longer, about 1.2 in head; ventrals short, reaching half way to origin of anal; pectoral broad, the free edge convex, the upper rays about 1.4 in head. Description based chiefly upon specimen No. 05646. Color in life (No. 03368), mottled gray and brown, scarcely reddish below; spinous dorsal with a black spot on membrane between first and second spines, a faint reddish stripe along base, and another along edge of dorsal fin; soft dorsal with pale reticulations around faint dark spots; caudal still more faintly mottled and with white edge, a blackish line before it; anal mottled brown with reddish shade at base and tip; pectoral yellowish, the base dusky; ventrals mottled dusky gray. 342 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED SLATES FISH COMMISSION. Another specimen (No. 03452) had, in life, the general color brown and olive with reddish along ventral portions of body and head; each scale with a group of irregularly-shaped gray dots; dorsal more olive, with reticulations of gray; black dorsal spot faint or obsolete; large dark blotch over distal half of last 5 rays of soft dorsal interrupted by gray spots; caudal reddish olive, crossed by irregular bands of gray; anal with reddish dark mottlings at base, with gray markings; ventrals reddish with gray markings; pectoral membranes transparent, the rays reddish olive; head colored like the body; under surface of pectoral at base black. Color in alcohol (No. 03368) dull grayish or olivaceous on head and body, somewhat mottled with paler and darker brown, under parts grayish; side without distinct spots or specks; dorsal and anal blackish, with faint marblings of lighter; caudal obscurely barred with light and darker, the edge narrowly white; pectoral blackish at base, distally pale; ventrals dusky. The numerous examples show considerable variation in color in spirits, chiefly with reference to the marbling of the dorsal and caudal fins. In many examples the mottling of these fins is quite dis¬ tinct, while in others it is scarcely evident; some examples show all gradations between these two. The sides of body and head also are variously mottled gray. In some examples the hotly is very dark brown, the vertical fins almost black, and the pectoral black on its basal half. The originial description of Callyodon saudvicensis by Cuvier and Valenciennes, as well as a rede¬ scription by Valenciennes, is very incomplete, and except for the agreement in locality we would hesitate to consider ours the same species. This fact, however, makes the identification entirely reasonable. The species is very common in the market at Honolulu, from which place we have 24 specimens. We have none from Hilo, but have 3 from Kailua. The length ranges from 5 to 14.75 inches. Callyodon sandvicensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. N'at. Poiss., XT V, 295, 1839, Sandwich Islands (Coll. Quoy & Gaimard); Guichenot, Cat. Scarifies, 62, 1865, in Mem. Soc. Imp. Sei. Cherbourg. XI (a redescription of type); Giinther, Cat., IV, 213, 1862 (footnote). Cryptotomus sandwicensis, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 512 (Hawaiian Islands). Calotomus saudvicensis, Jenkins. Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 467 (Honolulu). 271. Calotomus snyderi Jenkins. Fig. 145. Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.6; eye 5.6 in head; snout 2.8; preorbital 4.7; interorbital 4; D. ix, 10; A. in, 10; P. 12; scales 2-25-6. Body short, deep, and much compressed; dorsal outline rather straight from tip of snout to nape, from which point it is gently convex to origin of dorsal, thence in a long, low curve to base of caudal Fig. 145. — Calotomus snyderi Jenkins: from the type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 343 peduncle; ventral outline rather evenly convex; head short, as deep as long; snout bluntly conic, lower jaw slightly included; mouth small, in axis of body; teeth in front of each jaw free, convex, incisor¬ like, in 2 or 3 rows; upper jaw with 2 moderately strong, recurved canines, inside and posterior to which is a row of close-set smaller teeth; side of lower jaw with overlapping series of rounded incisor¬ like teeth; preorbital oblique, moderately deep; eye small, high up; interorbital broad, low, convex; caudal peduncle 2 in head. Scales large, thin, adherent, the free edges membranous; 4 scales on median line in front of dorsal; cheek with a single row of 4 scales; opercle with 2 rows of large scales, 3 scales on the lower limb; lateral line complete, decurved under base of last dorsal ray, where there is usually one or more supernumerary pores; pores of lateral line numerously and widely branched, the branches varying from 4 or 5 to 12 or more. Dorsal spines soft and flexible, the longest about equaling snout; soft dorsal somewhat elevated, the longest rays equaling distance from tip of snout to pupil; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal some¬ what lunate, the upper lobe the longer, about 1.8 in head; ventral short, reaching barely half way to origin of anal; pectoral broad, reaching past tips of ventrals, its length 1.3 in head. Color in alcohol, dirty yellowish brown on head and body, marbled with light and darker; side above lateral line with a series of about 5 roundish white spots as large as pupil, and numerous smaller irregular, less distinct white spots; side below lateral line with about 10 or 12 large rounded white spots and numerous small white specks and irregular markings, these especially distinct in pectoral region; head with similar white specks and markings; dorsal fin brown with irregular paler spots; membrane between first and! second dorsal spines black; soft dorsal with a large brownish black spot at base of last 5 or 6 rays; anal similar to soft dorsal, blotches not so distinct; a series of black blotches at bases of rays, the one on last ray larger than others, covering base of last membrane; ventrals brownish, dusky at tip, a paler interspace; pectoral duSky, dark at base and in axil, pale on tip. The only specimen known is the type No. 50850, 10.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu in 1889. Calotomns snyderi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 467, fig. 25, Honolulu (Type, No. 50850, U. S. Nat. Mus., field No. 1369). Genns 169. SCARIDEA Jenkins. Jaws subequal, the lower barely included; gill-membranes broadly joined to the isthmus, and not forming a fold across it; upper lip double for only about half its length; lateral line continuous- 1 row of scales on the cheek; teeth white, distinct in anterior portion of each jaw, in more than 1 series irregularly imbricated; lateral teeth in upper jaw small, in a single series, the tips free, the bases coalesced; lateral teeth in lower jaw large, distinct, but close-set, in a single series; posterior canines present ; dorsal spines pungent. This genus is related to Calotomns in the character of the teeth, but differs from it in having stiff, pungent dorsal spines, in this agreeing with Sparisoma. From Scarichthys Bleeker it differs in having pungent spines, in having the upper lip double for only a portion of its length, and in the distinct, teeth. From Callyodonliclilhys Bleeker it is distinguished by the included lower jaw and the distinct teeth in upper jaw. Two species known. Scat-idea Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 468 (zonarcha). a. Anal and caudal mottled; head comparatively long, 3 in length; eye large, 3.7 in head . zonarcha. p. 343 aa. Anal and caudal without mottling; head shorter, 3.25 in length; eye smaller, 5 in head . halt a. p. 344 272. Scat-idea zonarcha Jenkins. Fig. 146. Head 3 in length; depth 2.75; eye 3.7 in head; snout 2.6; mandible 3.7; interorbital 5; preorbital 5.6; D. ix, 9; A. ii, 9; P. 12; scales 2-24—5, 19 tubes before the bend. Body compressed, the dorsal outline more convex than the ventral, the highest portion at third dorsal spine; head nearly as deep as long; month horizontal, in axis of body; lips thin, the upper double for only a part of its length, the lower double for only a short distance; lips covering only bases of teeth; eye moderate, its lower border above axis of body; interorbital somewhat narrower than eye, slightly convex; caudal peduncle 2.6 in head. Jaws subequal, the lower slightly included; teeth white, distinct on anterior portion of each jaw and in more than 1 series, irregularly imbricated; lateral teeth in upper jaw small, in a single series, 844 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. outer extremities free, the bases coalesced; lateral teeth in lower jaw large, distinct, in a single series, crowded at base; 2 posterior teeth on one and one on the other side of upper jaw canine-like and turned backward. Dorsal spines pungent, about 2.1 in head; soft dorsal slightly higher; anal similar to soft dorsal, but lower; caudal truncate or slightly rounded; pectoral 1.6 in head; reaching slightly beyond tips of centrals; origins of dorsal, pectoral, and ventrals in same vertical line. Scales large, firm, thin, those on nape and breast not reduced; 3 scales on median line in front of dorsal; 1 row of 3 scales on cheek; large scales on upper and posterior part of opercle, 1 scale showing on lower limb; rest of head naked; a sheath of scales at base of dorsal, none at base of anal; lateral line complete, the tubes much branched. Color in alcohol, general ground-color of body and tins, except pectoral, light brown, with numerous scattered darker reddish brown spots, of indistinct outline, about size of pupil, these spots on body corresponding with the rows of scales, and showing within their area small lighter specks; dorsal light brown with about 2 or 3 cross series of large darker brown spots, edge of fin blackish; anal and caudal similar to dorsal; ventrals mottled but lighter; pectoral pale, dusky at base. Known only from 3 specimens obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu, in 1889, the length of these being from 4 to 5.75 inches. Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins, Bull. T". S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1003), 468, Honolulu (type, No. 50851, U. S. N. M.). 273. Scaridea balia Jenkins. Fig. 147. Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.4; eye 5 in head; snout 2.9; preorbital 4; interorbital 4.3; scales 2-24-5; D. ix, 10; A. it, 9; P. 12. Body short, deep, and compressed; dorsal outline regularly and evenly arched from tip of snout to caudal peduncle, somewhat straighter from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, there being no angle at the last-mentioned point; ventral outline evenly convex; head short and deep; snout short; mouth moderate, about horizontal, in line with axis of body, the gape reaching past vertical from nostril; lower jaw included, each jaw with 2 irregular rows of teeth; teeth in anterior portion of each jaw distinct, imbricated in 2 irregular series; upper jaw with 2 posterior canines directed backward, lateral teeth of upper jaw distinct, small, and in a single series; each side of lower jaw with about 5 distinct blunt incisor-like teeth in a single series; no teeth inside of front series of upper jaw; preorbital and interorbital rather narrow, the latter little convex, somewhat concave anteriorly; dorsal spines stiff and pungent, length of longest about equal to snout; soft dorsal somewhat elevated, longest ray 2.1 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, slightly lower; caudal rounded, 1.6 in head; ventrals short, their FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 345 tips reaching scarcely half way to origin of anal; pectoral short, free edge rounded, its length a little greater than that of ventrals. Scales large; lateral line continuous from upper end of gill-opening to posterior end of dorsal fin, where it curves downward 2 rows, continuing to base of caudal fin; tubes of lateral line numerously and widely branched, the branches 4 to 6 or 7 in number, a few additional tubes at the bend of lateral line; one series of about 4 scales on cheek between which and eye are several long tubes; opercle with a series of large scales on basal portion; 4 scales on median line in front of dorsal fin. Color in spirits, dirty rusty brown, paler below, upper part of side above lateral line with a series of about 6 roundish whitish spots larger than pupil; a similar series of about 4 spots on first row of scales below lateral line; lower part of. side with 2 or more similar spots; side of head and body Fig. 117. — Scaridea batia Jenkins; from the type. with a few scattered, smaller, less distinct whitish spots; dorsal tin indistinctly mottled with light and brownish; membrane between flrst and second spines blackish at the center; anal and caudal rather uniformly plain pale brownish without distinct markings; pectoral and ventrals lighter brownish; base of pectoral darker brown. This species differs from Scar idea zonarcha in the greater depth of body, the much greater distance between tips of ventrals and origin of anal, the greater distinctness of the w hite spots on body, the less distinct mottling of the dorsal tin, and the entire absence of mott lings on anal and caudal. The only specimen know n is the type, No. 50852, U. 8. National Museum (original No. 1985), 10 inches long, obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1896. Scaridra balia Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1932 (Sept. 23, 1903), 469, Honolulu. Genus 170. CALLYODON Gronow. Lower pharyngeals spoon-shaped, ovate-oblong, transversely concave; teeth in each jaw fully coalescent, appearing as tessellations on the surface; jaws w ith distinct median suture; edges of jaw- even, the teeth whitish, or rosy, in color; upper pharyngeals each with 2 rows of teeth; gill- membranes scarcely united to the narrow isthmus, across which they form a broad fold; dorsal spines flexible, scarcely different from the soft rays; upper lip laterally double, the interior fold becoming very narrow or obsolete mesially; lower jaw included in the closed mouth; lateral line interrupted posteriorly, beginning again on the next series of scales below ; tubes of lateral line scarcely branched; scales on cheek in 2 to 4 rows; scales in front of dorsal on median line 6 to 8; dorsal ix, 10; anal hi, 9 in all species; scales £-24-6; body robust. Species very numerous, mostly of large si/e, found in nearly all tropical seas. BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 346 Cully odon Groncnv, Museum Ichth., II, 1766, 8 (croicensis). Scant, s Forskal, Descr. Anini., etc., in Orient Observ., 1775, 25 (psiltacus, etc.); not of Gronow, 1766, which =Lahrus Linnaeus. Calliodon Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth.. 312, 1801 ( l in eatv. s = croicensis ) . Haiti stoma S wainson , Class. Fishes, etc., II, 226, 1839 (rcticulatus Swainson -pepo Bennett) (= Scar us). Pctrqiiqson Swainson, op. cit., {psiltacus) (= Scarus). Erychthys Swainson, op. cit., ( croicensis ). Chlorurus Swainson, op. cit., 227 (gibbus) ( =Scarus ). Callyodqn Gronow, Systema, PM. Gray, 83, 1854 ( lineatus , etc.). Scants Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 938, 1883 ( psiltacus ). Calliodon Jordan, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, 591 ( croicensis ). a. Upper jaw usually without posterior canines. b. Eye comparatively small, 6 or more in head. c. Eye very small, 8 or more in head. d. Head comparatively long, about 2.74 in length; eye 8 in head; interorbital 2.75 in head; general color reddish without bars or markings on fins or scales, excepting a narrow violet line on outer margin of dorsal and anal . miniatus , p. 346 dd. Head shorter, about 3.35 in length; eye 9; interorbital 2.35 in head; general color green, with bars or stripes on dorsal, and spots on scales of lower sides . pcrspicillatus, p. 347 cc. Eye larger, less than 8 in head. r. Preorbital comparatively wide, 4 in head: eye comparatively small, 5.6 in head . . borborus , p. 349 cc. Preorbital narrower, 5 or more in head; eye larger, 6 or more in head. /. Body comparatively slender, depth about 3 in length; anal rays 9; general color gray or leaden. q . General color gray, streaked and barred; eye 6.2 in head; caudal lunate, the outer rays somewhat produced. brunnciis , p. 349 gg. General body color uniformly leaden, without streaks or bars; eye 6 in head; caudal truncate or slightly lunate, the outer rays scarcely produced . dubius , p. 350 JJ. Body deeper, depth 2.34 in length; anal rays 10; general color brownish . ahula, p. 351 bb. Eye larger, less than 6 in head. h. Body comparatively slender, depth 3.25 in length; eye 5.2 in head; 2 rather distinct white stripes from near base of pectoral along lower part of side, disappearing before reaching vertical of anal origin. bennetti , p. 352 hh. Body deeper, depth 2.8 in length; eye 5.5 in head; no white stripes as above . paluca, p. 352 an. Upper jaw with canines usually present. i. Dental plates not conspicuously colored; whitish, not green or rosy. j. Caudal truncate or moderately lunate, the outer rays not much produced. k. Dorsal green at base and along the edge, the middle translucent; pectorals and ventraVs green. jenkinsi, p. 353 kk. Colors not as above. /. Upper jaw with 2 posterior canines, 1 on lower jaw; caudal moderately lunate . gilberti, p. 354 11. Upper jaw with 1 small posterior canine, none on lower jaw; caudal truncate . Jormosus, p. 355 jj. Caudal deeply lunate, the outer rays considerably produced . lauia, p. 355 ii. Dental plates conspicuously colored, green or rosy. in. Dental plates rosy; color bands on head green or absent; pectorals not yellow. n. Posterior canines 2; general body color green; caudal with color bands, outer rays produced. batariensis, p. 356 nn. Posterior canines 1; general color violet-olive; no color bands on caudal; the fin rounded, outer rays not produced . erythrodon, p. 357 274. Callyodon miniatus (Jenkins). “ Ufm.” Fig. 148. Head 2.74 in length; depth 2.6; eye 8 in head; snout 2.2; preorbital 4; interorbital 2.75; I), ix, 10; A. hi, 9; P. 14; scales 2-24-6. Body deep and compressed; dorsal profile quite evenly convex from tip of snout to base of caudal peduncle; ventral outline scarcely less convex; head large, heavy, and deep; snout very blunt, but long; mouth small, in axis of body; jaws subequal, the lower slightly included; teeth white dusky yellowish at base; posterior tooth scarcely developed, usually not evident; upper lip double only pos¬ teriorly, only covering about half the dental plate, lower lip narrow, not covering half the dental plate; cheek with 2 rows of scales, 6 scales in the upper and only 1 or 2 in the lower row, these latter small and sometimes not apparent; in old individuals the cheek scales are embedded and scarcely visi¬ ble; no scales on lower limb of preopercle; a series of scales on margin of opercle, those on lower limb more or less embedded; 4 scales on median line in front of dorsal; lateral line interrupted under base of last but 1 dorsal ray, reappearing 2 scales below and continuing to caudal; tubes of lateral line much branched. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 347 Dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length about 4 in head; dorsal rays somewhat elevated, the longest 2.7 in head; anal high, similar to soft dorsal; caudal slightly lunate in adult, truncate in the young, the lobes rounded, not produced; ventrals short, about 2 in head; pectorals longer, the free edge oblique, 1.5 in head, the breadth one-third its length, membranes of spinous dorsal, anal, and ventral fleshy. Color in life, body, head, and fins all dull red, becoming a lighter red on lower parts and darker to a dusky reddish brown on upper portion of body; no distinct markings anywhere except a narrow- violet line on outer margin of dorsal and anal fins; iris brow n. Another specimen (No. 03365) was in Fig. 148. — Ccillyodon miniatus (Jenkins); from the type. life brown washed with red; basal half of all the fins brown red, distal half paler, of a bright pink, this especially true of caudal and anal; ventrals pink like the breast. In alcohol the color fades to a dull dusky or reddish brown, the caudal peduncle paler; the fins all pale dusky yellowish. This is one of the largest and most important species of this genus in Hawaiian waters. It is not very common and brings an extravagant price in the markets, being eaten raw- at native feasts or “luaus.” The collection contains a dozen specimens, 5.5 to 19 inches long, all from Honolulu. Scants miniatus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XIX. 1899 (Aug. 30. 1900 i. 62, fig. 20, Honolulu (type, No. 12144, Stanford Univ.; coll. O. P. Jenkins); ibid., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 470 (Honolulu). 275. Callyodon perspicillatus (Steindachner). “ Vhuidiuli." Fig. 149. Head 3.1 in length; depth 2.9; eye 9 in head; snout 2.2; interorbital 2.35; D. ix, 10; A. n, 10 (9 or 10); scales 2-24-6. Body short, stout and compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about evenly arched; head as deep as long, compressed; snout very blunt, its anterior profile perpendicular, as high as long; no canine teeth evident; eye high, median; caudal peduncle deep, 2 in head. Fins moderate, origin of dorsal over upper base of pectoral, rays higher than spines, last ray but one longest, 2.5 in bead; last anal ray slightly -the longer, last but one 2.2 in head; caudal very slightly lunate; ventrals not reaching vent by half their length; longest ray 1.8 in head; pectoral broadly falcate, longest ray 1.3 in head. Scales large and thin; 4 scales before dorsal, a single row of 5 scales on preoperde, a single scale under the last posterior scale in the row, lower edge of preoperde with a single row- of large scales- 3 rows of large scales on opercle; last scale of lateral line very broad and large, more than half the w idth of caudal peduncle and much the largest scale on the fish; 4 scales in front of ventrals; lateral line following curvature of back to the row of scales except one under the last dorsal ray, then dropping down 1 row and continuing on middle of caudal, peduncle to base of caudal; pores with 2 tubes generally, sometimes with 3 or more. 348 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life (No. 03367), vitriol green, each scale on sides edged with brown-drab; belly livid lavender drab, the scales with small round blue spots on side as far up as pectoral ; a gray drab area behind head reaching nearly to end of pectoral, covered with small blue spots and navy blue streaks; lower part of head violet with elaborate sky-blue markings, opercular flap bright golden green, stripe and ring about eye blue; snout violet, then brown with a light green area bordered by sky blue, then a golden brown area similarly bordered; dorsal with 2 stripes of bluish green, 2 of golden brown, the edge clear blue; caudal clear blue, the rays dusky; anal like dorsal, the stripes broader; pectoral light blue, the upper rays and a stripe across base bright blue; a golden brown shade at base; caudal bright golden brown, the outer and inner rays bright blue. Color in spirits, body bright greenish, edges of the scales purplish, under parts paler, postocular region, upper half of opercle and region under and above pectoral purplish with numerous small round green spots, those on posterior portion of area modified into irregular green lines; snout purplish; a broad purplish saddle bounded by a narrow blue-green border over middle portion of snout reaching level of mouth on each side; a narrow blue-green line connecting eyes and extending around front of eye and backward upon cheek for an eye’s diameter; 2 short postorbital blue-green streaks; 2 or 3 curved green streaks on cheek; lower lip with a broad blue-green border covering entire width Fig. 149. — Callyodmi perspicillatus (Steindachner); after Steindachner. back to bases of branchiostegals, bending upward to angle of snout, and then continuing upward and backward across cheek in a wavy blue-green stripe; a narrow stripe of same color beginning on side of head, under this continuing downward and backward to near edge of subopercle, where it turns backward, inclosing 3 small areas and then extends upward along edge of preopercle to middle of cheek; middle line of branchiostegal membranes blue-green; a few thin green streaks and spots under base of pectoral; dorsal fin with a scallopy blue-green base, a median stripe and a border of same color, the median stripe separating 2 yellowish purple or whitish stripes; anal similar, the basal blue-green streak narrower and broken up into scallopy spots, the median green streak much broader, the green border also broken; caudal bluish green, the edges brightest; ventrals creamy white, the edges pale green, the inner edge narrowly blue-green; pectoral purplish dusky, upper edge bright blue-green. This is one of the largest and most beautiful specjes of Sraridie occurring among the Hawaiian Islands. It reaches a length of nearly 2 feet, is fairly common, and is highly esteemed by the natives. We have 6 specimens from Honolulu and the Alba trim secured it at Puako Bay. It is known also from Johnston Island. Saarus (S earns) perspiriUatus Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. XLI. 1*», pi. iv, fig. 1, 1879, Sandwich Islands. Scams jte.rspicillafus, Smith & Swain, Proe. V. S. Nat. Mus. 2882, 13*1 ( Johnston Island); Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 470 (Honolulu). Snyder, op. eit., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), 531 (Puako Bay). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 349 276. Callyodon borborus (Jordan & Evermann). “Panuhu.” Fig. 150. Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.2; eye 6.6 in head; snout 2.9; interorbital 2.9; preorbital 4; I). I \ . 10; A. in, 9; P. 14; scales .2-25-6. Body oblong, not very deep nor greatly compressed; head about as long as deep, conic, com¬ pressed; snout short, blunt and rounded; upper jaw produced, its lip double, covering entire dental plate; lower lip covering half of dental plate; no canine teeth; eye anterior, high, its lower bonier considerably above upper base of pectoral; caudal peduncle short and deep, its depth 2 in head. Origin of dorsal over upper hase of pectoral, spines flexible, short, not quite as long as rays; longest ray 2.1 in head; longest anal ray 2.2 in head; caudal truncate; veil trate4 1.9 in head, not reaching vent by half their length; pectoral 1.5 in head. Scales large and thin, very slightly roughened by radiating lines of granulations extending to margins of scales; lateral line interrupted, the pores being on 18 scales, then dropping 2 rows to row of scales under posterior base of dorsal, and continuing to base of caudal on middle of caudal peduncle, 7 pores in the shorter part, which begins Fig. 150. — CaUyotion borborus (Jordan & Evermann); from the type. on the row following the row on which the upper part ends, there not being 2 pores in the same row; scales extending well out on the caudal, the last scale of lateral line very large and thin, being the largest scale on the fish; 4 scales in median line before dorsal; 2 rows of scales on cheek, 5 scales in upper row and 2 to 4 in lower, sometimes only 2 on posterior part; 2 rows on opercle, and 1 on lower margin. Color in alcohol, grayish leaden brown, lighter below; no markings on fins different from corre¬ sponding parts of body. The above description is based on the type, No. 50649, IT. S. X. M. (field No. 04316), a specimen 7.75 inches long, from Honolulu; cotype, No. 27. 35, U. K. F. C. (field No. 04354), 7.5 inches long, and cotype, No. 7465, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. (field No. 650), 5.5 inches long, both from Honolulu. Scams barborusa Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 197, Honolulu. 277. Callyodon brunneus (Jenkins). Fig. 151. Head 3 in length; depth 3; eye 6.2 in head; snout 3; preorbital 5.2; interorbital 3; D. ix, 10; A. hi,9; P. 13; V. 6; scales 2-25-6. Body short, deep and moderately compressed; dorsal and ventral profiles about equally convex; head short and moderately deep; snout bluntly pointed; mouth small, in axis of body, about hori¬ zontal, lower jaw slightly included; teeth white, posterior canine in upper jaw occasionally but not usually present; upper lip double for its whole length, almost wholly covering upper dental plate; lower lip covering more than half of dental plate; eye small, the lower edge of orbit on axis of body; inter- orbital space broad, gently convex. o Misprint for borborus. 350 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Scales large, 4 rows in front of origin of dorsal, cheek with 2 rows of scales, 6 in the upper and 4 in the lower, anterior limb of operole without scales, a row of scales along margin of opercle; lateral line interrupted under base of last dorsal ray, reappearing 2 rows farther down, 18 pores in the first part and 8 in the other, the tubes somewhat branched. Dorsal spines soft and flexible, low, their length 3.5 in head; dorsal rays not elevated, the edge of the fin gently rounded; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays shorter than snout; caudal lunate, outer rays somewhat produced, about 1.7 in head; ventrals short, about equaling snout and eye; pectoral longer, reaching past tips of ventrals, its length 1.4 in head. Color in life, gray mottled, streaked scored and barred with gray and brown; reddish-brown bar on lower jar; some reddish on belly, ventral fins, and front of anal; vent blue; pectoral dull yellowish, a black bar at its base; tip of caudal white; no bright colors; dark behind eye, a dark scale on opercle. Another specimen when fresh was dirty mottled brown, scales with coppery-red below; dorsal like back; caudal and anal more reddish, vaguely mottled; ventral coppery, and pectoral colorless, a dark bar across base. Color in spirits dark rusty brown mottled and blotched with darker and paler; dorsal and anal dark purplish brown. This species reaches a length of about 10 or 12 inches, and is not uncommon in the markets of Honolulu. We have examined 15 specimens, all from Honolulu, 7 collected by Dr. Jenkins, 1 by the Albatross in 1896, 1 by Dr. Wood, and 6 by us. The length varies from 4.25 to 9.5 inches. Scarus bnnmcus Jenkins, Bull. 1'. is. Fish. Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 59, lig. 10, Honolulu (type, No. 0139, Stanford Univ. Coll., O. P. Jenkins); ibid., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 470 (Honolulu). 278. Callyodon dubius (Bennett). Plate 44." Head 3.1 in length; depth 3.1; eye 6 in head; snout 3; preorbital 5: interorbital 3.2; 1). ix, 10; A. m, 9; P. 14; scales 2-25-6. Body short, stout, not deep and not greatly compressed; head short and blunt; snout short; anterior profile evenly curved from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; ventral outline less convex; mouth small, horizontal, slightly below axis of body, lower jaw included; upper lip entirely covering upper dental plate, lower lip leaving a portion of lower dental plate exposed ; no posterior canine in either jaw; teeth white; eye small, lower edge of orbit in line with axis of body; interorbital space wide, broadly convex. Scales large, 4 rows on median line in front of dorsal; cheek with 2 rows, 8 scales in the upper and 3 in the lower, subopercle with a single row; opercle with a single row of large scales; lateral line a Scarus dubius on plate. SCA R U S 'tytt-STD-S B E N N-ETT. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 351 interrupted under last dorsal ray, to reappear again 2 rows farther down, 18 pores in the first part and 7 in the last; tubes of lateral line with very short branches. Dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length scarcely equaling snout; soft dorsal not elevated, the border of the entire fin uniformly rounded; anal similar to soft dorsal, its rays equaling snout; caudal truncate or very slightly lunate, the outer rays scarcely produced, their length 1.6 in head; pectoral longer, reaching origin of anal, 1.3 in head. Color of a nearly fresh specimen in formalin, deep lead-color, body and fins uniform, a leaden band across caudal; pectoral light yellowish, yellow at tip; terminal band of caudal pale lead-color; center of each scale darker lead-color; ventral pale; tip of opercle with a large blackish spot. Color in spirits, dark brownish, the edges of the scales paler; dorsal and anal dark brownish; caudal dusky; centrals and pectoral pale dusky. The collection contains but a single example (No. 03405), 6.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu. This species occurs also in Samoa. Scarus dubius Bennett. Zool. Journ.. IV, 828. Xo. XIII, Art. Ill, 37. Oahu. Pseudoscams dubius, Gunther, Cat., IV, 229, 1862 (Sandwich Islands; Fiji Islands). 279. Callyodon ahula (Jenkins). “ Ahuula “ 1‘anukunahd .” Fig. 152. Head 2.8 in length; depth 2.34; eye 6 in head; snout 2.7; preorbital 5; interorbital 3; D. ix, 10; A. in, 10; P. 14; V. i, 5; scales 2-24-6. Body short, deep, strongly compressed; dorsal profile rather strongly arched, slightly depressed in front of eyes; head rather deep; snout prominent, the lower jaw included; mouth small, entirely below axis of body; dental plates white, yellowish at base; no posterior canines; upper lip double its entire length, covering about half the upper dental plate; lower lip short, covering less than half lower dental plate; eye small, lower edge of orbit on body axis; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.2 in head. Scales large, 4 rows in front of dorsal, a single row of 4 scales on cheek, behind which are 2 scales placed one above the other; posterior limb of opercle with 2 series, the anterior with 1 series of scales; lateral line interrupted under last dorsal ray and continued to base of caudal 2 rows lower down, the tubes somewhat wavy and little branched. Dorsal fin rather high, the spines soft and flexible, their length about equal to that of snout; soft dorsal scarcely higher; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal fin slightly convex, the lobes rounded, 1.8 in head; pectoral 1.4 in head; ventrals not reaching vent, 1.8 in head. Head, body, and fins uniformly brown, with reddish tinges brightest on fins and throat; base of caudal paler; no distinct markings anywhere. 352 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. This species reaches a length of about 9 or 10 inches, and is known only from the 5 specimens recorded by Dr. Jenkins and others obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu. Scams ahula Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 01, fig. 19, Honolulu (Type, No. 6142, Stanford Univ , Coll. O. P. Jenkins): ibid., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903). 470 (Honolulu) ; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 531 (Honolulu i. 280. Callyodon bennetti (Cinder & Valenciennes). Plate 45. « Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.25; eye 5.2 in head; snout2.fi; preorbital 6; interorbital 3.2; 1). jx, 10; A. hi, 9; P. 13; scales 2-24-6. Body rather short, moderately deep, not greatly compressed; head longer than deep, compressed; snout subconic, lower jaw included; lips covering about half of each jaw; dental plates white; no posterior canine teeth; eye high, entirely above upper base of pectoral, slightly anterior; caudal peduncle 2.5 in head. Origin of dorsal a little posterior to upper base of pectoral, spines flexible, of about equal length and equal to rays, the longest spine 2.5 in head; longestanal ray 2.75 in head; caudal slightly rounded; ventrals 2 in head, not reaching vent by 0.75 of their length; pectoral broad, 1.6 in head. Scales large, smooth; scales on cheek in 3 rows, upper with 6 scales, next with 6, lower with 2; 2 rows of scales on opercle, its lower edge with a single row; lateral line interrupted, 17 pores in upper part, which ends on the first row of scales beyond the last dorsal ray, then drops 2 rows and continues along middle of caudal peduncle to base, there being 7 pores in the shorter part. Color in alcohol, brownish olivaceous, edges of scales darker; 2 rather distinct white stripes from near base of pectoral along lower part of side, disappearing before reaching vertical of anal origin; fins all plain olivaceous, scarcely mottled; tip of caudal not white. This species was originally described from the Hawaiian Islands. The collection made by Dr. Wood at Honolulu in 1898 contains a single specimen, No. 2081, 5.25 inches long. Also found in Samoa. Scams bennetti Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss,, XIV, 270, 1839, Sandwich Islands; Jenkins, Bull. IT. s Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 470 (Honolulu). 281. Callyodon paluca (Jenkins). “ Palukahika.” Fig. 153. Head1 3 in length; depth 2.8; eye 5.5 in head; snout 2.75; interorbital 2.9; D. ix, 10; A. ill, 9; P. 14: scales, 2-24-6. Fig. 153. — Callyodon paluca (Jenkins); from the type. Body deep, compressed; dorsal and ventral outline evenly arched; head longer than deep, com¬ pressed, bluntly conic; lower jaw included; teeth white, no posterior canine; upper lip double, its entire length and covering little more than half the dental plate, lower lip covering half of lower plate; lower edge of eye slightly above upper base of pectoral. a Scar us bennetti on plate. Bull. U. S.F.C. 1903 Sca us bennetti Cuvier & Valenciennes. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 358 Origin of dorsal over upper base of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout equal to head; dorsal spines flexible, all except first and second of about equal length, longest 2.75 in head, longest ray 2.4 in head; longest anal ray 2.4 in head; caudal truncate, lobes not produced; ventral* 1.85 in head, not reaching vent by two-thirds its own length; pectoral 1.6 in head. Scales large and thin, very slightly roughened by radiating lints of granulations extending to margin of scales; cheek with 3 rows of scales, 6 scales in upper row, 4 or 5 in middle, 2 in lower, which extends upon anterior limb of preopercle; posterior limb of opercle with 2 rows of large scales; anterior limb with a single series; . Xo specimens have been seen by us. Scams formosus Cuvier ,V Valenciennes, Hist. Xat. Poiss., XIV. 283, 1839. Sandwich Islands; Eydoux & Souleyet, Voyage Bonite, Zoo!.. II, 191, pi. 6, fig. 3. Sandwich Islands, same type. Pseudoscarus formosus, Guichenot, Mem. Soc. Imp. Cherbourg, 1S65, 57 (Eydoux A: Sonleyet's specimen). 285. Callyodon lauia (Jordan A Evermann) . “Lunin.” Plate XLIII. Head 2.8 in length; depth 2.7; eye 6.75 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 4.8; interorbital 2.8; D. ix. 10; A. in, 9; P. 1.3 on one side, 14 on other; scales 2-25-6. Body short, stout, and compressed; head heavy; snout rather short, bluntly rounded; dorsal and ventral outlines about equall.v arched, anterior profile slightly concave before the eyes; nape strongly convex; mouth small, nearly horizontal, in axis of body; upper jaw with 1 or 2 moderately strong backwardlv directed canines; a similar but smaller canine sometimes present on lower jaw; cutting edge of upper jaw fitting outside that of lower; teeth white; eye small, entirely above axis of body; opercle with a broad short flap. Scales large, their surface with fine lines and granulations; nape and breast with large scales; cheek with 2 rows of large scales, about 7 in each; subopercle and lower limb of preopercle each with a row of scales; opercle with large scales; lateral line broken under last dorsal ray, reappearing 1 row lower down and continuing to caudal fin, the pores with 2 to 4 branches; a series of these oblong scales along base of dorsal and anal; base of caudal with 3 or 4 very long, thin scales. Dorsal spines soft and flexible, not pungent, the longest about 2.7 in head; soft portion of dorsal somewhat higher, especially posteriorly where the rays are about 2.4 in head; anal spines soft and flexible, the first obscure, the third about 4.3 in head; anal rays higher, the last but one longest, 3 in head; caudal deeply lunate, the 3 or 4 outer rays above and below produced, length of middle rays 2.3 in head, or 2 in outer rays; ventrals moderate, not reaching vent, 1.9 in head; pectoral broad, s the free margin oblique, length of longest rays 1.3 in head. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 356 Color in life, head brownish yellow before eyes, the jaws lighter yellow; cheek washed with brownish and bine, throat greenish; nuchal and opercular regions brownish orange, body salmon-color above, the belly lighter yellow, most of the scales with an edging of greenish blue; a deep blue line from nostril before and behind upper part of eye; upper lip deep blue, the streak forming an interrupted line before eye; lower jaw with 2 blue cross lines, 1 marginal; a dark-blue spot behind angle of mouth; deep blue blotches on’ interopercle; dorsal deep blue with a peculiar jagged stripe of light brownish yellow; anal with blue spots at base, then light yellow, then deep blue, then green with blue edge; caudal brownish yellow, with bright blue edgings and a median area of bright golden green; ventrals golden, trimmed with bright blue; pectoral golden with deep blue above and greenish blue on lower rays, a salmon streak across base with greenish blue behind it. Another example (No. 03040, 10 inches long) was in life pale coppery rosy, darker on first 3 rows of scales; the center of each scale in the first 5 rows greenish blue; under parts pale rosy, with orange wash; head pale rosy, a small postocular blue spot, a short blue line forward from eye, and a second of same color on upper lip and across cheek to eye, where it has a slight break, then continues under eye as a greenish-blue bar; under lip with narrow blue edge; chin faded salmon, with a double blue crescent; space from chin to isthmus bright blue; an oblong bright blue spot on suboperde, behind which is a smaller irregular one bordered above by a broad greenish-blue space; dorsal green¬ ish blue, with a broad submedian orange band, the lower greenish-blue band made up of large, scarcely connected, bluish spots, the upper half continuous with a narrow bright blue border; a small orange blotch on base of last dorsal ray; caudal pale rosy at base, then with a greenish bar, followed by a broad rosy bar, then by a broad terminal greenish-blue bar, dark blue in front, greenish in middle and pale blue on outer third; upper and lower edges of caudal blue, below which is a broad rosy orange stripe; anal greenish blue at base, then a broad orange stripe, the outer half greenish blue with narrow bright blue edge; pectoral orange anteriorly, pale bluish behind, the anterior border blue; ventrals orange, anterior edge and tip blue; iris pale orange. Color in spirits, light, dirty grayish white, lighter below; a narrow pea-green stripe on edge of upper lip, breaking up into irregular spots from angle of mouth to lower edge of orbit, a similar stripe from nostril to eye and slightly beyond upper posterior border of eye, these lines sometimes continu¬ ous and unbroken; lower jaw edged with green, a broader pea-green cross-stripe at anterior edge of branchiostegal opening; subopercles each with a broad green stripe; line of union of gill-membranes broadly green; dorsal with a series of large olive-green spots at base and a broad band of similar color on distal half, these separated bv a paler band and cut by intrusions from it both above and below; dorsal fin with a very narrow paler border; and with a series of greenish spots at base, then a broad pale yellowish white line, bounded distal I y by an indefinite, wavy, black line shading off into the greenish of the distal half; last ray of anal dusky on its outer third; caudal greenish-olive at base and on produced outer rays, edges of fin above and below green; middle rays with a broad lunate area of pale green, scalloped proximally by dark green, separated from the lighter green base by a broad whitish interspace, the upper and lower edge also darker green; ventrals creamy white, the outer edge pale greenish; pectoral whitish, the upper edge dusky. There is some variation in the width of the green markings on the head, sometimes the stripes on the lower part of the head being very broad. This species is related to C. gilberli, from which it differs in the more strongly produced caudal lobes, in the narrower lines on the snout, the'broader green lines on the throat, the absence of a green median line on the breast, and in the very different coloration of the fins. It is also near- to Callyodon formosus, a species we have as yet failed to recognize. Besides the type obtained at Hilo, we have 4 examples from Honolulu collected by us and 1 by Dr. Wood. Scams lauia Jordan A Evermanu, Bull, r, s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1 002 (April 11, 1903), 19fi, Hilo. (Type, No. VOfrls, U. S. Nat, Mus.) 286. Callyodon bataviensis (Blocker). Fig. 155. Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower preopercular limb being entirely naked; the lower series composed of ti scales; upper lip broad; jaws rosy, the upper with 1 or 2 conical teeth at the angle, none at the lower; dorsal spines subequal in length; 14 pectoral rays; caudal rounded, with the angles produced. Color green; lips red, blue anteriorly and green posteriorily; the green band of the upper lip and FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 857 the blue band of the lower lij> passing behind the angle of the mouth into a green band running to the lower angle of the orbit; 2 short green streaks behind the orbit; dorsal tin red, with a blue mar¬ gin, and with a green band along the middle; anal similarly colored; caudal rosy, with the upper and lower margins blue, and with .1 or 4 slightly curved blue cross-bands. Known from the Hawaiian Islands only from Steindachn'er’s record. Fin. lf>5. — Callyodon bataviensis (Bleeker); after Bleekor. " Scar us collnna Riippell, Neue Wirbelt.. Fisclie, 25 la f. 8, li^. 2, 1888, Massawah, Red Sea, Scant* forskali. Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist, Nat. Poiss., XIII, 849, 1889, Red Sea. Scarus batarirnsh Bleeker, Nat. T. Ned. hid., XIII, 1857, 342. Batavia. Pteudoscarus bataviensis, Bleeker, Atlas Iehth., I, 48, taf. 12, li^. 3, 1862; (liinther. Cat., IV, 231, 1862 (from Bleeker); (Stein daehner. Denies, Ak. YViss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 508 (Honolulu). Scarus collaris Cuvier. & Vallene.iennes, op. eit.. XIV, 265, 1839, Massawah, Red Sea. Pseiido8canis collana, Gunther, Cat., IV, 230, 1862 (Red Sea). 287. Callyodon erythrodon (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Fig. 156. Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower preopercular limb being entirely naked; upper lip broad; jaws rosy, with a conical tooth at the angle (in adult state); dorsal spines subequal in length; 15 pectoral rays; caudal rounded. Fig. 166. — Callyodon erythrodon (Cuvier & Valenciennes); after Bleeker. 358 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color, violet-olive, vertical fins darker. Laysan Island. Known from the Hawaiian Islands only from Steindacliner’s record. Common in Samoa. Scarus erythrodon Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 255, 1839. lie de France. Scams sumbatveiisis Bleeker, Contrib. Ichth. Fauna Sumbnwa, in Journ. Ind. Archipel., II, 1848, 638, Sumbawa; Bleeker. Nat. Tijd. Neder. Ind., XI, 1856, 104 (Banda). Pseudoscar us sumbawensis, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., I, 47, taf. 15, tig. J, 1862; Gunther, Cat., IV, 232, 1862 (East Indies;; Stein- dachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 509 (Laysan Island). Genus 171. PSEUDOSCARUS Bleeker. This genus differs from Scams, as here understood, chiefly in the deep. green or blue color of its highly modified jaws and teeth. The species are mostly of large size and robust form. This genus is scarcely distinct from Callyodon. Pseudoscarus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, Scaroiden, XII, 1861, 230 {jiiicrorrhinos)) (teeth bine; posterior canines present). Loro Jordan & Evermann, Check-List, 418, 1896 (guacamaia). a. Cheek with 2 rows of scales. Color green . . troschelii, p. 358 aa. Cheek with 3 rows of scales. Color blue, the side of body and head with pink or rosy . Jordani, p. 359 288. Pseudoscarus troschelii Bleeker. Fig. 157. Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower preopercular limb being naked; lips very narrow, covering only the base of the jaws; jaws green, the upper with pointed teeth at ttie angle; caudal slightly emarginate; 15 pectoral rays. Fig. 157. — Pseudoscarus troschelii Bleeker: after Bleeker. Body green, each scale with reddish margin; lips red; a short red band through the eye, and another from angle of mouth below eye toward the opercle; chin with red transverse and longitu¬ dinal streaks; dorsal red, edged with blue, and with a green band along the middle; anal yellowish, with a similar red band; caudal greenish. Scarus troschelii Bleeker, Nat. Tijd. Neder. Ind., IV. 1853, 498, Java. Pseudoscarus trochelii , Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 1, 25, taf. 7, fig. 2, 1862; Cunther, Cat., IV, 237, 1862 (from Bleeker); Stein- dachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 508 (Laysan Island). 289. Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins. Plate XLIV and Fig. 158. Head in length to base of caudal 2.7, in total length to middle margin of caudal 3.37; depth in length to base of caudal 2.64, in total length to middle margin of the caudal 3.3; dorsal ix, 10; anal hi, 9; pectoral 14; scales 24; lateral line interrupted. In this specimen 2 scales at the inter- FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 359 rupted portion out of the series bear tubes. They are. located one over each first 2 scales in the series following interruption. Tubes much branched; surfaces of scales, except at posterior margin of each, much roughened oxer the xvhole body by striations composed of rows of minute tubercles; body robust and greatly compressed; an adipose lump over snout; teeth green, lower jaw included; a strong tooth at each angle of upper jaw; upper lip double only posteriorly, covering more than half of dental plate; lower lip covering less than half of dental plate; cheek with 3 rows of scales, upper of 7 scales, middle row of 7, the lower row of 2 scales, which extend on lower preopercular limb; a series of scales along entire margin of operele; a series of 6 scales on median line before first dorsal spine; lobes of caudal fin much produced, being longer than body of the fin; height of caudal peduncle in head 2.54; pectoral 1.5 in head, its breadth being less than half of its own length; ventral 1.75 in head, not reaching vent by one-half its own length, inserted on a vertical from about middle of base of pectoral; dorsal spines flexible; membrane of first few spines of dorsal, anal, and X'entral somewhat fleshy on outer margin. Coloration in life: General color blue, the sides of body and head rosy or pink; region of body just below posterior two-thirds of dorsal and the caudal peduncle green; iris orange; margin of upper Fit;, las. — Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins; from the type. lip orange, above which it is bright blue; margin of lower lip blue, below which is an orange area; below this again bright blue which changes to a lighter blue; posterior to this a pink area; a pink wavy line from angle of mouth to eye; dorsal fin pink with upper and anterior border blue, and with a blue bar along each spine; anal yellowish with bright blue anterior outer and posterior margins; ventral blue anteriorly and pink posteriorly; caudal, upper and lower borders bright blue, interior portions with reticulations of pink and blue, colors almost wholly disappearing in alcohol; there remains the green below the posterior two-thirds of dorsal and on caudal peduncle as a pigment on the scales. One specimen of this brilliant fish was obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889. Another has been taken at Apia, Samoa, the latter represented in our plate. The measurements of Dr. Jenkins’s specimen are as follows: Pseudoscarus jordani. meters. Pseudoscarus jordani. J meters. Total length to middle of margin of caudal . 600 Length of upper caudal lobe . 100 Length to base of caudal . j 480 Head . 178 Snout . 85 Height of first dorsal spine . 30 Height of soft dorsal . 53 Ventral . 100 Depth . 182 Eve . 20 Breadth of narrowest portion of caudal peduncle . 70 Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1899 t Aug. SO. 190U i. (13, fig. 21, Honolulu (Type, no. 12113, Stan¬ ford Univ.i noil. O. P. Jenkins): Jenkins, op. eit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 471 (Honolulu). BULLETIN OJ THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 360 Suborder SQU AM IPINNES.- The Scaly-fins. Body compressed, covered with small or minute ctenoid scales; lateral line unarmed, concurrent with the back; mouth small, with slender or brush-like teeth; opercles armed or not; nostrils double; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes united to the broad scaly isthmus; pseudobranchiae present; air-bladder present; dorsal tin long, the spines usually well developed, the soft part usually more or less scaly; caudal usually truncate or double concave; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals thoracic, sometimes rudimentary, sometimes with 2 spines, the pubic bone' becoming progessively elon¬ gate; vertebrae 10-14=24, but sometimes still further reduced. Basis of cranium double, with a double muscular tube; post-temporal trifurcate or bifurcate in Ephippidte and the other transitional forms, as in the scombroids and percoids; in other species firmly united to the skull, its structure showing the usual 3 forks, the space between them tilled by bone, so that only a foramen is left; second, third, and fourth upper pharyngeals small, usually reduced to vertical transverse laminae. Hypercoracoid with median foramen; pectoral with 4 short basal bones. This group comprises a large number of fishes, some of them showing analogies with the Carangidx on the one hand and with certain pereoid fishes on the other; the typical forms specialized in directions leading toward the Plectognathi. The limits of the group are uncertain, although there is no doubt about the relationship of any of the general here treated. Perhaps several of the families currently recognized as scombroid belong here. The Plertog- nalhi are certainly descended from the. Sqvamipinnes. The close relation of Batistes to Ilepatus admits of no doubt. This relationship is shown in the osteology, in the reduced post-temporal and coalesced bones of jaws, in the greait development of the public bone, in the restriction of the gill-openings, and in the character of the scales, especially the armature of the tail. In a natural system the Balistidn: would follow the Tenth idid:e and Siganidx. The Tenlhidid.r and the Batistidie are as nearly related to each other as the Ephippidir are to the Cksetodontidie. a. Teeth small, not brush-like nor incisor-like; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus. h. Ventrals I, 5 . Antigonida \ p. :!tlO bb. Ventrals I. 6 to I, 8 . Xcida p. 3(11 ati. Teeth elongate, brush-like or incisor-like; gill-membranes united to isthmus. r. Maxillary distinct; teeth brush-like, setiform, thick-set; post-temporal fully perforated by a foramen; pubic bone not greatly developed; caudal peduncle unarmed. Carnivorous fishes with short intestine, d. Scales well developed . C/ixtodovtidse, p. 362 (Id. Scales reduced to minute asperities . . Zanclidx , p. 381 cc. Maxillary and premaxillary immovably united; teeth incisor-like, in a single series; post-temporal not fully per¬ forated by the foramen; pubic bones well developed; caudal peduncle usually armed with spines or tubercles. Herbivorous fishes with elongate intestine . Acanthvridx , p. 383 Family LX.XI. ANTI GOX ID/E. — Boar-fishes. Body compressed and elevated, covered with small, ctenoid scales; sides of head scaly; preorbital and preopercle more or less serrate or armed; opercle small; gills normal; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; top of head bony; premaxillaries very protractile, the posterior process very long; mouth moderate, lower jaw projecting; teeth very small; lateral line not extending on caudal; dorsal fin long, the stout spines separated from the soft rays by a deep notch ; dorsal spines not graduated; anal tin with 3 spines separated by a notch from the soft rays, the first spine longest; soft part of anal as long as soft dorsal; ventrals i, 5, the spine strong, inserted below pectorals; caudal fin rounded, on a moderate peduncle; upper limb of post-temporal widened at its distal end, which affords a very firm attachment; lower limb short and thick; supraclaviele long and slender, its posterior edge sharply serrate, the serrations standing out above the surface of the skin; vertebra; in normal number, 10 ( 13=23 (in Capros). Species few, arranged in 2 genera, living in rather deep water. Gapros aper, the boarfish, superficially resembles the John Dory, Zeus faher, and is common on the coasts of south¬ ern Europe. This family, like the preceding, is of doubtful affinities. It is only remotely allied to the Zeid:e, and it has no relationship to the Carangid:e or other scombroid forms. Antigonia hears much superficial resemblance to the Ephippidx, a resemblance doubtless arising from real affinity, as is shown by the form and attachment of the post- temporal. An extinct genus, Proantigonia, is saidTo connect Antigonia with Capros. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 3fil Genus 172. ANTIGONIA Lowe. Body very deep, the depth much greater than the length of body, which * excessively compressed and covered with moderate-sized, firm, rough ctenoid scales; profile from nape to dorsal very steep and nearly straight; surface of head above with rough bony strise; preoperele and suborbital bones armed with slender antrorse spines; mouth small, its cleft nearly vertiele; premaxillary with a very long process, extremely protractile, perhaps less so than in Capros; lower jaw projecting; upper jaw somewhat, protractile; maxillary broad, scaly; small, very slender teeth on jaws in 1 row, none on palate; chin rough; preoperele with rough striie, becoming antrorse spines below; cheek deep, covered with rough scales, opercle short, scaly; branehiostegals 6; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; lateral line concurrent with the back; fin spines stiff and strong; dorsals united, the third spine stout and elevated, the sixth or last spine shortest, lower than the soft rays, the fin thus distinctly notched; soft dorsal and anal similar, long and low, none of the rays produced; anal spines 2, joined to the fin, the first, longest; base of dorsal and anal with a sheath of small rough scales extending on the tin spines and slightly on the rays, not on the membranes; caudal peduncle short and deep, deeper than long; caudal short, squarely truncate; ventrals strong, of moderate length, at lowest point of ventral outline, well behind pectorals and directly below spinous dorsal, which is at highest point of dorsal outline; ventral spine large, roughened anteriorly; pectoral moderate, not falcate. Species few, in waters of moderate depth. Antigonia Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ls-43, 85 (capros). Gaprophonus Muller & Troschel, II ora- Ichthyologijv, III, 1845, 28 (aurora). Hi/psinotus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 84, pi. xi.ii, tig. 2, 1844, ( rubescens ). 290. Antigonia steindachneri Jordan & Evermann. Hate Xl.V, Head 3.35 in length; depth equal to length; eye 3 in head; snout 3.2; maxillary 4.2; interorbital 3.3; D. vm, 36; A. in, 33; scales 16-71— 10. Body very deep, compressed; look elevated, trenchant; abdomen deep, trenchant; upper profile concave in front of eye above to occipital process, then convave to spinous dorsal; snout short, blunt, rounded; mouth small, nearly vertical; jaws small, lower protruding; teeth small, pointed, uniserial; eye large, superior, nearly in middle of length of head; preorbital and interopercle spiny along margins; anterior nostril with valve, the posterior larger, circular; gill-opening large, gillrakers small; pseudo- branchia? and gill-lamime large; dorsal spines sharp, third longest, 1.5 in head, others graduated to last, which is about 2 in snout; anterior dorsal rays longest, 3.5 in head; first anal spine longest, 2.8, others graduated to last; caudal small, truncate, 1.7; pectoral 1.2, upper rays longest, and posterior margin straight; ventrals 1.6, spine very large, strong, front margin asperons, and nearly as long as fin; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.7; scales small, roughly ctenoid; head roughened, espe¬ cially above; basal scales of soft dorsal and anal rough; lateral line arched, nearly conforming with upper profile, running along middle of side of caudal peduncle. Color in life (No. 03492) bright light salmon-pink, nape, back of head, and down to ventrals deeper red, behind the bar from dorsal to ventral a pale shade; fins pale crimson, caudal paler with darker red tip; iris red. Color in alcohol very pale brown, almost uniform. Described from an example (No. 03701 ), 7.6 inches long, from Kailua. We have 2 other examples (Nos. 03492 and 03702), each about 6.8 inches long, taken by us at Hilo. The species is taken with hook and line occasionally in rather deep water off I Iawaii; otherwise known from Japan onlv. Antigonia capros Steindaehner, I)enks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. XLIX, 1885. 187, taf. v (off Tokyo); not of Lowe. Antigonia steindachneri Jordan & Evermann in Jordan & Fowler. Froc. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1908, 522, Kailua. Family LX X 1 1 . ZE1D/E. -The John Dories. Body short, deep, much compressed and elevated, naked or covered with minute smooth scales or with bony protuberances. Mouth large, terminal, the upper jaw protractile. Teeth small, in narrow bands or single series on the jaws and vomer and sometimes on the palatines. Eyes lateral placed high; opercle much reduced; some of the bones of head usually with spines; preoperele not serrate; post-temporal very firmly attached to the skull; lower limb adnate for its whole length, the 362 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. distal end only of upper limb attached. The supra-clavicle short and triangular, bearing a short spine near its anterior angle, its posterior edge divided into 3 spines, 3 or 3 of which stand out above the surface of the skin. Ventral edge often serrate, with strong bony plates; lateral line well developed, concurrent with the back; brancMostegals 7 or S; gill-openings wide, the membranes little united, free from the isthmus; pseudobranchiie large; air bladder large; gillrakers usually short; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; dorsal fin emarginate or divided, the anterior part with spines, which are often strong, the posterior part longer, its highest rays behind the middle; soft anal entirely similar to soft dorsal, usually preceded bv 1 to 4 spines, which are not graduated and which often form a separate fin; ventral tins thoracic, well developed, their rays usually i, (i to i, 8; pectorals small; caudal fin rounded, on a moderate peduncle. Lateral line obscure, unarmed. Pyloric cteca exceedingly numerous. Vertebra- about 32 (/ms). Genera 8; species about IS; fishes of singular appearance, inhabiting warm seas, often at considerable depth. The species undergo great changes in the course of development. The single Hawaiian genus and species is fully described in Section II. Family LXXIII. CH/ETOL)()NTII),-E. Butterfly- Fishes. Body strongly compressed, elevated, suborbicular in outline, covered with moderate-sized or small scales, which are finely ciliated or nearly smooth; lateral line present, concurrent with the back, not extending on the caudal fin; mouth small, protractile, terminal; maxillary very short, irregular in form, divided in 2 by a longitudinal suture; upper part of skull solid, occipital crest strong; post-tem¬ poral firmly joined to the skull, its form really trifurcate, though appearing simple, the spaces between the forks filled in by bone so that only7 a foramen is left; last hone of the suborbital ring firmly joined to the preopercle; teeth brush-like orsetiform, often extremely long, in narrow bands on the jaws; no teeth on vomer or palatines; no canines, molars or incisors; eyes lateral, of moderate size; branchi- ostegals 11 or 7; pseudobranchiie very large; air-bladder present; gill-membranes more or less attached to the isthmus; gillrakers very small; dorsal fin single, continuous, its rays sometimes filamentous, its soft part as well as the soft part of anal densely7 covered with small scales; anal similar to soft dorsal with 3 or 4 spines; ventrals thoracic, 1, 5; caudal usually truncate; vertebra 104-14=24, the anterior abbreviated; insertion of ribs inferior; post-temporal usually reduced, and not bifurcate. Carnivorous fishes of the tropical seas, noted for their bright colors and great acti vity. Their exces¬ sive quickness of sense and motion enables them to maintain themselves in the struggle for existence in the close competition of the coral reefs, notwithstanding their bright colors. The young are very different from the adult and pass through a stage termed Tholichllu/s, in which the membranes are greatly developed, forming collars and sheaths about the head and neck. Chxtodonlina’: a. Preopercle unarmed; scales comparatively large (young with the ThoUdithys form). b. Snout (nasals, palatines, etc.) with premax illaries, articular, and dentary bones much produced, very long, beak¬ like; scales small, about 75 in horizontal series; dorsal spines 2 . Forcipiger, p. 362 bb. Snout little, if at all, produced; scales larger, about 35 to 60. c. Dorsal tin with none of the spines elevated or filiform. d. Scales large, usually 35 to 50 in lateral line; dorsal spines 12 to 1 1; teeth moderate . C'hsetodon, p. 363 dd. Scales rather small, about 60 in lateral line; dorsal spines 10 or 32 . Microcanthus , p. 376 cc. Dorsal fin with the fourth spine much elevated and filiform . . Heniochus, p. 376 Pomocanthinx: aa. Preopercle armed at its angle with a very strong spine, which is sometimes grooved; preopercle serrate or spinous, with 10 to 30 small teeth: dorsal spines about 1 -4 , graduated, the last one longest . Holacanthus, p. 377 Genus 173. FORCIPIGER Jordan & McGregor. This genus differs from Prognathoch.s Gill in having smaller scales, about. 75 in a lateral series instead of 40. Chelmo •> 291. Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet). Plate XL VI. Head with beak 2.2, without beak 2.8; depth 2.2 with beak, 1.75 without beak; beak 1.6 in rest of head; eye 3.75; mouth 7; interorbital 4.75; I ). XII, 25; A. III. 18; scales 12 78-30. Body very deep, compressed, back trenchant; head low, upper profile concave; snout nearly horizontal, jaws produced in a long pointed beak, mouth small, at extremity; teeth minute, in villiform bands in jaws; eye nearly in middle of length of head without beak; anterior nostril in short fleshy tube, posterior a short oblique slit before eye; fourth spine 1.5 in head without beak; anal spines graduated to last, which is longest, strong, 1.35; caudal small, slightly emarginate, its upper ray slightly produced; pectoral long, pointed, upper rays much longer than others; ventral* long, sharply pointed, spine 1.6; caudal peduncle small, compressed, its least depth 3. 7; scales ctenoid; lateral line strongly arched, not concurrent with profile of back. Described from an example (No. 04537) 7 inches long from Honolulu. Color in life of a specimen (field No. 327) collected by Jordan & Kellogg at Apia in 11)02, brilliant yellow, deeper and orange-shaded behind, a black triangle on head, livid white below; centrals and pectorals yellow; caudal color-less: a large jet-black spot on anal. Color in alcohol, pale brown or whitish; head above, back in front, of spinous dorsal, interorbitai space, and opereles above, deep brown; snout, beak above, and band on each side to front of eve, blackish-brown; posterior margin of soft dorsal and anal with narrow grayish line; anal with a squar¬ ish black spot on distal part of last rays; last half of soft dorsal and anal with a narrow submarginal black line; caudal grayish, the pectoral orange; under parts of head and breast whitish. We have 9 specimens from Honolulu, (4 collected by Doctor Jenkins, 1 by the Albatross in 1896, and 4 by us), ranging in length from 5.2 to 6.75 inches. The Albatross also obtained specimens at Honolulu in 1902. This is the first species of fish ever described from the Hawaiian Islands. Chxtodon longirostris Broussonet. I)esc. Iehth.. I 23, plate 7. 1782, Society and Sandwich islands. (Coll. ('apt. Cook, i Chchnon longirostris, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I. 334, 1817; after Broussonet. Cb elm o longirostris, Gtinther, Cat., II, 38, I860 (Amboyna); Gunther, Fiscbe der Siidsee, 11.48, 1871 (Sandwich, Soriety. Paumotu, Friendly, and Kingsmill islands). Prognathod us longi rost ris, Bleeker. Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet., XVII, 1877, 33 (Ternatc; Amboyna; Ceram; Xussalaut; Bandar Bleeker, Atlas. IX. 23. taf. 36(1. tig. 5. 1879. Forcipiger flarissimus Jordan A McGregor, Kept. V. S. Fish Comm., XXIY. 1898, 279, Clarion Island (type. No. 5709, Stan¬ ford Univ. Mus.). Ciiclmon (Forcipiger) longi rost r is, Stein due liner, Renks. Ak. W iss. Wien, LXX, 19uu, 489 (Honolulu). Forcipiger longirostris, Fowler. I'roc. Ae. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1900, 512 i Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 471 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 531 i Honolulu). Genus 174. CHiETODON lArtedi) Linnaeus. / Body short, deep, very strongly compressed, especially above and behind; head small, compressed, almost everywhere scaly; mouth very small, terminal, the jaws provided with long, slender, flexible, bristle-like teeth; vomer sometimes with teeth; preopercle entire or nearly so, without spine; dorsal tin single, continuous, not notched, the spinous part longer than the soft part, of 12 or 13 spines, the spines not graduated, some of the middle ones being longer than the last; last rays of soft dorsal usually rapidly shortened, some of them occasionally filamentous; caudal peduncle short, the caudal tin fan¬ shaped; anal similar to soft dorsal, with 3 strong spines; body covered with rather large ctenoid scales, somewhat irregular in their arrangement; lateral line curved, high, parallel with the back; gill-open¬ ings rather narrow, the membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus; branchiostegals 6. A very large genus of singular and beautiful fishes, abounding in the tropical seas, especially about volcanic rocks and coral reefs; body usually crossed by transverse black bars; all very active fishes, feeding on small animals. Clurtodon Artedi, Genera, 51. 1738 (numerous species, the first one. mentioned belonging to Pomacanthus; nonbinomial). Tetragonoptrus Klein, Historic Pisciiun, 37, 1741 ( many species; stria/us, etc.; nonbinomial). Chsetodon Linnaeus, Systems! Naturae, 10th ed. 272, 1758 (includes all known Chielodontvkr). Cluctodon Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2d ed.. 189. 1829 ( striatum, capistratus ; first restriction of the name to tin* present group). Rabdophorus Swainson, Class’n Fishes, II, 211, 1839 ( ephippium ; scales on lower half of body in nearly horizontal series; scales about 45). Citharcedus Kaup, Wiegmanu's Arehiv, XXVI, part i, 141, 1860 (meyeri; scales on the lower half of body in horizontal series; scales small, aoout 50). BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 364 Linophora Kaup, 1. c., [auriga: scales in series running downward and backward). Sarothrodus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 238 ( Chu’todon Cuvier, not Artcdi: offered as a substitute for ('hsetodon, the latter name being transferred to Pomacanthus) . Tholirhthys Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, 457 ( osseus; larval form). Tetragonoptrus Bleeker, Rev. Faraille Chsetodontoides, in Verh. Kon. Ak. Weten., XVII, 52, 1877 ( stnatus; scales below in horizontal series; spinous dorsal not more than half longer than soft). (ha’todovtops Bleeker, op. oil., 53 (scales on lower part in ascending series). Hemichatodou Bleeker, 1. c. ( capistratus ; scales below running downward and backward, forming an angle with those above). Lepidochutodon Bleeker, op. cit.. 54 ( unimacidatus ; scales anteriorly much enlarged). Gonorhatodon Bleeker, 1. c., ( triangulum ; body very deep; the base of posterior half of soft dorsal and anal vertical). Ox iH'li wtodon Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., IX, 51, 1877-78 ( lincolatus : scales very large, snout pointed). Chwtodon Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 614, 1883 (restriction to capistratus) . Anisochxtodon Klunzinger, Fiselie Rothen Meeres, 54, 1884 ( auriga ). KEY TO HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF < ’MASTODON. a. Rows of scales of anterior part of body running upward and backward, each marked by a dark line, those of posterior part of body running downward and backward almost at right angles wit li the first ; snout acute; dorsal fin with the first ray prolonged in a whip, a black ocellus below it; ocular band broad; ventrals pale; two black lines across caudal . setifcr, p. 364 aa. Rows of scales not arranged as above indicated, or at least not marked by lines, meeting at an angle. h. Scales unequal, those on the middle parts of body larger than the others. c. Series of scalesextending upward and backward, at least posteriorly; teeth very small: snout acute, concave in upper profile; yellow; a broad, black ocular band, as broad as eye. it. Black area at base of soft dorsal broad, sending oblique streaks downward and forward across the body ; no black area on shoulder . . Uneolatus, p. 365 dd. Black area at base of soft dorsal narrow; oblique cross streaks along rows of scales orange; shoulder region black with a median triangular orange area on each side . lunula, p. 366 cc. Series of scales nearly horizonal; teeth much larger than in related species; snout moderate, the profile projecting above eye; sides of back with a large black ocellus, often produced downward in a wedge- shaped blotch; ocular band broad, meeting its fellow on breast; a black band on margin of dorsal and anal across caudal peduncle . unimacidatus, p. 368 l)b. Scales subequal, the series extending horizontally or slightly ascending posteriorly: snout obtuse or moderately acute, not convex above. i . Body with crossbands or streaks. /'. Body with about six transverse crossbands; ocular band narrow, faint; a black spot above it; a reddish banp on caudal peduncle . punctatofasciatus , p. 369 ff. Body with about ten narrow dark cross streaks, each a row of small spots; ocular band narrow; anal with a narrow dark edge . miliaris, p. 371 cc. Body without crossbands or vertical streaks. g. Ocular band present; snout obtuse. h. Ocular band preceded by a black bar. / Black bar before eye covering snout; a black bar behind ocular band; body with dark streaks along the rows of soales; a black area surrounded by golden oil dorsal and anal and caudal; a black . spot on breast . trifasciatus, p. 372 it. Black bar before eye not covering upper lip. which is pale; a black area above eye; three black bands behind eye, the first one extending backward to last ray of soft dorsal; body with six oblique orange stripes; caudal with two black stripes; anal with one . ornat issiinus, p. 373 hh. Ocular baud not preceded by a black bar. j. Back blackish, with two whitish blotches; ocular band orange, with dark edges; tins pale, with dark lines . quadrimaculatus, p. 373 jj. Back with diffuse dark spots; ocular band broad, diffuse; snout black, ventrals black; no yellow . corallicola, p. 374 gg. Ocular band none; body with about nine oblique stripes of clear blue; caudal peduifme and posterior part of dorsal black; caudal with a broad black band; snout rather acute . .frcmhlii. p. 375 292. Chaetodon setifer Bloch. Plate XI.YIl. Head 3.1 in length; depth 1.75; eye 4 in head; snout 2.5; mouth 7.25; maxillary 3.9; interorbital 4; l>. \m, 24; A. hi, 21; scales 7-40-11. Body very deep, compressed; bach elevated, very trenchant; head deep; snout short, nearly horizontal; mouth very small; jaws produced, rather pointed, equal; lips thin, fleshy; teeth broad, brush-like in bands in jaws; eye superior, midway in head; interorbital width broad, convex, nostrils close together, with raised fleshy edge, posterior an Oblique slit in front of eye; dorsal spines graduated to last, which is longest, 2 in head; fifth and sixth dorsal rays longest, produced in a point; third anal spine longest, 1.5; median anal rays longest, ninth, 1.25; caudal small, truncate; pectoral small, 1.3; FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 365 ventral pointed, 1.3; spine strong, 1.9; caudal peduncle 'compressed, its least depth 2.9; scales very large on middle of side; thin, finely ctenoid ; scales on vertical fins, head, and belly, small, very small on outer portions of vertical fins; series of scales on side disposed in very oblique series; lateral line very strongly arched, not continued behind base of last dorsal rays. Color in life (field No. 03435), general color in front and below, including paired fins, light violet, lighter on snout and below; dorsal, excepting first. 2 spines and membranes, which are violet, caudal, anal, and upper posterior part of side, chrome yellow; lips pinkish; a broad black ocular bar becoming narrower above, narrowly edged on each side with white, extending from interopercle almost to origin of dorsal; about (5 narrow yellow lines across interorbital area; a series of .3 narrow dark bars running forward and downward from base of dorsal, the first 5 extending down to humeral region, the last 3 meeting at right angles, the Iasi 3 bars of a similar series of 12 bars on lower part of body, the first 9 bars of which meet the fifth bar of upper series about at right angles; soft dorsal edged with black, an oval black spot on its center; lower edge of anal with a narrow black stripe outside of which the edge is light yellow; caudal broadly tipped with light violet, two narrow brownish bars across its center. Color in alcohol, very pale or whitish, greater portion of side pale olive gray; about 8 dark -gray lines running obliquely up from head to dorsal, and others posteriorly above lateral Hub; side with about 11 oblique dark-gray lines running to anal; a broad dark-brown band beginning on nape before dorsal and running down to eye, continued below wider and blackish, with narrow whitish border in front; margin of dorsal to angle on soft fin, narrowly blackish; longest dorsal rays with black spot on distal portion; margin of soft anal with narrow black line running parallel with lower margin; margin of caudal grayish with a narrow dark -gray submarginal line; pectoral and ventrals grayish. Described from an example (No. 04562) 6.25 inches long, from Honolulu. We have 28 specimens, 4 to 8.2 inches long, from Honolulu, where the fish is common. Others were secured at that place by the Albatross. The species occurs also at Johnston Island and Samoa. Chxtodon seti/cr Bloch, Ichth., VI, pi. 426, fig. 1, 17ss Coromandel; Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 46, taf, XXVI, fig. B, Is";; (Sandwich Islands); Smith A Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V. 1882, 137 (Johnston Island); Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri Philu. 1900, 512 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins. Bull. L\ S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 471 (Honolulu); Snyder, 1. c. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu). Poniaccntrus filamentosus I.acrpode. Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 506, 511, 1803, no locality. Chxlndon nfsor/allicus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 63, 1831, Isle of France. I'hxtodtm sdmnutt Cuvier 9 anal clear light yellow, each with a narrow subterminal black bar posteriorly, the edge whitish; caudal peduncle with a similar black bar at base, followed by a white or whitish bar; a pale yellowish bar at base of caudal rays; caudal fin w hitish with dusky dots; ventral yellow. Color in alcohol, pale brown; a blackish band from occiput dow n through eye across side of breast; posterior margin of soft dorsal and anal broadly blackish above, edge very narrowly grayish; back above with large blackish blotch fading above and below in grayish; a dark or blackish band on front of caudal peduncle; 7 or 8 oblique dusky streaks along margin of large scales on front of side above; snout grayish above. The above general description is based chiefly upon a specimen from Honolulu, from which place we have 17 examples, the species being rather common about the reefs. The younger examples show the wedge-shaped form of the lateral spot which suggested the name sphmospilus, but these intergrade fully with the ordinary form both in Hawaii and Samoa. Fig. 161. — Chsetodon unimaculatus Bloch. Type of C. sphenospilus Jenkins. Chxtodon unimaculatus Bloch. Ichth., VI. 54. pi. 201. tig. 1. 1788, East Indies; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900. 512 (Sandwich Islands); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu). Tetragonoptrus ( Lepidochsetodon) unimaculatus, Bleeker, Verh. Kon. Ak. Wet., XVII, 1877,87 (Java; Solor; Timor; Ternate; Buro; Amboyna; Ceram; Banda). Chxtodon sphenospilus Jenkins, Bull U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 395, tig. 8, Honolulu (Type, No. 49705, U. S. Nat. Mus.); op. cit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 473 (Honolulu, type and cotypes). 296. Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Fig. 162. Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.5; eye 3.25 in head; snout 3; maxillary 5; interorbital 3.6; D. xm, 25; A. hi, 18; scales 7-50-18. Body oblong, deep, compressed, back elevated; head deep, compressed, bluntly pointed; upper profile oblique undulate from snout to origin of dorsal; jaws small, bluntly produced, snout a little longer than eye, blunt, rounded above; mouth small; teeth thin, in rather narrow brush-like bands in jaws; eye small, high, anterior; nostrils close together, circular, anterior w ith elevated fleshy rim, posterior larger; interorbital space rather narrow, convex; dorsal spines enlarged at first, strong, F. C. it. 190S— 21 370 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. posterior slender; eighteenth dorsal ray 1.7 in head; second and third anal spines longest, of about equal length, 1.6; pectoral rather long, a little longer than head; ventrals equal to pectorals; depth of caudal peduncle about 3; scales moderately large on middle of side, small on head and caudal pedun¬ cle, becoming very small on vertical fins; lateral line arched, running down to below base of last dorsal ray. Color in alcohol, very pale brown tinged with dull brassy olivaceous; a dark brown spot above occiput before spinous dorsal; below this a brown band running down through eye to edge of preo- percle; side with 7 nearly vertical olivaceous bands, last 2 rather indistinct; each scale with a dusky spot, becoming smaller as the scales become smaller toward the soft dorsal and anal, those of these fins being small and crowded; outer portion of dorsal with 2 submarginal longitudinal lines, the outer very pale, the 2 close together; anal with a blackish brown submarginal longitudinal line; caudal Fig. 162. — Chsetodon punc.tatofasciatus Cuvier A: Valenciennes; after Gunther. peduncle with a deep brown band; base of caudal dulUorange-brown; a median hlack lunate cross bar on caudal; pectoral and ventrals pale. Described from an example 3.9 inches long taken at Honolulu by the Fur Seal Commission. Another example 3.75 inches long was collected by Dr. Jenkins, and others, by the Albatross in 1902. The species was described by Garrett from the Hawaiian Islands. Chsetodon pwictatofcisciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., VII, 28. 1831, no locality given, but probably Hawaiian Islands. Chsetodon punctatolineatus Gronow, Cat. Fish., ed. Gray, 70, 1854, no locality. Tetragon opt ms punvtatofasciatus, Bleeker, Atlas, IX, 40, tab. 374, fig. 3, (Buro; Obi Major; Solor; Amboyna: Banda; Aneityum; Sandwich Islands). Chsetodon midticinctus Garrett, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., Ill, 1863, 65. Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II. 44, taf. XXXIV, fig. B, 1874 (Sandwich Islands, after Garrett's drawing); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 472 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 53 (Honolulu). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 371 297. Chaetodon miliaris Quay & Gaimard. Plate XLV1II and Fig. 163. Head 3.6 in length; depth 1.8; eye 3.1 in head; snout 2.8; maxillary 1.5; interorbital 3.8; D. xm, 23; A. in, 20; scales 6-50-20. Body deep, compressed, back elevated ; head deep, upper profile very slightly convex above eye to origin of dorsal; mouth small, maxillary reaching below anterior nostril; interorbital space broad, convex; teeth in broad bands, brush-like; eye midway in head, rather high; margin of preopercle entire; nostrils close together, first round, rim elevated and with fleshy flap; posterior nostril elongate; anterior dorsal spines strong, enlarged, sixth 1.5 in head; eleventh dorsal ray 1.6; third anal spine 1.6; third anal ray 1.2, elongate; caudal broad, margin obliquely straight, upper rays longer; pectoral 1.2; ventral 1.2, pointed; ventral spine 1.6; depth of caudal peduncle 3; scales rather large on middle of side, those on vertical fins, head and breast, small; lateral line running to below base of posterior dorsal rays. Color in life (No. 03035), pale cadmium-yellow, richest posteriorly, and on soft dorsal anil anal about a dozen series of small round pale blue spots extending upward and a little backward across upper two-thirds of body; between these a series of smaller yellow spots a little darker than body- color; a broad black bar from edge of subopercle under eye vertically through eye, thence broadening upward and backward to near origin of dorsal, where it meets its fellow, a pale bluish border behind; interocular area yellow; rest of head bluish gray; a jet-black ring covering entire caudal peduncle; 3 or 4 irregular bluish-white blotches on posterior part of side; sheathing membrane of dorsal and anal cadmium-yellow, the spines white; soft dorsal and anal yellow, then white, narrowly edged with black; caudal pale y-ellow, outer part white; pectoral pale; ventrals pale yellow, outer parts white; iris dull silvery, crossed by a vertical black line. Color in alcohol, pale brown or whitish; a deep brown broad band from before spinous dorsal to eye, margined posteriorly with whitish, continued below eye down on interopercle, but much narrower; caudal peduncle blackish brown, last rays of dorsal broadly blackish-brown; margin of soft dorsal and anal narrowly brownish; side with 10 nearly vertical series of large deep brown round spots a little Fig. 163. — Chxtodon miliaris Quoy & Gaimard. Type of C. mantelllger Jenkins. 372 BULLETIN of the united states fish commission. smaller than pupil of eye and with many smaller spots of more or less equal size distributed in oblique rows above, becoming straight on side below; tins all pale. Described chiefly from example No. 04556, from Honolulu. Our collection contains 37 excellent specimens from Honolulu, where it is common about the coral reefs, and 4 from Hilo, ranging in length from 1.5 to 6.25 inches. Of those from Honolulu 1 was collected by Jordan and Snyder in 1900 and 8 by Doctor Jenkins. Chxtodon miliari s Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de l’Uranie, Zool., 380, pi. 62, fig. 6, 1824, Sandwich Islands; Eydoux A Sou- leyet, Voy. Bonite, 1, 163, pi. 2, lig. 2, 1841 (Sandwich Islands); Gunther. Fische der Siidsee, 46, 1874 (Sandwich Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 489 (Honolulu; Laysan); Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 512 (Sandwich Islands; not of Blceker); Jenkins, Bull. 11. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, iy02 (Sept. 23, 1903), 472 (Honolulu) ; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Laysan Island) . Chxtodon mantelliger Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1899 (June 8, 1901), 394, fig. 7, Honolulu (Type, No. 49699, U. S. Nat. Mus.) 298. Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park. Plate LII. Head 3.75 in length; depth 1.75; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.25; maxillary 4; interorbital 3; D. xiii, 22; A. hi, 20; scales 7-40-14. Body deep, rather elongate, compressed; back trenchant; head very deep, profile steep above; snout short, blunt, rounded; mouth small, horizontal; teeth brush-like, in rather narrow bands; eye high, anterior; interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils close together in front of eye; sixth and seventh dorsal spines longest, former 1.6 in head; fourteenth dorsal ray longest, 1.75; third anal spine longest, 1.6; anal rays long, thirteenth ray 1.7; caudal small, margin rounded; pectoral a trifle less than length of head; ventral 1.2; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.8. Color in life of a specimen (field No. 260), taken by Jordan and Kellogg at Apia in 1902, creamy orange, grayer above, with many streaks of violet-blue; head and jaws blackish, forehead brown, a golden streak, then the ocular band, then a whitish streak, yellow below, then brownish, whitish, and purplish black; spinous dorsal light yellow, with a purplish line below; soft dorsal yellow, black, yellow, violet, gray, purplish, violet-gray, the outside creamy brown; caudal peduncle slaty, then whitish, golden, black, golden, and transparent; anal with a golden stripe at base, then black, liecom¬ ing rich brown on spines, then golden, then dark brown, then golden; breast golden, with a black blotch; ventrals golden; pectoral pale yellow. Color in alcohol, pale brown above, lower surface whitish; side with longitudinal narrow brown hands extending up on spinous dorsal, where they are very narrow and close together; snout and lower jaw blackish brown, fading to a lighter brown on interorbital space; a blackish-brown band from occiput to eye, bordered narrowly with white continued through eye and below to front of throat; a white vertical band from below nostrils separating brown of snout and band below eye; broad white vertical band behind dark band below eye; a narrow dark line from below anterior dorsal spine obliquely down and close behind eye; soft dorsal with a black band beginning on upper part of first dorsal rays, continued down along base of soft dorsal and upper part of caudal peduncle, at first narrow then widening below; two narrow dusky lines close together on upper part of soft dorsal running down farther apart and at equal distance; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal grayish, a median vertical blackish band on caudal; anal with a long blackish longitudinal band edged with pale yellow broad¬ ening posteriorly, running along basal portion at first, then extending out on median part of soft anal posteriorly; margin of anal narrowly light gray below, above this a broad area of dark gray, edges above and below deeper; pectoral and ventrals pale or whitish. Described chiefly from example No. 04549, taken at Honolulu. The collection contains but 5 specimens, 4.75 to 6 inches long, all from Honolulu. Of these, 1 was obtained by the Albatross in 1896, and 2 were collected by Doctor Jenkins. The species is widely distributed throughout Polynesia, but is rare about the coral reefs at Honolulu. Chxtodon trifasciatm Mungo Park, Trans. Linn. Soc., Ill, 1797, 34, Shores of Sumatra; Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV. 462, 494, and 498, 1802; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 474 (Honolulu). Chxtodon vittatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 227, 1S0I, Sumatra; Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poiss., VII, 34. 1831; Bleeker, Vcrh. Batav. Genootsch., XXIII, 1850, Chretod., 18 (Amboyna); Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Arch. India, 49, 1859 (East Indian Archipelago); Gunther, Cat., 11, 23, 1860 (Ceram; Amboyna); Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, II, 41, 1874. Chxtodon tau-nigrum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 38, 1831, Guam. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 373 299. Chsetodon ornatissimus Solander. “ Kikakdpu.” Plate LI 1 1. Head 3.3 in length; depth 1.4; eye 4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 3.5; interorbital 3.1; D. xxu, 28; A. in, 23; srales 12-58-25. Body very deep, compressed; head deep, upper profile from snout to origin of dorsal almost straight; snout very short, bluntly rounded; mouth small; terminal jaws a little produced; lips rather thin, broad; teeth in broad brush-like bands; eye high, a little anterior; preopercle very finely serrate; interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils close together, anterior with rim elevated, with fleshy flap, posterior circular; dorsal spines graduated to last, which is 1.6 in head; seventeenth dorsal ray 1.2; fourteenth anal ray 1.3, longest; caudal with slightly rounded margin, 1.2; pectoral short, 1.1; ventrals inserted a little before pectoral, 1.2; ventral spine 1.35 in length of fin; depth of caudal peduncle 2.4; scales ctenoid, in nearly horizontal series becoming very small on vertical fins; lateral line strongly arched, not continuous beyond base of last dorsal rays. Described from example No. 04560, from Honolulu. Color in life of a specimen (field No. 383), obtained by Jordan and Kellogg at Apia in 1902, gray; head and belly golden; 6 black stripes across head, the interspaces yellow; 3 orange bars before pectoral; 6 rich orange-brown oblique stripes upward and backward; a seventh stripe on anal dark brown, this edged with a narrow black streak, then clear yellow; dorsal black, with a yellow and 2 black stripes; caudal with 2 black stripes and a dull yellowish one, its base gray; ventral golden; pectoral dull orange; breast anteriorly black. Color of a nearly fresh example white; head and belly light yellow ; side with 7 oblique bands of orange-brown; 6 bands and blotches on head black; dorsal white with 2 black stripes and a yellowish one; anal with 2 black stripes and a yellow one; caudal white with 2 black stripes; pectorals yellowish; ventrals golden. Color in alcohol, pale brown ground-color tinged with yellow; side with 6 rather broad oblique creamy brown bands with gray edges; head with blackish vertical bands, 2 of which are broad, 1 running from snout down on side, of lower jaw, the other from above occiput down to eye, continued below and down to breast; lower lip broadly blackish; 2 narrow blackish vertical lines behind eye, first, continued from behind eye up along margin of dorsal to last dorsal rays; a broad band of gray- brown between eyes; spaces between black bands and lines on head yellowish; margins of soft dorsal and anal narrowly blackish; anal with a broad black marginal band parallel with margin of fin; caudal with margin white, a blackish terminal band; a black median cross band; pectoral and ventrals pale, former with white bar across base. The collection contains 6 specimens obtained by ourselves, 2 by the Fur Seal Commission and 2 by Doctor Jenkins, all from Honolulu, where the species is frequently taken among the coral reefs. The length varies from 4.5 to 7.25 inches. Other specimens were obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross. Chsetodon ornatissimus Solander in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 22, 1831, Tahiti; Gunther, Cat., II, 15, 1860 (Sandwich Islands; Amboyna); Gunther, Fisehe der Slidsee, II, 38, taf. XXX, fig. B, 1874 (Sandwich Islands); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Set. Pliila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 472 (Honolulu); Snyder, op, cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu). Chsdodon nrnatus Gray, Zool. Miscell., 33, 1831, Sandwich Islands. Citharcedus ornatissimus, Kaup, Arch. Naturgesch., XXVI, 1860, 141. Tetragonoptrus ornatissimus, Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk. II, 282, 1865. Tetragounptrus ( Citharosdus ) ornatissimus, Bleeker, Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet. XVII, 1877, 57 (Amboyna: New Guinea). 300. Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Gray. Plate XLIX. Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.6; eye 3.5 in head; snout 2.9; maxillary 4.4; interorbital 3.4; D. xiv, 24; A. in, 18; scales 8-42-20. Body deep, compressed, back elevated; head very deep, upper profile oblique; snout long, oblique; jaws produced, blunt, equal; mouth small, nearly horizontal; teeth brush-like, in broad bands in jaws; eye small, anterior; marginal portion of preopercle crenulate below; interorbital space broad, convex; liostjils small, close together, circular, anterior with small fleshy flap; anterior dorsal spines strong, somewhat enlarged, fourth longest, 1.5 in head; second anal spine longest, 1.4; thirteenth anal ray longest, 1.5; caudal broad, slightly rounded; pectoral pointed, a little longer than head; ventrals 374 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. sharply pointed, 1.1; spine 1.6; scales large on side, small on head, caudal peduncle, and chest, and becoming very small on vertical fins; scales in oblique series at first above lateral line, in horizontal series below, lateral line running to caudal peduncle above at base of last dorsal rays. Described from example No. 04544, taken at Honolulu. Color in life (field No. 03406): Ground-color of lower half of body, head, spinous dorsal and pecto¬ ral, citron-yellow; of caudal, anal, and centrals chrome-yellow; interorbital orange; a chrome-yellow ocular bar deepening into orange above, edged on each side by a narrow black line, outside of which is a narrow light blue line extending from lower margin of interopercle to origin of dorsal; upper half of body, scaly sheath of dorsal, and caudal peduncle sooty gray, excepting 2 elongate white spots on lateral line, one below center of spinous dorsal, the other below origin of soft dorsal, the latter. spot connected with the general yellow below by a short, broad yellow stripe; a narrow light blue band edged outwardly with a narrow black line along edge of dorsal and anal sheath; upper edge of soft dorsal and lower edge of soft anal black; caudal edged with light blue; base of each scale on anterior of side with a round reddish brown spot. Color in alcohol, upper surface deep blackish-brown; a brown band from occiput to eye edged with darker, which is continued below eye on interopercle as 2 dark brown lines; white band from first 2 dorsal spines separating dark band above eye and blackish-brown of back; a large white blotch on middle of side above and another below base of soft dorsal on back; a dusky band across caudal peduncle; basal portion of dorsal fin blackish-brown; margin of soft dorsal above with a narrow black line, another submarginal black line beginning on last half of spinous dorsal and running to posterior rays; below this and closer to it than it is to edge of fin, a gray line; caudal with a submarginal gray line; anal with a black line along edge of lower rays; edge of soft anal below narrowly blackish; a narrow black line from origin of spinous anal running out submarginally to posterior rays; above this a narrow gray line; middle of side, just below dark color of back, yellowish; each scale on side below with a dusky spot in middle; lower surface of body, head (except dark band), margin of dorsal, anal, caudal, pectoral and ventral, whitish. We have examined 19 examples obtained by Doctor Jenkins and 10 collected by us, all from Honolulu; length 3 to 5.5 inches. The Albatross also obtained examples at Honolulu, where the species is moderately common about the coral reefs. Clisetodon quads i maculatus ■( Gray, Zool. Miscell., 33, 1831-42, Sandwich Islands; Guntlier Cat., II, 13, 18(10 (Gray's Type); Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, II, 38, taf. XXX, fig. A, 1874 (Sandwich Islands; Upolu); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 489 (Honolulu; Lnysan); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1900, 512 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 474 .(Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 39, 1904), 531 (Honolulu). 301. Chsetodon corallicola Snyder. Plate 46, fig. 1. Head, measured to edge of opercle 3 in length to base of caudal fin; depth 1.7; depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head; eye 2.4; snout 2.3; interorbital space 3. D. xnr, 21; A. in, 18; scales 4-30-12. Anterior profile between snout and dorsal almost straight, with a slight convexity over eye; snout short, its length somewhat less than diameter of eye; jaws equal; teeth fine and brush-like; pseudo- branchial very large; gillrakers on first arch 5+14, short and pointed; scales on top of head and on snout very minute, those on cheeks, opercles, and breast larger; width of scales near middle of body about equal to diameter of pupil, those on caudal peduncle greatly reduced in size; rayed portions of dorsal and anal closely scaled, the scaled area extending forward on spinous portion of dorsal fin, decreasing in height from near tip of eighth spine to base of first, leaving the membranes of the anterior spines largely naked; lateral line curved upward and constantly approaching' the back until it disappears near end of dorsal fin, not extending on caudal peduncle, with 36 pores, scales very small. Except the first the dorsal spines art; high anteriorly; height of second to sixth equal to distance between tip of snout and center of eye; height of first spine about equal to diameter of pupil; length of longest rays about equal to that of longest spines; membrane deeply notched between anterior spines, the notches growing shallow posteriorly as the scales approach edge of fin; second anal spine a Chsetodon humeralis Gunther, Cat., II, 19, 1860, and Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, II, 40, 1874 (west coast of Central America; Sandwich islands), is a species common on the west coast of Mexico, which has been, by error, recorded, with 2 other species of the same region, as from the Sandwich Islands. 3ULL. U. S. F. C. 1903 PLATE 46 1. CH/ETODON CORALLICOLA SNYDER. 2. HOLACANTHUS FISHERi SNYDER A. HOEN 4 CO., LITH. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 375 longest, about equal to highest dorsal spine; membrane deeply notched between first and third spines, the latter closely connected with rayed portion of fin; border of anal fin extending a little farther posteriorly than that of dorsal; caudal truncate, upper rays slightly longer than lower, 1.27 in head; pectoral 1.17 in head; ventrals not quite reaching vent. Color in alcohol, dull silvery, brownish along the back, the dark color extending downward in region i>f pectoral fin; scales on greater part of body with darker centers and lighter edges; posterior part of body with many dark spots about half as large as pupil; head with a vertical brownish-black band, the posterior border of which passes from insertion of dorsal through posterior border of eye, thence curving backward to origin of ventrals; width of band somewhat less than diameter of eye; interorbital area, snout, and upper lip dark brown; dorsal and anal narrowly bordered with dusky, rays tipped with white; scaled portion of dorsal with large irregular dusky spots separated by narrow light spaces, which take the form of a network; caudal light, broadly bordered with dusky; pectora[ plain; ventrals blackish toward the free margins. Described from the type, No. 50880, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 2.8 inches long, from station 4032. Other specimens, among which are cotypes, No. 7732, Stanford Univ. Mus., differ little from the type. Specimens were taken off the southern coast of Oahu at station 4032, depth 27 to 29 fathoms; station 4031, depth 27 to 28 fathoms; station 4034, depth 28 fathoms. Chaetodon coratlicola Snyder, Bull. 1\ S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 531, pi. 11, fig. 20, Albatross Station 4032, off southern coast of Oahu. 302. Chaetodon fremblii Bennett. Plate Id. Head 3.4 in length; depth 1.8; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3; maxillary 4.4; interorbital 3.5; I). xiv, 21; A. nr, 18; scales 10-50-27. Body deep, compressed, back elevated; head deep, upper profile oblique; snout long, blunt, rounded; mouth small, jaws produced, equal; teeth small, in brush-like bands in jaws; eye small, superior, midway in length of head; margin of preopercle very finely serrate; interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils circular, close together, anterior elevated rim with fleshy flap; anterior dorsal spines enlarged, strong, sixth 1.6 in head, longer than posterior spines; eighth dorsal ray 1.6; eighth anal ray 1.6; caudal with upper rays longest, margin obliquely straight; pectoral 1.1; ventral pointed, nearly reaching anal, 1.2; scales small, very small on vertical fins and head; scales forming slightly oblique series. Color in life, pale yellow, lighter below, edges of scales darker; no ocular bar; a black saddle, narrowly edged with blue, in front of dorsal; a large black spot, edged with blue extending over the posterior half of soft dorsal, the caudal peduncle and the last 2 rays of soft anal; side with 8 longitudinal (slightly oblique) narrow blue lines edged with black, 3 of which converge to the eye and 1 passes to the angle of the mouth; above these an interrupted blue line on the dorsal, and below them a con¬ tinuous blue line on the anal; pectoral translucent white, ventrals yellow; dorsal and anal yellow; soft dorsal narrowly edged with a submarginal line of black below and above white; lower edge of soft anal edged with black; caudal white, in its center a broad bar of yellow with its hind edge crescentic, narrowly edged above, below, and behind with black. Color in alcohol, very pale brown, light on lower surface; posterior half of soft dorsal, caudal peduncle and outer portion of posterior rays blackish; soft dorsal and anal with blackish submarginal lines; spinous dorsal with median dusky line; side with pale slaty slightly oblique longitudinal stripes (clear blue in life) margined narrowly with dusky; caudal with pale submarginal gray line, with basal gray cross band; pectoral and ventrals gray. Described from an example ( No. 04531 ) 5.8 inches long, taken at Honolulu, where the species is not rare. Doctor Jenkins collected 8 specimens at Honolulu and we have 5 from the same place, as well as 1 from Hilo. Length 3.25 to 6.25 inches. The Albatross also secured specimens at. Honolulu. Chsetodon fremblii Bennett. Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 42, Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Cat., II, 16, 1860 (Sandwich Islands; includes type); Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II, 39, taf. XXIX, fig. B, 1874 (Sandwich Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 488 (Laysan); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 473 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu). Chaetodon fremblii, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 24, 1831; after Bennett. 376 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION Genus 175. MICKOCANTHTJS Swainson. This genus differs from Chxtodon chiefly in the small scales, their being about 60 in the lateral line; the soft dorsal and anal are shorter than is usual in Chxtodon, the fin formula of the typical species being D. xi, 17; A. in, 14; it is in fact doubtful whether the genus contains a second species, as the other species with small scales have the soft tins many-rayed and constitute Bleeker’s genus Hemiiaurichthys (type, polylepis), which is apparently valid; in any case it has no close relation to Microcanthus strigatus. Microcanthus Swainson, Class. Anim., II, 215, 1859 ( strigatus ). 303. Microcanthus strigatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Head 3 in length; depth 1.75; eye 2.8 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 4; interorbital 3.25; D. i, xi, 16; A. in, 14; scales 10-50?-27. Body deep, rather short, compressed, back elevated; head father small, compressed, pointed, upper profile straight from tip of snout to eye, then slightly convex to dorsal fin; teeth sharp, pointed, pungent, in rather broad bands in jaws; jaws rather small, blunt, slightly produced; snout short, pointed; mouth small, terminal, small maxillary expanded distally to below anterior nostril; lips rather fleshy; eye large, anterior to middle of length of head, superior; nostrils close together, anterior with a small flap, posterior a short slit; interorbital space broad, flattened and slightly convex; pre¬ orbital broad, 2 in eye; dorsal spines longest anteriorly, fourth 1.75 in head, last 2.3; anterior dorsal rays longest, 1.9; second anal spine largest, enlarged, 1.8; anterior anal rays longest, second 2; caudal rather small, emarginate, about equal to head; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.3; pectoral small, 3.8 in body; ventral 1.25 in head; ventral spine 2.25; scales rather weakly ctenoid, small; soft dorsal and anal covered with very small scales, caudal with small scales only at base; pectoral and ventrals with small scales basally; lateral line evenly arched to caudal peduncle, then straight to base of caudal. Color in alcohol, ground-color creamy white, side with 6 dark olive-brown nearly horizontal broad bands; first along middle of spinous dorsal across anterior rays, second along base of spinous dorsal across middle of soft dorsal, third below this along back and over posterior rays, fourth from occiput to middle of base of caudal, fifth from above eye across last third of anal, and sixth from snout, behind eye to base of pectoral then down to anal spine, running up along anterior soft rays; pectoral and caudal pale brown; ventrals pale brown basally, outer portions grayish. Described from an example taken by Jordan and Snyder at Honolulu, where the species is scarce. We have 4 specimens from Honolulu, 1 collected by Jordan and Snyder and 3 by Jenkins. Length 3.3 to 4.3 inches. Other specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu. Compared with examples from Nagasaki we find no difference. Chxtodon strigatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss., VII, 25, pi. 170, 1881, Japan; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II. 47, 1874 (Sandwich Islands). Microcanthus strigatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 474 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 532 (Honolulu). Genus 176. HENIOCHDS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Body much compressed and elevated; forehead in adult often with bony projections; dorsal spines 11 to 13, the fourth greatly elevated and filiform; muzzle rather short; no teeth on palate; no spine on preopercle; scales moderate. Allied to Chsetodon, but well distinguished by the prolongation of the fourth dorsal spine. Hentiochus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss., VII, 92, 1S31 (macrolepidotlis) . Taurichthys Cuvier 28 specimens, all from Honolulu, ranging in length from 4 to more than 10 inches. Also found in Samoa. Acanthurus achUles Shaw. Ucn. Zool., IV, 383, 1803, no locality; Steindachner, Dents. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I. XX 1900, 193 (Honolulu). Teuthis achilles, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 175 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1901), 533 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii). 311. Hepatus olivaceus (Bloch & Schneider). “Nae-nae." Fig. 160. Head 3.75 in length; depth 2; eye 4 in head; snout 1.25; interorbital 3.25; D. ix, 24; A. 23. Body rather deeply ovoid, greatest depth at middle of pectoral; head deep, compressed, upper profile steep, convex; jaws slightly produced, lower inferior; mouth small, oblique; teeth broad, form¬ ing sharp cutting crenulate edge; margin of preopercle very oblique, angle, below anterior margin of eye; interorbital space moderately elevated, broad, roundly convex; nostrils round, close together in front of eye, anterior a little below posterior, with small fleshy flap; last dorsal spines longest, about equal, eleventh 1.65 in head, seventeenth dorsal ray 1.5; third anal spine 2.1; seventeenth anal ray 1.75; pectoral equal to head, pointed; ventral pointed, 1.2; ventral spine 1.8; depth of caudal peduncle Fig. 166. — Hepatus olivaceus (Bloch A Schneider). From a Formosan specimen. 2.5; caudal deep, broad, upper rays long, produced, pointed; caudal spine depressible in a groove, 3.25 in head; scales very small, crowded, ctenoid; lateral line arched, nearly concurrent with dorsal profile of back. Color in life (field No. 03384), general color olivaceous, breast slightly bluish, a white stripe edged with black running straight back from upper angle of opercle to a point below sixth dorsal spine; dor¬ sal nearly black, membranes slightly bluish; caudal nearly black, same as dorsal, posterior one-third white, edged with black, this white band extending from fourth ray at top to fourth ray at base, forward edge of band crescent-shaped; anal same as dorsal; ventrals edged with black, membranes mottled with blue; pectoral same as ventrals, except posterior third, which is dirty white; iris black, with inside edge of bright yellow. Another example (field No. 03009) orange olivaceous, a brownish blotch on humeral region inclosing an oblong area of body-color; caudal peduncle more orange, the spine dusky; lips dark; dorsal greenish-olive at base, the margin black; anal similar but colors brighter; caudal yellow at base, a lunate white border on middle rays, tips of lobes dusky; pectoral yellow, dusky at base and on anterior rays; ventrals blackish brown; iris yellow, with black on. upper and lower parts. Field No. 03512 had body, head, and caudal dark brown in life; caudal with pale orange tin«e along edge of upper and lower lobes in front, and a large white crescent along the emarginated portion narrowly edged with black. F. C. B. 1903—25 386 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. m Still another specimen (field No. 03473) was dusky olive; a scarlet stripe behind upper angle of gill-opening as long as head and very bright, its wide border black, not blending with ground color: a white crescent on caudal; posterior half of pectoral obscurely whitish. Color in alcohol, blackish brown; a horizontal band of buff equal to length of snout from behind upper margin of opercle bordered with deeper brown; median caudal rays broadly margined with dull buff, edge with narrow blackish marginal line; pectoral with blackish basal portion, outer portion grayish. Described chiefly from an example (No. 03512) taken at Honolulu. The species appears to be fairly abundant at Honolulu. Doctor Jenkins obtained II examples, Jordan and Snyder 1, and we preserved 0. The Albatross obtained it at Honolulu and at Tuako Bay, Hawaii. The 21 specimens examined are fi to 10.6 inches long. Acanthurus olivaccus Bloch '& Schneider, Syst. Ichtli.. 213, 214. 1801, Tahiti; Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, TV. 113,1875 (Society, Pnumotu, Navigator. Pelew. and Sandwich islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I,XX, 1900, 493 (Honolulu). Acanthurus cparai Lesson, Voy. Goquille, Zool., II, 147, pi. 27, fig. 1. 1830, Tahiti. A ca nth u ru s hum eralis Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 231. 1835, Caroline and Society islands; Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, I, 169, pi. 2, 1841 (Sandwich Islands). Harp urns paroticus Forster, Descr. Animal., Ed. Lichtenstein, 183, 1*44, Tahiti. Teuthis oUraccus, Jordan & Everraann, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1903 (Sept. 24. 1902). 358, fig. 23 (Formosa): Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 476 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 533 (-Honolulu: Puako Bay, Hawaii). 312. Hepatus leucopareius (Jenkins) . ‘ ‘ MaikoiJco.” Fig. 167. Head 4 in length; depth 1.75; eye 3.25 in head; snout 1.25; interorbital 2.7; D. ix, 26; A. in, 24., Body deep, compressed, upper profile stongly convex, lower shallowly convex; head deep, Fig. 167.— Hepatus leucopareius (Jenkins); from the type. compressed, upper profile steep to dorsal, lower profile nearly straight from chin to root of ven- trals; jaws large, lower slightly produced; snout long, slightly concave in profile; mouth small, low; teeth broad, edges crenulate, compressed, forming a sharp cutting edge; margin of preopercle very Bull.U.S.F.C. 1903 Teuthis umbra Jenkins, type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 387 oblique (blunt angle of which would form below middle of eye); eye rather large, high, in posterior third of length of head; nostrils small, close together, anterior with small thin flap, circular, posterior a small slit; interorbital space broad, convex; dorsal spines strong, graduated to posterior, last 1.3 in head; first anal ray 1.25; anal spines graduated to third, longest 1.65; fourth anal ray 1.25; caudal broad, emarginate; pectoral pointed, 2.8 in body; ventral sharp-pointed, 4 in body; ventral spine, 2 in head; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2; caudal spine moderately long, depressible in a groove, 4 in body. • Color in life of the type (No. 50712, U.S.N.M.), a whitish band from base of first 2 dorsal spines downward behind eye, including opercle to its lower margin; also a transverse whitish band at base of caudal. Color in alcohol deep brown, vertical fins and ventrals darker; top of head and space in front of spinous dorsal pale brown, running down as an oblique band along gill-opening over opercle and margin of preopercle; base of last dorsal rays blackish; base of caudal nale brown. Described from the type taken at Honolulu by Doctor Jenkins. The species is thus far known only from Honolulu, whence we have 9 specimens, and from Hilo, from which we have 1. These specimens vary in length from 3.7 to 8.75 inches. Seen alive in aquarium at Waikiki. Teathis leucojtarem s Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Coitnn.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), tig. 28, 470, Honolulu (type, No. 50712, U.S.N.M. (field No. 324): coll. O. P. Jenkins). 313. Hepatus umbra (Jenkins) . Plate 47." Head 3.8 in length; depth 1.7; eye 3.75 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 2.65; D. it, 27; A. nr, 25. Body deeply ovoid, greatest depth at pectoral region; head deep; upper profile nearly straight from tip of snout to interorbital space, then convex to origin of dorsal ; jaws low, lower inferior; mouth small; interorbital broad, convex; nostrils small, round, close together, anterior larger, with small thin fleshy flap; last dorsal spine 1.7 in head, anterior spines graduated to posterior; fifth dorsal ray 1.25; third anal spine longest, 2; eighth anal ray 1.5; caudal rather broad, emarginate; pectoral broad, a trifle longer than head; ventrals sharply pointed, a trifle shorter than pectoral, or about equal to head; caudal peduncle compressed, 2 in head; caudal spine small, sharp, about 5 in head, depressible in a groove; scales small, finely ctenoid, very small on top of head, breast, and basal portions of vertical fins; lateral line irregular, arched at first, then sloping down to caudal spine, more or less straight from below anterior portion of spinous dorsal to below middle of soft dorsal. Color in alcohol more or less uniform dark chocolate brown, outer portions of the fins blackish,; pectoral pale olivaceous brown; ventrals blackish on outer portion. The above description is from the type (field No. 05363), a specimen 7.5 inches long, taken at Honolulu by us, where we obtained 1 other example. A single small specimen was obtained bv Doctor Jenkins, anil the Albatross secured others at Puako Bay, Hawaii. Tculhis umbra Jenkins, Bull. I\ S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 477, Honolulu (type, No. 50841, U.S.N.M.): Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 533 (Puako Bay, Hawaii). 314. Hepatus matoides (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “Maui.” Head 3.8 in length; depth 1.9 in length; snout 1.4 in head; eye 5.4; interorbital 2.5; D. ix, 26; A. hi, 24. Body deeply ovoid, greatest depth at, origin of anal; head deep, compressed, oblique; snout long, compressed, upper profile convex; eye small, high, in last third of head; nostrils small, close together anterior larger, with small thin flap; mouth small, inferior; jaws not much produced, lower inferior; interorbital space broad, elevated, convex; margin of preopercle forming an angle below anterior nostril; nostrils small, round, elose together, anterior larger, with small fleshy flap; dorsal spines rather thin, last 2 in head; dorsal and anal rays produced in short points posteriorly; sixth dorsal rav 1.4 in head; anal spines graduated to third, which is 2.5: thirteenth anal ray 1.5; caudal' long, deeply emarginate; pectoral equal to head; ventral sharply pointed, 1.25; ventral spine 2.25; caudal peduncle rather deep, compressed, 2.35; caudal spine small, 5.5 in head; scales small, finely ctenoid, verv small on basal portions of vertical fins; lateral line partly concurrent with dorsal profile of back, nearly straight from below anterior dorsal spines to below posterior rays, then running down on caudal peduncle along upper edge of groove of caudal spine to base of caudal. u Teuthis umbra on the plate. 388 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in alcohol, deep brown, dorsal and anal fins blackish; caudal dusky along middle of margin; side without blue or pale lines; margin of gill-opening dusky; pectoral dark brownish, margin broadly pale yellowish-white; ventrals blackish on outer portion, brownish on basal portions of rays, the mem¬ branes whitish; lips brown. Described from an example (No. 05662) taken at Honolulu. This species has been recorded from Oualan, Isle of France, and the Hawaiian Islands. It does not appear to be common, as only 1 small specimen was secured by Jenkins and 3 by us, all from Honolulu. Our examples are 6 to 14.5 inches long. Acanthurus matoides Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 204, 1835, Oualan. Acanthurus blochi Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 209, 1835; after PI. 203 of Bloch. Acanthurus annularis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 209, 1835, Isle of France. Tenthi.fi annularis, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands). Teuthis matoides, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 478 (Honolulu). 315. Hepatus guntheri (Jenkins). “Pualu.” Fig. 168. Head 4 in length; depth 1.8; eye 3.5 in head; snout 1.4; interorbital 2.7; D. ix, 26; A. m, 24. Body deeply ovoid, greatest depth at origin of anal; head deep, compressed, upper profile obliquely convex from tip of snout to spinous dorsal; eye rather large, high, in last third of head; nostrils small, Fig. 168 .—Hcpatui guntheri (Jenkins); from the type. close together, anterior the larger, rounded, with thin fleshy flap; mouth small, low, inferior; .jaws blunt, slightly produced, lower inferior; interorbital space broad, elevated, convex; margin of pre- operele forming an angle below anterior rim of orbit; dorsal spines slender, graduated to last, which is 1.25 in head; soft dorsal and anal not pointed behind; eighth dorsal ray 1.2 in head; third anal spine' longest, 1.9; eighth anal ray 1.25; caudal long, emarginate; pectoral longer than head, 3.5 in body; ventrals sharp-pointed, 1.2 in head; ventral spine 1.9; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.2; caudal spine short, 1.5 in eye; scales small, crowded, ctenoid; very minute scales on basal portions of vertical fins; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal profile of back, straight from anterior dorsal spines to below middle of soft dorsal, then running down above edge of caudal spine to base of caudal. Color in life (field No. 199, O. 1’. J. ), general color brown; an orange-yellow band along back just below base of dorsal, just above yellow band a blue line; 4 golden longitudinal bands on dorsal fin, FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 389 with an intercalary band which in some examples makes 5 bands; anal with 4 similar ones; pectoral yellow; yellow area through eye; yellow line over snout. Color in alcohol, dark brown, vertical fins darker; side plain or uniform brown, without any lines; soft dorsal and anal grayish posteriorly; both dorsals and anal with 4 broad deep brown longi¬ tudinal bands; caudal deep brown, apparently without spots, base of fin pale; pectoral brown on basal portion, marginal portion broadly yellowish-white. Described from the type taken by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu. This species is of rather wide distribution among the islands of the tropical Pacific, having been recorded by Gunther from the Caroline, Society, Navigator, Pelew, and Kingsmill islands, and iden¬ tified with Acanthurm blochi of Cuvier and Valenciennes. Twelve specimens were obtained at Honolulu by Doctor Jenkins and 2 by us. We also have 3 examples from Hilo. Our specimens are 1.5 to 8.6 inches long. Perhaps identical with H. maloides. Acanthurm blnchi. Gunther, Fisehe der Svidsee, IV, 109, pi. lxix, fig. B, 1875 (Caroline, Society, Navigator, Pelew, and King-smill islands); not of Cuvier and Valenciennes, which is not certainly identifiable; Streets, Bull. U. A. Nat. . Mils., No. 7. 68, 1877 (Honolulu); Gunther. Shore Fishes Chall., I, VI, 59, 1880 (Honolulu). Teuthis (juntheri Jenkins, Bull. t\ S. Kish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 2a, 1903), 477, fig. 29, Honolulu (type. No. 50842, U.S.N.M., 8.6 inches long). 316. Hepatus elongatus (Lac6pede). “Maii’i." Head 4 in length; depth 2.8; snout 1.3; eye 3.75 in head; interorbital 2.5; D. ix, 26; A. hi, 24. Body elongate, ovate, greatest depth at middle of pectoral ; head deep, upper profile straight from tip of snout to interorbital space, then convex from interorbital space to origin of dorsal; jaws low, lower inferior; mouth small; teeth compressed, crenulate; nostrils close together, anterior larger, with small fleshy flap; last dorsal spine longest, 1.5 in head; twentieth dorsal ray 1.5; third anal spine longest, 3; first anal ray 1.3; caudal long, very deeply emarginate in a crescent, upper and lower rays produced in sharp points, upper the longer; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.4; pectoral 3.25 in body; ventrals long, pointed, 3 in body; spine a little less than half length of fin; caudal pedun¬ cle compressed, its depth 2.25 in head; caudal spine long, depressible in a groove, 2.7 in head; scales very small, cycloid, crowded, finely ctenoid; lateral line arched in front to fifth dorsal spine, then straight to below middle of dorsal, dropping down and running along middle of side of caudal peduncle. Color in alcohol, uniform dark chocolate Frown; lips blackish; vertical fins brown like body-color, margin of caudal narrowly white; axils and bases of posterior dorsal and anal rays black; pectorals brownish; ventrals blackish on outer portion; margin of groove of caudal spine very narrowly blackish. Description from an example (No. 05354) 7.75 inches long, taken by us at Honolulu. The species is of wide distribution and has been recorded from Fiji Islands, China, Kotosho (Formosa), Miyoko Island, Riukiu, New Hebrides, Pelew and Tahiti islands, as well as from the Hawaiian Islands. It was obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu and by us at Honolulu and Hookena, Kona; also by the Albatross at Puako Bay, Hawaii, and at station 3834, on the southern coast of Molokai, in 8 fathoms. We have examined 28 specimens, which range in length from 4.4 to 8.4 inches. Clixtodon elongatus Laccp&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 471, PI. VI, ti^. 2, 1802, Pacific Ocean. Acanthurus nigroris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. X. 208, 1835, Sandwich Islands. Acanthurus hipuuctatus Gunther, Cat.. III. 381, 1861, China (Fiji Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LX X. 1900, 494 (Honolulu). Acanthurus nigros , Gunther, Cat., Ill, 332, 1861 (New Hebrides); Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, IV. 110, 1875 (Sandwich Islands; New Hebrides; Pelew Islands; Tahiti); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 533 (Puako Bay, Hawaii; station 3834 south¬ ern coast of Molokai). Teuthis bipunctai us, Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1902, 358 (Kotosho, Formosa); Jordan Fowler, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, XX V. 1902 (1903), 554 ( Kotosho, Formosa; Miyako Island; Riukiu Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 479 (Honolulu). 317. Hepatus xanthopterus (Ctivier & Valenciennes). “II Yilu.” Head 4 in length; depth 2; snout 1.35 in head; eye 4; interorbital 2.65; D. ix, 25; A. in, 24. Body deep, rather long, greatest depth at middle of ventral; head deep, compressed, upper profile rather strongly and evenly convex; jaws low, strong, lower inferior; mouth inferior, low; teeth com¬ pressed, broad, edges crenulate; margin of preopercle very oblique, the angle below anterior margin of eye; interorbital space broad, convex, elevated; nostrils close together, anterior large, circular, with small fleshy flap; dorsal spines graduated to last, posterior 1.35 in head; dorsal and anal rays rather 390 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. high, rounded, posterior not produced; eighth dorsal ray 1.25 in head, anal spines graduated to third, which is 1.8 in head; ninth anal ray 1.2; caudal long, deeply einarginate, the upper and lower lobes produced in long sharp points; pectoral 8.5 in body; ventrals sharp pointed, 2 in head; caudal peduncle compressed, depth 2.25; caudal spine moderately large, 4 in head, depressible in a groove. Color in alcohol, deep blackish-brown, side with many dusky brown longitudinal vennieulating lines; dorsal and anal blackish at base, paler on terminal portion, with 4 rather broad brown longi¬ tudinal bands; caudal blackish-brown; pectoral blackish-brown, margin broadly dull buff; ventrals blackish on greater portion, innermost basal portion slaty. Described from an example (No. 05666) taken at Honolulu. The species is known only from Seychelles (the type locality) and the Hawaiian Islands. One specimen 7.25 inches long was secured by Jenkins and 2 others (13 and 17 inches long) by us at Honolulu. This species may not be distinct from II. gmitheri or H. matmdes. Acanthurus x. vm, 27; A. hi, 24. Body deep, compressed; back elevated, high at spinous dorsal; abdomen and lower part of trunk expanded below, lowest point at origin of anal; head deep, rather small, compressed, upper profile oblique from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; profile of snout nearly straight, jaws large, blunt, slightly produced; mouth low, inferior; mandible inferior, lips rather broad and thin; teeth broad, Fig. 170. — Hepatus piittatm (Bloch A Schneider); after Gunther. compressed, forming sharp cutting edge, each one with 7 erenulations, the 3 median large, their edges level; nostrils large, close together, anterior larger, with small, fleshy flap; interorbital space broad, convex, not much elevated; dorsal spines graduated to posterior, stiff, last 1.5 in head; anterior dorsal rays longest, others gradually decreasing to last, first 1.5, last 4; fifth anal ray 6.5 in head, last 4.75; caudal broad, margin straight when expanded; caudal peduncle deep, compressed, depth 2 in head; pectoral pointed, 3 in body; ventral 4.25; caudal spine small, short, depressible in a groove, 1.35 in eye; scales small, ctenoid, deeply imbricated on sides, scales on vertical fins very small; lateral line arched, nearly concurrent with profile of back; anus directly behind bases of cen¬ trals, well before anal spines. Color in alcohol, uniform brown on greater portion, chest and belly somewhat pale; a pale brown band from before spinous dorsal down behind eye, another narrow pale band from base of fourth dorsal spine to belly, and last indistinct from fourth dorsal rav down to third anal ray; basal portion FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 393 of caudal pale brown, the outer half deep brown; posterior half of t runk with many small white spots, also extending on soft dorsal and anal tins and over third pale bar on side; pectorals and ventrals pale brown, latter edged with brownish. Described from an example (No. 646) Taken at Honolulu by Doctor .Jenkins. The species is rather scarce about Honolulu, living on the oh ter edge of the reefs. We have examined 5 specimens, 3 collected by us and 2 by Jenkins, all at Honolulu. They range in length from 8 to 1 1.5 inches* The species was also found by the Alhalroftx at Puako Bay; common at Samoa. Acanthurus fjuttatus Bloch A Schneider, Syst. Tehtli., 215, 1801, Tahiti; Giinther. Fisehe der Siidsee, IV, 109, taf. lxix. A, 1875 (Mauritius; New Hebrides; Society, Navigator, Kingsmill. Pelew, and Sandwich islands i. Harpui'us gut talus, Forster, Descript. Animal., Ed. Lichtenstein, p. 218, 1814 (Tahiti). Teulhis (/ultatus, Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands). Teuthis guitatus, JenkinsTBull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 479 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 533 (Puako Bay, Hawaii). 320. Hepatus atramentatus (Jordan & Kv ermann) . 11 Maikoiko;” “ Mniko,” Fig. 171. Head 3.8 in length; depth 1.9; eye 4.2 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 3; D. ix, 27; A. iii, 25. Body deep, compressed, ovoid, the upper prolile steeper than lower, evenly convex; jaws low, not produced, lower inferior; mouth small, inferior; teeth broad, compressed, edges crenulate; nostrils Fig. 171 .—Hepatus atramcntalns (Jordan & Evermann); from the type. close together, anterior larger, with small fleshy flap; anterior dorsal spines graduated to posterior, the longest 1.5 in head; fourth dorsal ray 1.4; third anal spine longest 1.9; first anal ray 1.5; caudal large, emargiriate, upper and lower rays produced in sharp angular points, upper much longer than lower; pectoral about 3.5 in body; ventrals sharp-pointed, 3.6 in body, spine half the length of fin; caudal peduncle compressed, 2 in head; caudal spine large, depressihle in a groove, 3.1 in head; scales very small, ctenoid, few, and very minute on vertical fins; lateral line high, arched, at first descending under fifth dorsal spine, then straight to below middle of soft dorsal, finally falling down and running along side of caudle peduncle to tail. Color in life (No. 02996), coppery brown, crossed by numerous very narrow, pale blue lines, those above axis of body running somewhat upward and backward, and with short broken lines of same interspersed, those below more regular but less distinct; cheek brassy, with about 5 narrow pale blue 3^*4 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. lines from eye to snout, each of these extending slightly upon pale rusty, and each with 5 or 6 narrow brassy lines parallel with margin, edge of each blackish; last rays of dorsal and anal more brassy; a con¬ spicuous jet-black .sj)Ot on caudal peduncle at base of last dorsal ray; caudal dark, blackest on outer part of middle rays; pectoral pale lemon; ventrals dusky, blacker toward tips; iris brownish, white on posterior part. Another example (No. 03474) was dull olive-gray, unmarked, save a faint whitish band across nape and back part of head; fins plain dusky gray. Color in alcohol, very dark chocolate brown; side with about 40 narrow irregular or incomplete series of indistinct dark slaty longitudinal lines; cheek with similarly colored lines running obliquely downward; tins, except pectoral, all more or less blackish or dusky; dorsal with about 5 blackish longitudinal bands; anal with several similar indistinct blackish bands; base and axils of last dorsal and anal rays blackish; pectoral brown. This common species is well distinguished from Hepatus rfussumieri and other streaked species by t lie black ink-like spot in the axil of tin* dorsal and anal tins. It has several times been recorded under the erroneous name of AimUhurus UneoltUus, but the species originally called by that name must be something else, probably 11. dussumieri. Numerous specimens were obtained by us at Honolulu, where it was also secured by Doctor Jenkins and Doctor Wood. Other examples were collected by the Albutrofts at Laysan Island. Our specimens are 3 to 9.5 inches long. Acanthiirus lincvlalus. (iiinther, Fische der Siidsee. 1. 111!, tuf. lxxiii, lig. A. 1875 (Society Islands): Steindachner, Dunks. Ak. VViss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 193 (Honolulu); not of Cuvier & Valenciennes. Tcuthis atriinadalusu Jordan X Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, for 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 198. Honolulu (type, No. 50073, F. S, N. M.; coll. Jordan & Evermann ); Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 478 (Honolulu). Ten this a tram ni ta tn s, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXIT, 1952 (Jan. 19, 1904), 533 (Laysan Island). 321. Hepatus sandvicensis (Streets). “ Manmi Fig. 172. Head 3.75 in length; depth 1.9; snout 1.4 in head; eye 3.5; interorbital 3; D. ix, 25; A. iii, 22. Body deep, compressed, ovoid, the lower profile from mandible to anus very weakly convex ; head Fig. 172 . — Hepatus sandvicensis (Streets). deep, the upper profile concave from tip of snout to interorbital space, then straight to origin of dorsal; jaws low, produced, the lower inferior; mouth small; teeth compressed, crenulate; nostrils close a Misprint for atramentafras, from atramentum, ink. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 895 together in front of eye, anterior larger, with small fleshy flap; last dorsal spine 1.5 in head, anterior spines graduated to last; fourth dorsal ray 1.5; caudal rather deep, emarginate, upper rays longer; pectoral a little longer than head; ventral sharp-pointed, 1.2; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.5; caudal spine very small, short, strong, 3 in head; scales very small, ctenoid, very few on vertical tins; lateral line high, arched at first below first dorsal spines, then very slightly convex to below middle of soft dorsal and along middle of side of caudal peduncle. Color in alcohol, dull purplish gray, darker on hack above; chin, breast, belly and lower surface of caudal peduncle creamy white; side with 5 narrow blackish vertical lines; first from occiput to eye, passing down below to anterior lower edge of preopercle; second from first dorsal spine to pectoral, continued down and back toward spinous anal; third beginning at sixth dorsal spine, running down to a little in front of spinous anal; fourth beginning at base of first dorsal rays and running down to first anal rays; fifth beginning at first third of soft dorsal, running down to first third of soft anal; upper portion of caudal peduncle with a short narrow blackish saddle; brown longitudinal line sepa¬ rating creamy area of lower surface from dark color above, running along side of throat and abdomen backwards; vertical fins dusky brown; pectoral brownish; ventrals grayish on outer portion, basally white. Described from an example (No. 03347) taken at Honolulu. A series of specimens showing all stages of growth from the larval to the adult form was secured. In the young measuring about 20 mm. the body is perfectly transparent except a broad, vertical silvery band extending across the head and visceral region. Anterior edge of band passes obliquely downward and backward, just in front of orbit, to a point a little in advance of insertion of anal fins. The posterior boundary extends from nape, behind axil of pectoral, to insertion of anal. Between the lateral line and the pectoral is a posterior prolongation of the silvery band, about as large as eye. Nape, interorbital space, and a narrow band at base of caudal dusky; a row of dark dots along base of anal and a dusky spot on tip of caudal. The dusky, vertical bands of adult are first seen faintly out¬ lined in the young of 31 mm. length; in others, no larger, the color pattern of the adult is perfectly developed. In the young the snout is shorter, anterior profile more rounded, and body deeper than in adult; head and body covered with long, narrow, vertically placed, scale-like plates; first dorsal spine serrated on anterior edge. Shortly after assuming the adult color, the length being about 32 mm. , the serrations of the spine disappear and the plates are replaced by minute scales. Teutlii* elegant Garman is the young of this species. Living examples of the larval form are almost perfectly transparent except the silvery area and dusky spots, there being no blue or red tints. This species is excessively abundant among the Hawaiian Islands about the reefs and in rocky pools. On comparison with examples of Jlepatus triostegus from Okinawa, Japan, and from Samoa, it differs in all the salient characters pointed out by Streets. To the Hawaiian species, Hepalus saml- vicensis, belong the specimens recorded by Jordan and Evermann from Clarion and Socorro islands. Those of Samoa and Polynesia generally are Jlepatus triostegus. Our very large series of specimens contains 88 from Honolulu, 82 from Hilo, 109 from Kailua, and 4 from Waianae. Specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu; Waialua Bay, Oahu: Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Puako Bay, Hawaii; Hilo; Keeker Island; and Laysan Island. A canthurus triostegus, Gunther (in part), Cat., Ill, 327, 1861; Fische der Siidsee, IV, 108, 1876 (Sandwich Islands); Smith & Swain, Proc. lT. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 138 (Johnston Island): Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900. 493 (Honolulu; Laysan); not of Linnaeus. A canthurus triostegus var. sandriemsis Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7. 1877. 67. Honolulu i Type, No. 15398,1'. s. N. M. i. Tcuthis triostegus, Jordan A: Evermann. Fish North a: Mid. Amer., II. 1690, 1898 (Clarion and Socorro islands); Fowler, Proc.— Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 513 (Oahu, Sandwich Islands). Ti nth is clt pans Garman, Deep Sea Fishes, 70, plate L, fig. 2, 1899, off Cocos Islands at the surface; larval form. Tenth is sandciccnsis, Jenkins, Bull. C. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1908), 479 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 533 i Honolulu: Waialua Bay. Oahu: Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Puako Bay, Hawaii; Hilo; Necker Island; Laysan Island). Genus 180. ZEBRASOMA Swainson. This genus differs from Hepatus in the short spinous dorsal of 4 or 5 graduated spines; soft dorsal high; snout short, projecting at an angle. Zebrasom a Swainson, Nat. Hist. Anirn., II, 256, 1839 ( velifer ). Scopas Kuer, Novara Fische, 212, 1865 (scopas). 396 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. a. Body deep, depth less than 2 in length; no spots on head. b. Snout comparatively short, 1.5 in head; dorsal IV, 32; anal III, 24. Color, nearly black, with pale bands on head and body . veliferum, p. 39G bb. Snout longer, 1 in head; dorsal V, 24; anal HI, 19. Color, nearly uniform chrome-yellow; or else dark olive, often with small blue spots . . flavescens, p. 397 aa. Body not so deep, depth 2.33 in length; fine blue spots on head. Color, yellowish brown with darker bands virgatus, p. 398 322. Zebrasoma veliferum (Blodi). “Kihikihi.” Fig. 173. Head 3.35 in length; depth 1.7; snout 1.5 in head; eye 3.35; interorbital 3.25; D. iv, 32; A. in, 24. Body deep, rather elongate, upper profile of back slightly convex from occiput to caudal peduncle, lower profile evenly and rather strongly convex from throat to caudal peduncle; head deep, com¬ pressed, upper profile steep, undulate, that, of snout concave; jaws produced, low, the lower inferior; lips rather thin, fleshy; teeth broad, compressed, the edges crenulate; mouth small, inferior; nostrils close together, anterior rounded with small flap, posterior a short oblique slit; interorbital space convex; dorsal tin very high; spines thin, slender, graduated to the last, 2.5 in body; anterior dorsal rays very high, the others gradually decreasing to last, fifth 1.8 in body; anal spines graduated to last, second 1.5 in head, third 1.25; median anal rays elongate, -eighth 2.7 in body; caudal rather broad, its Fig. 173. — Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 397 margin straight; pectoral pointed 3.35 in body; ventral 1.25 in head; caudal peduncle small, com¬ pressed, its least depth 3.25; caudal spine short, stout, 2 in interorbital space, depressible, not in a groove, the space about somewhat concave; scales exceedingly small, ctenoid, those about pectoral region more or less smooth; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal profile below base of soft dorsal. Color in life (No. 03389), nearly black, with 6 bands of dirty white, first band beginning on lower jaw and continuing back to anterior edge of opercle and dow n as far as ventrals; a stripe of gen¬ eral body-color as wide as chin, beginning at chin and growing narrower until it ends on a line at anterior edge of gill-opening; second band including posterior portion of eye and just behind base of ventral; third baud containing 2 small yellow bands; fourth, fifth, and sixth each with 1 yellow band, each of the 6 darker bands between the lighter bands also banded with yellow ones; the third and fourth with 4 bands, the fifth 3, and the sixth 2; dorsal nearly black, first 3 white bands continuing up on the dorsal; caudal same as dorsal, but slightly olivaceous toward base; other tins same as dorsal; snout and front of head with small whitish spots, the dark color forming a network around them; iris yellow; tail growing darker with age. Another example (No. 03416), dark brown in life; transverse bands of bright lemon-yellow bor¬ dered on each side by a narrow violet band, which is more distinct on forward part of body, the sixth anal ray yellow; dorsal and anal dark, nearly black; dorsal with narrow transverse bands of violet; pectoral with yellow toward base; ventrals dark. Color in alcohol, blackish brown, anterior half of head, throat and chest, and 6 narrow pale vertical Hands on side, whitish, one behind eye silvery; first band running from just before first dorsal spine down side of head and chest including posterior margin of eye, to root of ventral, second begin¬ ning at last dorsal spine and first 2 dorsal rays, and running to spinous anal; the others run from the sixth and seventh, eleventh and twelfth, nineteenth and twentieth, and twenty-fifth and twenty- sixth dorsal rays, to the base of anal; last lateral vertical bar ill defined; dorsal and anal blackish brown, with about 12 vertical narrow gray lines on posterior half of dorsal, the second and third vertical bands extending a very short distance on basal part of dorsal parallel with spines and rays; anal with a few indistinct gray lines similar to those on posterior part of dorsal; caudal whitish; pectorals grayish; ventrals blackish. In adult examples the side has 4 or 5 blackish vertical lines running down each dark band; anterior part of head with dark brown reticulations, the anterior pale bars with dark brown vertical lines on reticulations; caudal dark brown; dorsal and anal blackish. Described chiefly from an example (No. 03416) taken at Honolulu. This species is fairly common at Honolulu, where specimens were obtained bv, Jenkins, by the Albatross, and by us. The 16 examples which we have examined range from 3.1 to 11.5 inches in length. This species, common at Samoa, is doubtless Bloch’s .1. n lifer. Acantliurus vrfijcr Bloch. Aualand. Fische, IX, 106,' tab -127, tig. I, 1785-95; Blocker, Nut. Tijds. Ned. Ind., VII, 1855 (Batoe Island). Acantliurus bloclii Bennett. Proe. Zool. Soc. London, *207, 1835, about Tranquebariam. Acantliurus hypselopta'us Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, 313, Sea of Larantuka, Flores. Acanthurus ( Harpurus ) lvjpsdoptcrus, Steindachncr, Dcnks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. I.XX, 1900, 494. taf. iv, fig. 1 i Honolulu). Zebrasoma kijpselopterus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 479 (Honolulu ; Snyder, op. cit, (Jan. 19, 1901), 533 (Honolulu). 323. Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett). “Laipala.” Plate LIX. Head 3.75 in length; depth 1.75; eye 4 in head; snout 1; interorbital 3.25; D. v, 24; A. hi, 19. Body deep, compressed; head deep, compressed, pointed, the upper profile very concave in front of eye; snout long, produced, pointed; jaws produced, the lower inferior; lips rather thin; mouth small, inferior; teeth compressed, rather broad, edges erenulate; nostrils close together, anterior a little lower and larger, with a small fleshy flap; dorsal spines graduated to the last, which is longest, 1.25 in head, anterior dorsal rays longest, the fourth 1.1; third anal spine longest, 1.75; caudal rather broad, its margin straight; pectoral equal to head; ventral sharply pointed, 1.2; ventral spine sharp pointed; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.5; side of caudal peduncle in front and posterior portion of side with a large tract of hooked villiform prickles; caudal spine strong, depressible in a furrow between prickles, 4 in head; scales small, forming a finely roughened surface; lateral line nearly concurrent with profile of back at first, running closer to it posteriorly and disappearing at patch of villiform 398 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. bristles below posterior dorsal rays. Description based on an. example (No. 05034) 7.3 inches, long from Honolulu. Color in life (No. 03504), body and tins everywhere uniformly chrome-yellow; iris same color; pectoral sometimes with a tinge of golden over the yellow and the middle of side of bodv some¬ times lighter yellow; spine. on caudal peduncle white. Another example (No. 03537) had edge of spinous dorsal and anterior part of anal tin with a line of bright cadmium. Color in alcohol very pale yellowish white. This species is often dark olive in color, but. from Hawaii we have yellow examples only. We have 3 examples from Kailua and 8 from Honolulu, 1 of which is from the collection of Doctor Jenkins. These examples are 3.2 to 7.3 inches long. The young ( Zebrasoma rirgatum ), is thus described: Depth 2.33; D. iv, 31, its height 1.25 in depth; A. hi, 24; 14 teeth in upper jaw, lti in low'er; edges of upper teeth conspicuously lobed; lower teeth each with a strong median point, on each side of winch are 2 conspicuous notches; eye situated well back. Coloration of body brownish yellow crossed by about 25 straight bands of deeper color reaching the ventral region; head speckled with little blue spots, the end of snout being of a deeper color than rest of head; a more deeply colored band extending from nape across eye; 4 moderate bands extend¬ ing to lower part of body and touching posterior edge of eye, continuing to base of centrals, the second band reaching to base of anal; dorsal and anal deeply colored with clearer portions and yellowish bands obliquely parallel posteriorly; caudal brownish yellow, with the posterior part more deeply colored. Hawaii. Aeantliurus Jlavescevx Bennett. Zool. .Tourn.. IV, No. XIII, Art. Ill, 1828, 40, Oahu; Gunther Fische der Svidsee, I V 116, t» f. i. xxvi, 187.8 (Society and Sandwich islands; New Hebrides); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I, XX, 1900, 493 1 Honolulu). Acanthurux rh&mbcus. Gunther, Cat., Ill, 342, 1861 (Sandwich Islands). /atmisoma agaiia Seale. Oe. Papers Bishop Mus. I, No. 3. 1900 (1901) 110. Guam. Sropas flavcsceiti s, Jenkins. Bull. T.\ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 480 (Honolulu}; Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 533 (Honolulu. Puako Bay, Hawaii). Acanthurus rirgatus Vaillant A Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zook, III, 1875, 283, Sandwich Islands. Genus 181. CTEN0CH7ETUS Gill. Teeth movable, strongly serrate; otherwise essentially as in Hepalus. Herbivorous species of dull coloration; 8 dorsal spines. ' Ctenodon S wain son, Class. Fish.. II. 255, 1839 (slrigosun) ; preoccupied. Ctenochsctus Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 18S4, 277, 279 (strigosus). 325. Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & < milliard). “Kali.'’ Fig. 171. Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.8; snout 1.8 in head; eye 4; interorbital 2.75; D. vm, 27; A. in, 25. Body deep, short, compressed; upper and lower profiles evenly convex; head deep, compressed, upper profile evenly convex from tip of snout to occiput; snout long, jaws low, vary slightly produced; lips thin, teeth slender, dilated, compressed at end, the outer side crenulate; margin of preopercle very oblique, angle below anterior margin of eye; interorbital space broad, elevated, convex; nostrils small, close together, anterior circular, with small, thin, fleshy flap, posterior short, slit-like; dorsal spines graduated to last, which is 1.65 in head; soft dorsal with rays of last third produced in a sharp point, sixteenth ray 1.25; anal spines graduated to last, which is 2; posterior anal rays produced in a point, thirteenth 1.2; caudal rather large, broad, deeply emarginate, upper and lower rays produced in points; pectoral broad, 3.25 in body; ventrals long, sharply pointed, 3.2 in body; ventral spine sharply pointed, 2 in head; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.35; caudal spine long, depressible in a groove, 3; scales very small, ctenoid; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal profile, running down behind to caudal spine; very minute scales on basal portions of vertical fins. Color in life (No. 03300), side coppery red with about 30 narrow pale blue, somewhat wavy, irregular longitudinal lines; head dark brown; dorsal much like side; anal solid bluish-black; Cauda1 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 399 coppery black; ventrals rosy, black at tips; pectoral orange, paler below; iris blue surrounded by orange. Color of an example from Hilo when fresh, darkish black, faintly streaked with dark reddish. Color in alcohol, deep chocolate brown; snout, jaws, ridge of the head, ventrals and vertical fins, blackish; side with about 40 narrow grayish horizontal lines, those above running up vertically on dorsal, those below running down vertically on anal ; pectorals dilute grayish-green. Described chiefly from an example (No. 03728) from Honolulu. This species, described originally from Guam, is rather common at Honolulu, from which place we have 1 1 specimens, 7 collected by Doctor Jenkins. It was also obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross, and we have 3 examples from Kailua, 1 from Hilo, and 5 from Xapoopoo, Hawaii. Our specimens are 4.4 to 7.6 inches long. The original description of this species was doubtless based on very young examples. Acanthurus strigosus, described by Bennett, from Honolulu, is the adult of the same species. Fig. 174. — Ctenoch&tus striatum i Quoy A: Gaimard i: after Gunther. Acanthurus strialus Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage riTnmie, Zool.. 373. pi. 63. tig. 3, 1824, young. Guam; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 229, 1835 (Sandwich Islands ).»« Acanthurus strigosus Bennett, Zool. Journ., IV. No. XIII. Art. Ill, 1828. 41, adult. Honolulu; Gunther. Cat.. 111,342, 1861 (Bennett’s type); Gunther, Fische der Sudsec, IV. 116. taf. i.xxix. tigs. B & C, 1*75 (Sandwich Islands i. Acanthurus ctenodon Cuvier & Valenciennes Hist. Nat. Poiss., \. 241, pi. 289, 1835, Carolines and New Guinea. Acanthurus (Ctenodon) strigosus, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 494 (Honolulu i. Ctenochietus strigosus, Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 480 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904). 534 (Honolulu); Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Museum, vol. I, No. 3, 109, 1901 (Guam). Genus 182. ACANTHURUS Forskal. Body oblong, compressed, covered with small rough ish scales; tail with 2 large immovable, bony, keeled plates, these entirely wanting in very young individuals; head in the adult with the forehead prominent, developing a very long horn above the eyes, this wanting in the young; teeth small, in one series, slightly compressed incisors, usually with serrate edges; ventral fins incomplete, the rays i, 3; dorsal with 5 or 6 spines; anal with 2 spines; intestinal canal elongate. Herbivorous fishes of the East Indian and Polynesian seas, some of them remarkable for the bony frontal projection and for .the large ornate caudal spines. Acanthurus Forskal, Descr. Anim., 59, 1775 ( unicornis ). Monoccros Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 180, 1801 t biaciUcatus ). Naso Lac^pede. Hist. Nat. Poiss.. Ill, 106, 1801 {Jronticomis). "Quoted from Quoy and Gaimard, who recorded the species from Guam only. 400 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Xasonus Rafinesque, Anal. Nature, 83, 1815; substitute lor Xaso. I'rioduii. (Cuvier) Quoy & Guimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 377, 1824 (armidalus). Naseus Cuvier, RCgne Animal, 2d ed., II, 225, 1829 (jnmUronu s). Priodontichthys Bonaparte, Destrib. Metod. Anim. Vest., 3-1, 1833 (a nnulatus). k’n'is Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 301. 1835 ( unyinoms ). a. Caudal spines gray; forehead with a rounded protuberance. b. Color nearly plain; I), v, 28 . bb. Color usually mottled; D. vi, 27 . aa. Caudal spines blue: forehead in adult with a long horn; D. vi, 30 326. Acanthurus incipiens Jenkins. Fig. 175. Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.2; eye 3.4 in head; snout 1.4; interorbital space 3; D. v, 28; A. ii, 27; I’. 18. Body oblong-ovate, compressed, the greatest depth under third dorsal spine; head short; anterior profile from tip of snout to front of eye concave, a distinct prominence in front of eye at level of its . incipiens , p. 41,0 . brcvirosbris, p. 401 . unicornis, p. 402 Fig. 175. — Acanthurus incipiens Jenkins: from the type. lower border, from which the profile is nearly straight to origin of dorsal; ventral outline strongly convex from tip of snout to base of ventrals; dorsal and ventral outlines from origin of dorsal and ventral tins to base of caudal peduncle each in a long low curve, most convex anteriorly; head short; snout blunt; mouth small, horizontal, below axis of body; jaws each with a single series of line, sharp, close-set, finely serrulate canine teeth; a short-curved groove in front of eye below nostrils, its length 2 in eye; gill-opening long and oblique, extending far anteriorly, the upper end at vertical of first dorsal spine; interorbital space not strongly convex, the median ridge low. Body rough velvety; each side of caudal peduncle with 2 very low weak horny plates, without spines, the distance between them 1.5 to 2 in eye; first dorsal spine rather strong, moderately rough, its length 1.7 in head; other dorsal spines smoother and more slender, the fifth 2 in head; soft dorsal not high, the rays of about uniform length, t He longest about 2.5 in head; anal spines rather short and slender, the second equal to diameter of orbit, soft anal similar to dorsal, equally high; caudal deeply emarginate, the free edge ,,f the 2 lobes forming a broad angle; upper lobe of the caudal somewhat the longer, its length nearly equaling head; ventral spines moderate, reaching based first anal spine, their length 2 in head; pectoral short, its length a little less than snout. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 401 Color in alcohol, pale dusky olivaceous, lower parts palest; dorsal and anal with pale purplish brown, mottled with lighter; edge of dorsal and anal each with a narrow blackish .border, edged posteriorly with whitish; caudal dirty brownish, narrowly edged with white, ventrals whitish, dusky at tips; pectoral dusky at base, lighter at tip. The only known examples of this species are the type obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, a single cotype secured by the Albatross at Honolulu in 189(3, and 2 specimens which we have from Samoa. Length, 12 inches or less. AmnUturit&incipfens Jenkins, Bull. I', s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903). 480, fig. 32, Honolulu (Type, No. 50707 , II. S. N. M.; cotype, No. 7720, L. S. Jr. TJniv. Mus.) 327. Acanthurus brevirostris (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Kalalolo.” Fig. 170. Head 4 in length; depth 2.5 ; eye 4 in head; snout 1.6; interorbital 2.9; D. vi, 27; A. ii, 28; P. 10. Body oblong-ovate, the dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved from vertical at base of pectoral to caudal peduncle; a long pointed horn extending forward and very slightly downward from upper margin of eye, its direction nearly parallel with axis of body, its length equal to distance from tip of snout to anterior edge of pupil, its inferior edge about one-fifth greater than diameter of orbit and pro- Flr„ 176. — Acantlmrus brevirbstris (Cuvier A Valenciennes); after Gunther. jecting beyond snout a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye; mouth very small, horizontal, slightly below axis of body; each jaw with a single series of very short close-set bluntly pointed canines, their edges faintly serrulate; a short, curved groove below nostrils in front of eye, its length 1.4 in eye; gill¬ opening long and much curved, the anterior arm extending forward to vertical of nostrils, length of slit equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of pupil; a short groove extending upward and forward just back of angle of mouth, its length 1.4 in eye; interorbital space rather broad, convex, the median ridge scarcely appearing until on occiput. Body and head smooth and velvety when stroked from head backward, but very rough in oppo¬ site direction; each side of caudal peduncle with 2 moderate bony plates, each plate with a rather high median keel, highest anteriorly, not hooked in any of our specimens; lateral line complete, appear¬ ing as a slight ridge or raised tube, arched somewhat above the pectoral, thence following curvature of the hack to caudal peduncle. First dorsal spine strong, rough laterally, slightly broadened toward base, inserted in front of upper end of gill-opening, its length 2.2 in head; second and third dorsal spines a little longer, fourth to sixth a little shorter, the spines alternately stronger and weaker; dorsal rays weak, their length about equal to that of the spines; anal spines slender, the second the longer, about 1.4 in first F. C. B. 1903— ,26 BULLETIN OK THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 402 dorsal spine; caudal emarginate, the distal edges of the lobes forming a shallow reentrant angle, the lobes not produced, their length about 1.2 in head; ventral spines slender, their tips reaching base of second anal spine, their length 1.9 in head; pectoral moderate, 1.4 in head. Color of nearly fresh example (No. 03354), blackish olive; side of head and body covered pro¬ fusely with small black specks; fins all brownish black; caudal palest, a black blotch on its base, the edge dark; iris pale yellow. Another example 7 inches long (No. 03398) , when fresh, was dark drab, almost dove-color above, paler below; a pale horizontal streak below eye, which shows faintly as a pale lateral streak; caudal peduncle and spines of same color, dorsal and anal unmarked, the spines drab, the membranes darker; caudal dusky at base, then broadly creamy, the posterior edge blackish drab; pectoral and ventral* also drab, the edge paler; no yellow, blue, or red markings or shades anywhere; posterior edge of caudal black. Still another example (No. 03538) has the general color dark brown with bluish showing through, the blue being evident on lower parts of body, over the head, breast and belly, and on region along edge of opercle; fins with a distinctly bluish tinge; side of body with many transverse rows of dots and short bars of darker brown. The species shows considerable variation in form anil color, the former varying much with age. I n our smallest individuals the depth is greater (2.25 in length), the back is somewhat more arched, and the horn is shorter, not projecting beyond the snout. Not until in examples about 8 inches long does it project beyond the snout, and in some individuals 9 inches long it scarcely projects. In the young (7 inches) the caudal spines are very small and weak. They usually, but not always, grow stronger with age. Tim distance between them varies somewhat. In one example (No. 05668) they are much closer together than in others of the same size. The color seems to vary without reference to size. Most of our examples in alcohol show few or no dark spot* or vertical bars, while one 11-inch example (No. 03354) is profusely covered on head and body with small round black spots which on posterior half of side tend to, arrange themselves in vertical bars. Another example 8 inches long (No. 02968) is almost without spots, but has about 25 rather distinct dark-brown vertical lines. One example (No. 02968), which has been in alcohol a year, still shows tip of tail sulphur-yellow, pale within; side with vertical darker lines. These variations are all within the species. Description based chiefly on a specimen (No. 05668) 11 inches long. This fish is nf wide distribution, having been recorded from Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, Macas¬ sar, Amboyna, Port Resolution, Aneityum, Ivingsmill Island, Tahiti, and the Hawaiian Islands, in which latter region it is not rare, though previously recorded only by Doctor Jenkins. Our collection contains 12 examples (4 obtained by Jenkins), all from Honolulu. Specimens were also obtained by the .1 / 'liatrosx at Honolulu. Xastits brcrirostris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poiss., X, 277, pi. 291. 183.7, no locality; Gunther, Cat,, HI, 349, lSlil (Ceylon; Malayan Archipelago; Macassar: Amboyna; Fort Resolution; Aneityum); ibid, Fisrhe tier Sudseei IV, 121, pi. lx xix, fig. A, 1875 (Ivingsmill Island; Tahiti). Acanlhuru, s breviroxlris, Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 481 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. fit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu). 328. Acanthurus unicornis ( Forskal). “ Kala Head 3.9 in length; depth 2; eye 4 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 3.4; I), vi, 30; A. it, 28; P. iv; V. i, 3. Body short, deep, and compressed, elevated anteriorly, highest at beginning of dorsal; snout pointed, usually projecting behind the frontal horn; profile of snout straight from tip to the 'ong bluntly pointed or conic horn which projects forward and downward from preocular region, this horn varying great .ly with age, most prominent in the adult, scarcely developed in the young, in which it appears merely as a blunt- projection, the upper profile of the snout being concave; teeth small, bluntly pointed canines, not serrated, close-set and slightly recurved; a short, nearly vertical shallow groove in front of eye under nostrils, its length equal to half diameter of eye; gill-opening long, oblique, strongly curved, its length nearly equaling that of head; origin of dorsal fin over upper end of gill-opening; dorsal spines strong, rough, the first 2 in head, the others successively shorter; dorsal lays slender, weak, the longest about equal to first spine; origin of anal fin under base of sixth dorsal FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 403 spine; anal spines short, about 2 in first dorsal spine; anal rays short, 1.25 in first dorsal spine; caudal deeply lunate, Hue lobes pointed; ventral spine rough, sharp pointed, 2 in head; pectoral short, 1.4 in head. Skin uniform, rough velvety; caudal peduncle with 2 low, spiniferous plates on each side, dis¬ tance between them about two-thirds diameter of eye. Color in life of a specimen (No. 02080) 12.5 inches long, dirty olive, paler below; top of head and horn dark olivaceous; caudal spines pale blue; dorsal fin pale blue, crossed by about 6 narrow pale yellow lines, curving upward and backward,' edge of fin narrowly blue; anal similarly marked, the blue border broader; caudal dirty olive, darkest in the center and on the upper and lower margins, posterior part pale olive; pectoral pale, brownish underneath; axil pale, with 2 or 3 small blue spots; ventrals pale. An example (No. 02997) 7 inches long, did not differ particularly from larger examples; general color pale olive, yellowish anteriorly; snout and top of head back todorsal blackish; dorsal fin pale orange, crossed by narrow pale blue lines, the fin edged with blue; anal pale orange, with 2 broad pale blue bands, a narrower darker blue band at edge, with a narrow whitish border; caudal dusky; pectoral pale; ventrals whitish, darkish at tips; iris silvery, whitish yellow, a dark spot, above and another below. Another example (No. 0.3449), had the upper part of the body gray, the lower part yellow forward, with golden tinge along region <>f anal; dorsal fin dirty yellow, with very narrow blue border; anal golden, with 2 narrow bands of bluish white parallel with outline of body, outer border same as dorsal, with narrow blue line; caudal grayish; ventrals yellowish: pectoral colorless. An example from Hilo when fresh was dirty olive, spines violet blue. Color in alcohol, dusky brownish above, paler below; caudal spines black; dorsal fin dark brown along base, the membranes above lighter brown crossed by pale bluish stripes extending upward and backward; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals pale, dusky at tip; pectoral dusky. This curious and interesting fish is abundant among the Hawaiian Islands, and is widely distributed in the tropical Pacific and the Fast Indies to the Red Sea. Jenkins obtained 9 examples at Honolulu, and we have 10 from the same place; also 3 specimens from Ililo. The Albatross found it, at Honolulu and at Puako Bay, Hawaii. Our specimens are 4.5 to 14 inches long. Chxtod/m unicornis Forsk&l, Descript. Animal., G3, 1775, Djidda. Monoceros rail Schneider. Syst. Ichth.. 181, 1801, no locality. Monoceros biaculeaius Schneider. Syst. Ichth., 180, pi. xui, isoi, shores o£Arabia. Naso front icon) is LacepOde, Hist. N.it. Poiss., Ill, 10'), 10C>, pi. vn. fig. 2, 1801, Isle of France. Acantlmrus unicornis, Shaw, Gen. Zool., IV, 371, pi. 50, 1803 (Indian and Arabian seas»: Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 19031. 4*1 i Honolulu i; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 < Honolulu: Puako Bay, Hawaii i. Aspisurus unicornis, Kiippell, Atl. Reis. Nurd. Af., Fisch., GO, 1828. Naseus longicomis Cuvier in Guerm Mencville, Icon. reg. anim., pi. 35, fig. 3, 1830-44. Naseus fronticornis, Commcrson in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 259, 1835 ( Isle of France: Waigiou; Bourbon , Tahiti; Carolines; Guam; Sandwich Islands; Red Sea at Djedda; Cape Mohammed). Nasefuolivaceiis Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 288, 1835, Tahiti (young). Cluetodon olimceus, Solander in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 2SS, 1835. Harpurus monoceros Forster, Rescript. Animal., Ed. Lichtenstein, 219, 1844. Tahiti. Acronurus nv/yptuis Gronow, Syst. Nat., Ed. Gray, 191, 1854, Red Sea. Acronurus corniger Gronow, Syst. Nat., Ed. Gray, 192, 1854, Red Sea. Naseus unicornis, Gunther, Cat., Ill, 3 IS, 18G1 (Ceylon; Frank land Island; Red Sea, Aneitvum), Gunther, Fisehe dor Siidsce. IV, 1 IS, taf. LX XVI 1 1, figs. 1 to 4. 1875 (Tahiti; Lat. 13" S., Long. 146° W., north of Society Islands (Red Sea to Sand¬ wich Islands); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, G8. 1877 (Honolulu); Steindachncr, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 495, 1900 (Honolulu; Laysan). Monoceros unicornis, Fowler, Proc. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 513, (Sandwich Islands). Genus 183. CALLICANTHUS Swainson. This genus differs from Acantlmrus in having no horn upon forehead. Tail with 2 bony plates, with or without spines; dorsal spines 5 or fi; teeth not serrulate. Not very distinct from Acantlmrus. Callicanthus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 255, 1839 ( elegans ). a. Caudal spines scarlet interorbital comparatively narrow, about 3.4 in head: head with an orange or yellow line from eye to angle of mouth . .lituratus, p. 401 aa. Caudal spines gray; interorbital wider. 3 in head; head without orange <>r yellow line . metoposophron. p. 405 404 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 329. Callicanthus lituratus (Forster). Plate LX" and Fig. 177. Head 3.8 in length; depth 2.2; eye 5 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 3.4; I), vi, 29; A. it, 30; I’. Ifi. Body oblong-ovate, the greatest depth at base of third dorsal spine; dorsal outline nearly straight from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, thence in a long low curve to caudal peduncle; no horn or prominence on forehead; ventral outline strongly convex from posterior part of chin to origin of anal, thence curved uniformly with the back; chin strongly concave, the snout, projecting; mouth small, horizontal, in line with axis of body; jaws each with a single series of close-set, bluntly pointed canines of moderate size, the edges not serrulate; groove in front of eye short, not half length of orbit; gill¬ opening long and oblique, equaling snout, its upper end in line between upper base of pectoral and base of second dorsal spine; interorbital evenly convex, the preocular edge of orbit somewhat prom¬ inent. Body velvety; each side of caudal peduncle with 2 strong horny plates each with a strong, broad flat, spine curved forward, these little developed in the young; in the example upon which this description is chiefly based (No. 03493, 12.25 inches long), these spines are nearly as wide at base as high, the chord of the posterior edge being longer than orbit; distance between tips 3 in head; first dorsal strong, broad at base, rugose, its length about 2.1 in head; dorsal spines heteracanthous, alter* Fin. 177. — CailicanlJms lituvatus (Forster); alter Gunther. nately strong and weak on opposite sides; dorsal rays somewhat longer than the spines, especially anteriorly; anal spines shorter, of about equal length, about3.fi in head; ventral spines strong, reach¬ ing midway between bases of first and second anal spines, their length 2 in head, pectoral longer, 1.2 in head; caudal evenly lunate, the lobes greatly produced and filamentous in the adult male the fila¬ ments in an example 12.25 inches long (No. 03493) being 3.5 times length of middle rays; in specimens Nos. 05379 and 05381, which are nearly of equal size, the former has the lobes more than 3 times the middle rays, while in the latter they are not at all filamentous, the fin being simply lunate. Color in life (No. 03380), nearly uniform black, slightly olivaceous below, a lemon-yellow stripe in front of eye forward on snout and curving downward just back of angle of mouth; another yellow stripe beginning behind eye extending downward as a narrow line. along edge of preopercle, then curving forward and joining the other near angle of mouth; lips orange; breast and belly to anal with a lemon-yellow stripe blending into the general color; base of anal burnt umber, then changing to yellowish, then very black, the edge tipped with light blue; spines on caudal peduncle set in a deep orange-yellow blotch, the spines themselves blackish; caudal blackish, the produced rays entirely By error mimed Acantliurus unicornis on plate. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 405 blackish, but the rest of the crescent with ;i band of yellowish-green about as wide as pupil, the edge tipped with white; dorsal black, with white stripe on distal portion extending from first ray to end of fin, outside of which is a very narrow black stripe, the edge narrowly tipped with white; dorsal spines black, the membranes black except edge of last 3 membranes which is whitish. An example (No. 011505), taken at Honolulu July 27, had the body dark brown; an orange-yellow line from eye to angle of mouth; lips orange; line on breast and belly orange; postocular region and between eyes somewhat yellowish, anal plates orange, the interspace white, the spines brownish; dorsal fin black, a bright blue line on body at base, a narrow white line near margin, the edge black; caudal dirt brown, a subterminal yellowish-green crescent; anal orange on outer half, shading to yellow on inner third; centrals orange; pectoral dirt brown. Another example (No. 03493) had color in life olivaceous, blackish above, a golden patch about and behind eye, a golden line thence forward and down to angle of mouth, joining the white edge of opercle and the orange jaws, a pale blue stripe at base of dorsal, fin black with broad white Upper part and some yellowish streaks on the white, edge blackish; caudal spines deep orange; caudal blackish- olive, edged with olive within and then white; anal yellowish-olive, then bright orange, its edge black, tipped with white; ventrals dirty orange; pectoral olive and black. The colored plate in Gunther’s Fische der Siidsee belongs to ( 'ullicanthus gurretti (Seale). We have both garreUi and lituratus from Samoa, but can not decide whether they are really distinct species. The blue line at base of dorsal is characteristic of liturutus. It is wanting in garretli. If garretli is valid we have specimens from Hawaii. This appears to be one of the most common fishes of this family among the Hawaiian Islands, though it has been previously recorded only by Gunther, Steindachner, and Jenkins. It is a species of wide distribution, ranging from the Red Sea throughout Polynesia. Gunther recorded it from Tahiti, Aueityum, Malayan Archipelago, Red Sea, and the Hawaiian Islands, and Quoy and Guimard from Guam. It is represented in our collections by 2G specimens from Honolulu (7 obtained by Jenkins, 1 by Wood, and 3 by the Albatross in 1896), 1 from Honuapo, Kona, and 3 from Hilo. Others are in the AlbutrOSs collections from Honolulu and Puako Ray. Our 30 examples are 5 to 12.25 inches long. Known also from Johnston Island. Acuuthnrus liturutus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Iehth., 216, 1801, no locality; after Forster. Acantkunis fiurpurus Shaw, Gen. Zool., IV, 381, 1803, Indian Seas. Aspisurus carolinarum Quoy A Guimard. Vov. de 1' Uranic, Zool., 375, pi. 63. tig. 1. 1824, Guam. Aspisurus clcuans Kuppcll, Atl. Reis. Ndrdl. Af. Fisch., 61, taf. 16, lig. 2. 1X28, Red Sea. 1‘rionunts enume Lesson, Yoy. Coquille, Zool., II, 151, 1830, Tahiti. Nasem lituralus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, llist. Nat. I'uis' , A, 282, 1835 i Tahiti: New Ireland: Ulea; Gulf of Sue/; Isle of France); Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, IV, 12-1. pi. i.xxxn, 1875 (Society and Sandwich islands:: smith A Swain, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 139, 1882 (Johnson Island); Steindachner, Decks. Alt. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 495, 4900 (Honolulu). Hnrpurus lituratus, Forster, Descript. Animal., 21S; Forster in Cuvier .v Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poiss., X, 2S2, 1835. Xuscus rarolinarum, Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. , X. 287. 1835 (Guam). Aspisurus lituratus, Rvippell, None Wirbelthiere, Fisch.. 130, 1S38. Monoccrus liturutus, Seale, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, Yol. 1, No. 3, 113, 1901 (Agana, Guam). Call irant hits liturutus, Jenkins, Bull. Ik S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 481 (Honolulu); Snyder, I. c. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii). * Menace ms punrtti Seale. Oec. Papers Bishop Mus.,Vol. I. No. 3, 112. 1901, Agana, Guam. (Type. No. 210, It. P. It. M. full. A. Seale.) 330. Callicauthus metoposophron Jenkins. Fig. 178. Head 4 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.5 in head; snout 1.9; interorbital 3; D. vi, 29; A. it, 30. Body rather oblong, greatly compressed, the greatest depth under last dorsal spine; anterior dorsal profile Strongly and evenly convex from tip of snout to about fourth dorsal ray, entirely without horn or protuberance of any kind, thence less convex to caudal peduncle; ventral outline similar, hut less convex; snout rather short; mouth small, horizontal, slightly below axis of body; teeth small, slender, close-set, and pointed, not serrulate, in a single series in each jaw; a short lunate groove in front of eye, its length equaling that of maxillary; gill-opening long and oblique, the lower arm extending far forward, the upper end on a level with lower edge of orbit and directly above upper base of pectoral; interorbital space moderately broad, the 2 sides meeting at a broad, rounded angle. Entire body and bead finely granulated or velvety; each side of caudal peduncle with 2 weak, keeled horny plates, the 40f> BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. distance between them 1.4 in eye. First dorsal spine strong, roughened laterally, inserted above gill-opening; other dorsal spines slender, nearly smooth, pointed, the third longest, its length about equaling that of snout; dorsal rays slender and weak; shorter than the spines, the longest about 2.8 in head; anal spines slender and pointed, the second a little the longer, its length equaling diameter of eye; anal similar to soft dorsal but somewhat lower; caudal deeply lunate, the lobes not greatly produced, the upper slightly the longer; ventral spines long, rather strong, reaching base of second anal spine, their length equaling that of longest dorsal spine; pectoral of moderate length, 4 in head. Color in alcohol, nearly uniform olivaceous brown, paler below; dorsal fin darker brown, crossed by 3 broad longitudinal lighter bands; on the spinous portion the lighter and darker markings are broken up into more or less vertical bars; membrane between first and second dorsal spines with a pale or transparent area on distal portion, the edge of fin narrowly black; anal similar to dorsal, but with less distinct bands; caudal uniform dusky; pectoral dusky, paler at tip; ventrals dusky. This species was not obtained by us. The only known examples are the type and one cotype secured by Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, length 9 and 10 inches, and another example 11.2 inches long, recently obtained by Mr. Berndt at Honolulu. Call leant has vu toposophron Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII. 1902, 1M. (Sept. 23, 1903), tig. 31, Honolulu. (Type, No. 5U70G, U. S. N. M.; cotype, No. 7727, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mils.) Fig. 178. — Callicanthus metoposojihron Jenkins; from the type. Group PLECTOGNATHI. — The Pleetognathous Fishes. One of the most important offshoots of the Acanthopleri is the group or order Pb'etognathi, includ¬ ing the 3 suborders of Sderodenni, Oslmcodermi, and Gymnodonles. The extremes of this group show a remarkable divergence from the usual type of spiny-rayed fishes. The more generalized forms are, however, very close to the group called Squamipinnes, and especially to the family of TeutlvWtidx. There can be no doubt of the common origin of Balistidu' and Acnntliuridx and that the divergence is comparatively recent. The close connection of these groups leads us to subordinate the Plectognathi to the Acanthopleri and to place its 3 suborders in their natural position as an offshoot from the Squami- pimm. The Plectognathi may be thus defined: a Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal which is short, undivided, and ankylosed to the epiotic. Premax diaries usually coossified with the maxillaries behind and the dentary bones with the articular; interopercle a slender rod; lower pharyngeal bones distinct; upper pharyngeais laminar, usually vertical and transverse; skin usually with rough shields or scales or bony plates; The definition ol this group is modified chiefly from Doctor Gill. (Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 412.) FISHFS OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 407 skeleton imperfectly ossified, the number of vertebra-* usually small, typically fewer than 24 (usually 14 to 20), rarely considerably increased, (rill-openings restricted to the sides; ventral fins reduced or wanting, the pelvic bones usually elongate; spinous dorsal small or wanting; air-bladder without duct. Fishes chiefly of the Tropics, mostly inactive and depending on their tough skin or bony or spinous armature for their protection. a. Jaws with distinct teeth. b. Spinous dorsal present; body with scales or movable plates . . . Sclerodermi, p. 107 hb. Spinous dorsal wanting; body encased in an immovable carapace of hexagonal plates; the jaws, bases of tins, and tail only free . Ostracodermi, p. 411 aa. Jaws modified into a sort of beak, each with an enamel-like covering and without distinct teeth; scales rhomboid or spifliform, with root-like insertions; spinous dorsal wanting . Gymnodontes, p. 424 Suborder SCLERODERMI. The Sclerodermi may be defined as Plectognathous fishes with a spinous dors?., composed of one or more spines inserted just behind the cranium; body of the normal fish-like shape; scales rough, or spinigerous, of regular form; jaws with distinct teeth, conical or incisor-like. a. Ventral fins obsolete, or the pair represented by a single spine at the end of the long pelvic bone; scales rough, rhombic, or spiniform. 6. Vertabne in small number, 17 to 21; no barbel at chin: gill-opening not before the eyes. c. First dorsal composed of 3, rarely 2, spines; the first spine very large, the second locking it in erection; scales com¬ paratively large, bony, rough, forming a coat of mail; vertebrae 17 . lialistidse , p. 407 cc. First dorsal of a single spine, with a rudiment at its base; scales minute, not bony, the edges spinescent, so that the surface of the body is rough velvety; vertebras is to 21 . Monacanthidic , p. 418 Family LXXVI. BALISTID4E. -Trigger- fishes. Body oblong or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with rather large, rough scales or scutes of various forms, not forming an immovable carapace; lateral line obscure or wanting; mouth, small, terminal, and low; jaws short, each with about 1 series of separate, incisor-like teeth; eye near occiput; preorbital very deep; no barbels; gill-openings small, slit-like, above or in front of pectoral fins, not before eyes; dorsal fins 2, the anterior of 2 or 3 spines, the first highest and very strong, the second locking it in erection; second dorsal remote from the first, of many soft rays. Shore fishes of the tropical seas, of rather large size, carnivorous or partly herbivorous, very rarely used as food, many of them reputed to be poisonous. a. Caudal peduncle compressed. b. Teeth white or pale, not red. c. Teeth unequal, oblique, each one deeply notched. d. Gill-opening with a number of enlarged bony plates or scutes behind it; ventral flap movable, supported by a scries of spines, more or loss free at tip and resembling tin rays; cheeks entirely scaled, without naked grooves or patches. c. Eye with a preocular groove . Ha listen, p. 407 cc. Eye without preocular groove; caudal scales spinous . Baltetapws, p. 413 dd. Gill-opening with only ordinary scales behind it. lu Chin not projecting; cheeks closely scaled; dorsal spines scales of posterior parts unarmed or keeled . Canthidermis , p. 415 hh. ('hiii much projecting; cheek with 3 to 5 narrow parallel grooves; dorsal spines 2; scales of posterior parts more or less keeled . Xanthichihys, p. 416 cc. Teeth even, ineisor-like . Jfelichthys, p. 117 Genus 184. BALISTES (Artedi) Linnaeus. Trigger-fishes. Body compressed, covered with thick, rough scales or plates of moderate size, 30 to 80 in a length¬ wise series; a naked groove before eye below nostrils; lateral line more or less developed, very slender, undulate, conspicuous only when the scales are dry, extending on the cheeks; pelvic flap large, mov¬ able, supported by a series of slender, pungent spines; caudal peduncle compressed, its scales armed or unarmed, with or without spines or differentiated tubercles similar to those on rest of body; gill¬ opening with enlarged bony scutes behind it; cheeks entirely scaly, without naked patches or grooves; each jaw with irregular, incisor-like teeth, usually 4 on each side in each jaw; first dorsal of 3 spines, the anterior of which is much the largest, the second acting as a trigger, locking the first when erected; 40* BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. tint third nearly as large as second and remote from it; second dorsal and anal 1* >n^c, similar to each other; caudal fin rounded, w ith the outer rays much produced in the adult ; branchiostegals <>; verte¬ brae 7-f-lO. Species rather few, chiefly American; some of them straying to the old world. Batistes (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst, Nat., Ed. X, 327, 1758 (vetiila). Cap rise us Rafinesque, Indice, 11, 58, 1810 {porous — eaprisc us) . Chalisoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class’ll Fishes, II, 325, 1839 (jjulcherriina). Capriscus Swainson, op. cat., II, 320, 1839 ( capriscus ); after Capriscus of Willughby. Pachynathus Swainson, op. cit., II, 326, 1839 ( Irianyularis = capi stratus ) ; the name evidently in error for Pachypnathus , but not so spelled; not Pachygnathm, an earlier name of a genus of spiders. a. Scales more than 60 (about so); dorsal not highest in front; color black . . an. Scales 60 or fewer (50 to 60); dorsal with anterior rays more or less elevated. b. Origin of spinous dorsal midway between eye and gill-opening; side with dark streaks bb. Origin of spinous dorsal over or behind gill-opening. c. Dorsal and anal somewhat elevated in front; scales 60; black, the tins pale . cc. Dorsal and anal not elevated in front; a dark streak through eye; scales 50 to 56. d. Scales about 50 . del. Scales about 56; a broad pale streak behind month. . . . 333. Batistes nycteris (Jordan & Evermann). Fig. 179. Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.9; eye 5 in head; snout 1.25; interorbital 2.6; preorbital 1.5; I>. m- 33; A. 29; scales about 80. Body short, stout, deep and greatly compressed; head short, the dorsal and ventral profiles about equally curved; caudal peduncle short, compressed, its least depth about twice diameter of eye, its . jiyCteris, p. 108 . .fuscolinealus, p. 109 . vidua, x>. 409 . bursa, p. 410 . capistratus, p. 411 z*Zr. 3.* 4 ffAW w ■ , ,v' * r • Pis « *’ # A f fij.i I Mb Fig. 179. — Halistcs vyctcris (Jordan A Evermann); Irora the type. least width about equal to diameter of eye; a short horizontal groove in front of eye below nostrils; nostrils small, close together, in front of upper part of eye; teeth broad, close set, forming a continuous plate, teeth not united, however; lips thin; mouth small, horizontal, in axis of body, lower jaw very slightly tlie longer; gill-opening short, nearly vertical; a group of bony scutes under pectoral back of gill-opening, one of these considerably enlarged; scales regularly arranged in rows, their surfaces granular; lateral line beginning at posterior edge of eye, ascending to within 7 scales of spinous dorsal and continuing to near origin of soft dorsal, where it disappears; scales on posterior portion of body and on caudal peduncle each with a slightly raised crest at center, these forming series of ridges along the side. First dorsal spine strong, blunt and rough, its length about 2 in head; second dorsal spine shorter and much weaker, its length scarcely more than one-third that of first; third dorsal spine remote from the second and very short, not extending above the dorsal groove; soft dorsal gently rounded, its rays of approximately equal length, the longest equaling distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of eye; base of soft dorsal slightly greater than distance from tip of snout to posterior base of first dorsal spine, or equaling distance from tip of snout to lower base of pectoral axil; anal FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 409 similar to soft dorsal, the rays somewhat longer, the base somewhat shorter; caudal short and rounded, the rays about 1.75 in head; pectoral short, the upper rays longest, about 3 in head. Color in alcohol, rich brownish or velvety black; spinous dorsal black; soft dorsal pale yellowish or whitish, margined with black, the lower half crossed by 4 narrow parallel black lines; anal similar to soft dorsal, but with only 2 narrow black lines on its basal half; caudal dusky, yellowish at tip; pectoral yellowish. Only one specimen obtained, type, No. 50821, U.S.N.M. (held No. 05089), 6.25 inches long, Honolulu. Pachynnthus nyi'U.rts Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (April 11, 1903), 199, Honolulu. 332. Balistes fuscolineatus Seale. Head 3.5 in length; depth 2; eye 4.5 in head; snout 1.65; interorbital 2.3; D. hi— 33; A. 30; scales 54, 30 from vent to spinous dorsal; first dorsal spine 1.65 in head, equal to snout; longest dorsal ray 2.2; longest anal ray 2.2; longest pectoral 2.25. Body oblong, compressed, blunter anteriorly; head short, deep, compressed, upper and lower outlines evenly arched; eye small, high, posterior; snout blunt; mouth small, terminal; jaws equal; lips thick; teeth incisor-like, with sharp notches, giving some of them a canine-like appearance; origin of spinous dorsal midway between eye and gill-opening, first spine strong, blunt, with 4 rows of decurved short spines, 2 rows on anterior face and 1 on each side; second dorsal spine 3 in first; dorsal and anal low, outlines slightly rounded, last rays 2 in longest rays; dorsal base equal to distance from anterior base of spinous dorsal to lower edge of lower lip; anal base equal to distance from origin of spi¬ nous dorsal to origin of soft dorsal; caudal rounded, its middle ray about 2 in head, slightly shorter than first dorsal spine; ventral spine short, broad, and movable only at tip; pectoral short, broad, and rounded; body and head entirely covered with scales, those of anterior portion of body and head slightly enlarged; 6 or 7 enlarged osseous plates, each with straight lines from center to edge, behind gill-opening; 6 or 7 rows of small spines or raised tubercles on the center of each scale on posterior portion of body. Color in life, silvery, with more or less opalescent reflections; 3 narrow dusky linesextending from anterior margin of orbit horizontally forward over snout; another dusky line over snout just above upper lip; 2 dusky lines over interorbital space; 2 rather indistinct dusky lines along base of dorsal fins, the lower of these lines beginning at orbit; also a narrow indistinct dusky line extending from posterior margin of orbit obliquely back and down to slightly above anal fin; another short dark line from upper posterior edge of orbit to avis of pectoral; 2 narrow dusky lines extending along bases of ventral and anal tins; spinous dorsal black; soft dorsal, pectoral, ventral spine, and anal fin white; caudal dusky. (Seale.) Color in alcohol, grayish olivaceous above, lighter below; the narrow stripes across snout and interorbital dark; soft dorsal and anal pale, with indications of dark mottling; spinous dorsal dark brown; caudal color of upper part of body; pectoral pale. One specimen, No. 03559, 5.65 inches long, from Honolulu. This and the type are the only known specimens. Balistesfuuicolijitatus Seale, Oee. Papers Bernice I’auahi Bishop Museum, I. No. 4, 9. fig. i. 1901. Honolulu. (Type, No. Uri. B.P.B.M., coll. A. Seale.) 333. Balistes vidua Solander. “ Humuhumu hiukole;” “ Ilumuhumu uH.” Plate 1.X I. Head 3.5 in length; depth 2; eye 5.4 in head; snout 1.5; interorbital 2.5; I). in, 34; A. 30; scales 60, 38 from vent to origin of spinous dorsal; first dorsal spine 2 in head; longest dorsal ray 1.3; longest anal ray equal to snout; pectoral 2.25 in head. Body oblong, compressed, more blunt anteriorly; head short, deep, compressed; eye small, high, posterior; snout thick and blunt; mouth small, terminal; jaws equal; teeth notched, incisor-like, the 2 anterior teeth of lower jaw not notched, but broad and sharp, the next 2 teeth with the anterior por¬ tion produced and hooked backward, their inner side with a grinding process; origin of spinous dorsal over gill-opening; soft dorsal and anal slightly concave, the anterior rays being produced; caudal truncate; ventral spine very short and blunt; pectoral short, slightly rounded; scales covering entire body and head, those on median portion of body largest; a distinct groove in front of eye (inadvert- 410 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. ently omitted by the artist in the drawing); a series ot- osseous plates behind gill-opening; a slight evidence of rows of small spines on median rows of scales on posterior part of body. Young exam¬ ples have spines on side of caudal peduncle. Color in life, uniformly dark brown with tinge of olive; membranes of spinous dorsal olive; soft dorsal and anal white, with a narrow black border along anterior and distal margins; distal portion of caudal peduncle white, fin light red, the upper and lower margins each with a narrow black line; pec¬ toral rays bright yellow; faint violet at angles of mouth; iris yellow. A specimen from Hilo showed in life, body blackish olive with obsolete traces of rows of yellow¬ ish spots below, which fade at death; first dorsal and pectoral dull olive; caudal broadly w hite at base, the rest of fin bright flesh color, its upper and lower edge narrowly blackish; second dorsal and anal pure translucent white with broad black edge. Color in alcohol, dark brown; spinous dorsal dark brown; dorsal and anal white, edged with black; caudal white, upper and lower edges black; pectoral white. The above description based chiefly upon No. 03140, a specimen 9.5 inches long, from Honolulu. lialistes rhl.ua Solander in Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 128, pi. 59, figs. 9 and 10, 1842, Otahiti; Gunther, Cal.. V I II. 210, 1870; Streets, Hull. IT. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 57, 1877 (Honolulu); Steindachner, Denks, Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 516, 1900 (Honolulu 1: Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 482 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu). Melielithys vidua, Blecker, Atlas Ielrth., V, 109, pi. 217, fig. 2, 1865 (Nova-Selma; Halmahera: Amboyna; Tahiti; Borabora). 334. Balistes bursa Laeepede. “ Humuhunui lei” Fig. 180. Head 3 in length ; depth 3.1; eye 5 in head; snout 1.35; interorbital 3.3; It in, 37 (27-39); A. 24 (24-27) ; scales 50, 29 from vent to first dorsal spine; length of first dorsal 1.75 in head, equal to outer caudal rays; longest dorsal ray equal to longest anal or pectoral, 2.5 in head. Fig. 180. — Ila/ivtcsburm Laeepede: after Bleeker. Body oblong, compressed; head short, deep, compressed; eye small, high, posterior; snout thick, blunt; mouth small, terminal; lips thick; jaws equal; sharp, uneven, incisor-like teeth, those of upper jaw more distinctly notched, in the 2 anterior ones the inner notch is produced to a point, giving the teeth a canine appearance; origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral; FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 411 first spine short, thick, blunt, and rugose; soft dorsal low, ends slightly rounded, rest of outline nearly straight; anal similar to dorsal; caudal subtruncate, slightly convex; ventral spine short, broad, movable; scales covering the entire body and head; a patch of osseous plates behind gill-opening; the median part of each scale on posterior part of body with spinous tubercles, these forming stout, short, sharp spines posteriorly, weakening anteriorly, the tubercles and spines forming elevated lines along each series of scales, extending anteriorly to pectoral region. Color in life, light drab, with darker cloudings; a narrow distinct white line from near angle of mouth to near origin of soft anal, which returns along base of ventral to base of ventral spine; an olivaceous dash extending in a curve from upper part of base of pectoral upward and backward toward middle of, but not quite reaching, the first dorsal fin ; another from above and through the eye downward and backward to lower part of base of pectoral; throat and belly, below white line, light; first dorsal olivaceous with white; second dorsal and anal transparent; caudal dusky; inside of month black. (Jenkins.) A color note taken from No. 03503 when' alive, gives the general color light olive; the markings about eye dark olive; eye blue; line from mouth to anal bright white, area within this line white; membrane of anterior part of spinous dorsal dark olive, membrane and posterior part white; soft dor¬ sal and anal transparent, their bases with a dark olive line; caudal dusky. Another example, No. 03518, showed in life, in addition to the above markings, a bright yellow area along back in region under spine back as far as under posterior portion of soft dorsal. This color soon disappeared. A specimen from Hilo showed body blackish drab; a curved blackish bar below eye, and another meeting it at an acute angle from eye across gill-opening; a blackish bar across base of pectoral ; a bluish white line across mouth ; a curved line from mouth to above vent then turned forward across pelvic flap, bounding the pale drab color of belly; first dorsal blackish, edge of pelvic flap black; dorsal and anal grayish white with a blackish line at base; pectoral and caudal drab, blackish at base. Color in alcohol, brownish olivaceous, lighter below; a fine grayish white line from angle of mouth to vent, where it forms an edge to a black spot covering the vent and anal region to base of anal spine; rest of region within this line grayish white; a vertical crescent-shaped black band across posterior portion of eye, backward to below base of first dorsal and downward to lower base of pec¬ toral; another similar band through upper base of pectoral, behind gill-opening and upward toward second dorsal spine, reaching a line on upper edge of orbit; first and second dorsal spines and mem¬ brane brown, upper part of rest of fin and edge of membrane between first and second spines white; soft dorsal and anal pale; caudal dusky. Description based chiefly upon No. 03518, a specimen 7.75 inches long, from Honolulu. We have 16 specimens 4.75 to 8 inches long, all from Honolulu, where the species is common about the reefs. Bjnliste bourse Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 335, 375, 1798, Indies. Batiste* bursa, Bloch it Schneider, Syst. Ichthy., 476, 1801 (Indian Ocean); Bleeker, Allas. V, 116, pi. 223, fig. 3. 1865; (inn ther, Cat. Fishes, VIII, 219, 1870 (Indian and Pacific oceans). Bat istapus bursa, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 514 (Hawaiian Islands i. Paclij/nathus bursa, Jenkins, Bull. lT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 4S3 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19 1904), 534 (Albatross Station 4032, off Diamond Head, Oahu Island). 335. Balistes capistratus Shaw. “ Humuhumu rniini Fi.tr. 181. Head 3 in length; depth 2.1; eye 7 in head, -5.5 in smaller examples; snout 1.4; interorbital 3.4; D. in, 30; A. 27; scales 56, 33 from vent to first dorsal spine; longest dorsal spine 2 in head, equal to depth of caudal at root of rays; longest dorsal ray equal to longest anal ray, 3 in head ; pectoral 3 in head. Body oblong, compressed; head blunt, compressed; eye small, high, posterior; snout blunt, thick; mouth small; lips thick; jaws equal; teeth incisor-like, with a sharp projection on the anterior side; this more marked in upper jaw, giving the teeth a somewhat hooked canine appearance. Origin of first dorsal slightly posterior to upper base of pectoral (this base being midway between eye and dorsal); first spine strong, blunt, and rugose; dorsal and anal low, outline slightly rounded; caudal truncate, subtruncate, or slightly doubly convex in smaller examples; ventral spine short, broad, and blunt. 412 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Scales cover entire head and body; osseous scutes behind gill-opening; a tubercle on the anterior median portion of scales on the posterior median part of body and caudal peduncle, forming 7 or 8 rows of tubercles. Color in life, body uniform light brown, tins same color, plain; rosy line beginning slightly behind and below angle of mouth, extending backward and slightly downward to vertical from eye, here joined by another of same color extending under chin. Another specimen showed membrane of first dorsal olivaceous, with a black blotch; scaled skin pushed back from the chin shows bright orange- yellow; outer margins of soft dorsal and anal light. A specimen from llilo showed body dirty olive-brown; tins dirty olive-brown, dorsal and anal somewhat paler along the edge; a golden half ring along lower jaw, a faint whitish half ring behind it, then another on chin still fainter, this prolonged backward a little at the angle, sometimes forming a distinct stripe back to breast. Color in alcohol, brown; dorsals, caudal and anal a slightly darker brown than body with tips of tins lighter; a black blotch on upper part of first membrane of spinous dorsal; pectoral dusky at base, tips pale dusky whitish; a yellowish white ring around lower jaw a short distance from the lip; a Fig. 181. — Batistes capislratus Shaw; after Bleeker. straight yellowish white stripe from angle of mouth through upper edge of ring and toward lower base of pectoral, not. quite reaching the pectoral; this ring And stripe not very evident on some examples, and easily overlooked. Description based chiefly on No. 03139, from Honolulu. This species is com¬ mon about Honolulu, from which place we have 4 other specimens. They are 8.5 to 11.75 inches long. Lc I tali Sic bride Lac6p£dc, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1798, p. 335; without locality; on a drawing by Commcrson. lialwtes capislratus Shaw, Genl. Zool., V, 1804, 417 (after Lacepode; not Packyuathus capistratus, Jordan A Fvennann, Hull. 17, which is a distinct species found along the Mexican coast, with smaller scales, -Batistes rerres Gilbert & Starks). Batistes mitis Bennett, Proe. Comm. Zool. Soc., I, 1831, 169, Mauritius; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 218, 1870. Batistes aiiiboiucnsis Gray, in Hardwicke, Ulus. Indian Zool., 1, 1832, Pisces, taf. VIII, lig. 2; Amboyna. Pachymithm triangularis Swainson, Classn. Fishes, II, 326, 1839, Vizagapatam; after Russell, pi. xx. Batistes hilipc Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes. 127, 1843, East Indies. Batistes fremitus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 129, 1843, East Indies. Batistes schmittii Bleeker, Verh. But. Gen., XXIV, 37, 1852, Sumatra. Batistes ( Bat istap us) fremitus, Bleeker, Atlas lehth., V, 114, pi. 223, lig. 2; 1865 (Java; Sumatra; Celebes; Amboyna; Obi). Pachynailms capislratus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm,, XXII, 1902 (Sept 23, 1903), 483 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. fit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 413 Genus 185. BALISTAPUS Tilesius. This genus lias the head and body closely scaled, the scales of the posterior parts more or less spinons; enlarged scales behind the gill-opening, the lateral line obsolete and no groove before the eVe. Species numerous in the Indian and tropical seas, small and rather brightly colored. JtalistapuH Tilesius, Mem. Ac. Nat. Sei. Petersb. , VII, 1820, 302 (mpfstraiHS ol Tilesius. not of Shaw, undulatus). Rltmccavth us Swainson Classic Anim., II, 325, 1839 {ornatissimux arulcatus). a. Abroad black band on side, extending downward and backward, from eye and lower base of pectoral, to vent and fourth from last anal ray; a wedge-shaped black band covering entire caudal peduncle, pointed anteriorly, and bounded by narrow greenish lines . rectwif/ulu ,s p. -113 mi. No black band on side; no black wedge-shaped band on caudal peduncle: -lor 5 oblique stripes on lower posterior side of body: a pale patch under caudal spines . ; . . . aculeatus, p. -Ill 336. Balistapus rectangulus ( Bloch & Schneider). “ Humuhvmu nukunaku apua’a.” Plate LXII1. Head 2.6 in length; depth 2; snout 1.25 in head; eye 5.3; interorbital 3.75; D. in, 26 (21 to 26); A. 20; first dorsal spine 2.3 in head, equal to length of pectoral; longest dorsal ray 2.8; base of soft dorsal equal to snout; longest anal raj' 3, base of anal 1.05 in bead; scales 40, 28 from anterior base of spinous dorsal to vent; interorbital space prominent, equal to cleft of mouth. Body oblong, compressed, dorsal and anal outlines similarly and evenly arched; head large; snout long, thick and blunt; month small, with thick lips; a single row of 8 sharp-notched, incisor- like teeth in each jaw; eye small, high, posterior; first dorsal commencing above the gill-opening, the first spine blunt and strong, its anterior edge rugose; soft dorsal and anal moderate, with rounded profile; caudal slightly rounded; ventral spine movable, supported by a series of slender sharp spines; pectorals broad, rounded; entire body and head scaled, some osseous plates behind the gill- opening; three and a half rows of sharp recurved spines on side of caudal peduncle. In a smaller example, 5 inches long, the upper row is the short row, in the larger examples, 8 inches long, the rows are irregular and sometimes as many as 6 are present; the number of rows does not seem to be uniform. Color in life, upper part of body and head light brown, becoming lighter toward snout; 3 narrow black hands reaching from one eye to the other, the borders and spaces, wider than the bands, green; the posterior band on head passing downward, and after an abrupt bend backward just above gill¬ opening, becoming a violet line running along middle of body to a vertical from tip of third dorsal spine, where it forms an acute-angled fork, each prong a' brilliant yellow fine, the upper ending at about base of third from last, dorsal ray, the lower ending at a corresponding position on base of anal; within the fork are 2 other bright yellow lines parallel with the prongs of the fork, forming anteriorly an acute angle on a vertical through the first third of dorsal. Color in life- of another example (No. 03358, Honolulu), top of head, hack, and upper half of side dusky light orange-brown, interocular region dusky greenish-blue, brighter blue on anterior and posterior edges, crossed by 3 narrow black lines, one ending at middle of orbit above and one each at anterior and posterior border; below eye a black area at first as broad as eye, then widening, inclosing pectoral and extending downward and backward to vent and as broad as to fourth from last anal ray, this hounded anteriorly by 2 pale blue bars separated by a narrow dull orange one; a similar blue border along upper margin to near middle of side, where it changes to a bright greenisli-yellow band extending to base of last anal ray but. 2; at point where this fine changes from blue to yellow, a similar line leaves it and passes across side to third dorsal ray from the last; caudal peduncle jet black, extending forward in a sharp point and bounded in front and behind by narrow greenish-yellow lines; snout brownish-white, a rather broad pale blue band over snout and down to angle of mouth on each side; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal pale, the latter with a broad light brown bar on basal part; spinous dorsal dusky, brownish, or black; vent black; pectoral jet black at base, then a rich red crescent, outer part, of fin blackish-white; iris dull brown; belly white. Color in alcohol, grayish brown above, becoming lighter below; a very dark blackish brown band passing through and downward from eye, widening below eye to lower base of pectoral, continuing backward to vent, its width on body being from vent to posterior third of anal; a small, narrow, similarly colored fine extending from anterior part of eye to upper anterior base of pectoral, curving slightly forward; a fight narrow violet band extending over snout from cleft to cleft of mouth; the 3 414 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. narrow bands between eyes almost black, the lines edging the broad band on side and the acute-angled dark brown spot on caudal grayish blue; spinous dorsal brown; soft dorsal, anal, and pectoral light; caudal dusky; base of pectoral black. Description based chiefly on No. 015714, a specimen «S inches long, from Honolulu. We have 9 examples, 4.85 to 9 inches long, all from Honolulu, where the species is common. Unlislrs rrclan.fjnlM.'i Bloch A: Schneider, Syst. Ichthy.. 465, 1801, Indian Ocean; Gunther, Cat., VIII, ‘22f>, INTO; Pay, Fishes of India, 601, pi. clxxviii, fig. 2, 1878; Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 (Honolulu). Iia/ishs rinchtx Blocker, Allas, V, 119, pi. 228, fig. 1, 1805, East Indies. Ha/istajms m-lanf/ulus, Fowler, 1‘roc. Ac. Nat. S< i . Phi la. 1900, 514 (Hawaiian Islands); .Tonkins, Bull. I'.S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 483 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii). 337. Balistapus aculeatus (Linmeus). “ ITumuhumu nuhunulcu apini’a.” Plate LX 11. I lead 2.75 in length; depth 2.2; snout 1.15 in head; eye 7; interorbital 55.75; equal to cleft of mouth; I), iii, 24; A. 22; first dorsal spine 2.3 in head, equal to length of pectoral; longest dorsal ray 3 in head, base of soft dorsal 1.3 in head; longest anal ray 3.5 in head, base of anal 1.5 in head; scales 38, 24 from anterior base of spinous dorsal to vent. Body oblong, compressed; dorsal and anal outlines similarly and evenly arched ; head large; snout thick and blunt; mouth small, with thick lips; teeth rather long, incisor-like, notched, those in lower jaw the longer, those of upper jaw more notched; eye small, high, posterior; origin of first dorsal slightly posterior to gill-opening, the first spine blunt and strong, its anterior edge rugose; soft dorsal and anal moderate, with rounded profile; caudal slightly rounded; ventral spine movable, supported by a series of slender sharp spines; pectorals broad, rounded; scales covering entire head and body, those under soft dorsal slightly enlarged; some osseous plates behind gill-opening; usually 2o rows of sharp recurved spines on caudal peduncle, in some examples 2 full rows and from 1 to 3 shorter broken rows. General color in life (taken from No. 03455) yellowish green above, whitish below; lips pale yel¬ low; a narrow blue stripe extending from back of angle of mouth over snout to opposite side; snout and side of head pale greenish yellow, becoming paler below; 4 bright blue lines across top of head between eyes, these separated by greenish lines of similar width; three narrow blue lines extending from eye downward to lower anterior base of pectoral, the first and last somewhat convex, the middle one nearly straight, the space between first and second yellowish white, that between second and third greenish; an irregular club-shaped hand of orange-yellow from base of pectoral to snout, the posterior end somewhat expanded and more reddish, the anterior end gradually broadening and pass¬ ing on each side into the blue hand across nose; side below spinous dorsal pale yellow, somewhat dusky at base of spines; hack of this an oblique broad, brick-red bar, then a shorter greenish-yellow one which is followed by a broader bluish-green bar, these all encroaching upon the soft dorsal and extending downward and forward, merging into an irregular broad longitudinal dusky area on middle of side, from which extend downward and backward 5 narrow curved greenish-yellow projections, separated by whitish spaces of similar width which are encroachments from the general color of the ventral surface; side of caudal peduncle with a broad longitudinal pale bluish hand in which are set the 4 series of small spines; base of caudal fin and tip of peduncle pale rosy; soft fins all dirty whitish, somewhat washed with rosy and yellowish; first dorsal spine dusky in front, bluish on side; membranes connecting spines pale, with slight bluish wash; base of pectoral with a narrow black vertical line. Color in alcohol, grayish with a large ragged-edged dark spot on side of body, one of the long edges extending to anal, broadening around anal region; 4 dark bluish black hands, divided by .‘5 narrower brown ones, between eyes; 3 narrow bluish gray lines from eye to base of pectoral, the anterior one curved forward and extending from front part of eye to lower part of pectoral base, the other 2 are separated by a darkish brown hand as wide as eye and extending to base of pectoral; a bluish gray hand over front of snout, ending just posterior to cleft of mouth; the edges of dark spot on side edged with violet gray, these nearly filling the spaces and giving the appearance of 4 or 5 hands extending from the axis downward to anal fin; a large grayish spot, under spinous dorsal, another under anterior half of soft dorsal, these separated by an arm of the dark spot on side; violet gray on the anterior region covered hv spines of caudal peduncle; spinous dorsal brown; other fins pale. Description chiefly from No. 0345(5, a specimen 8.5 inches long, from Honolulu. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 415 We have fi examples, 8 to 9.25 inches long, all from Honolulu, where the species is rather common, though less so than in Samoa. Known also from Johnston Island. Batistes aculeatus Liniuvus, Syst. Nat.. lOtlr ecl., 328, lT.Vs.JIndia: Bleeker. Atl. Ichthy., V. 120. 1805, pi. 210, fig. 3 (East Indies on all islands); Gunther, Cat. Fish., VIII. 223, 1870 (lie de France, Johanna, Zanzibar, Molucca, Amboyna, China. Fiji, Seychelles).; Day, Fishes ol India, (190, 1878, pi.- ci.xxvm, tie. 3; Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mtis., V, 1882, 139 (Johnston Island). Balistes omatissimus Lesson. Voy. Coquille. II, 119. 1830, pi. x, tig. 1. Borabora. Batistes anuntiis Cuvier, ROgne, Anim., 1 1 1 list. , pi. exit. lig. 2, 1810, Indian Seas. Batistes striatus Gronow. Syst. Nat. Ed. Gray. 32, 1854, American Seas. Balistajms amleatus, Jordan & Fowler. Proc. C. s. Nat. Mus., XXV (Sept. 17. 1902), 259 (Nafa, Japan}; Snyder, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904). 534 (Honolulu). Genus 186. CANTHIDEKMIS Swainson. This genus differs from Batiste# chiefly in having the gill-openings surrounded by ordinary scales, there being no developed bony scutes behind them. Body much more elongate than in Batistes; dorsal spines 2; dorsal and anal elevated in front; caudal with its angles acute; scales moderate, not very rough; scales of caudal peduncle unarmed, or with a median spine; cheek completely scaled; a naked groove before eye. Species inhabiting both Indies. Cuttthiilertnis Swainson, class'll Anim., II, 325, 1839 ( ave/ulosus ). «. Dorsal tit, 26; scales 55or 56; color brown, with round or ovate whitish spots . angulosits. p. 415 mi. Dorsal in, 28; scales 44; color uniform brownish above, sides shining golden . aureoles, p. 415 338. Canthidermis angulosus (Quoy A (iaimard). D. hi, 26; A. 24; scales 55 or 56. Tail without spines or tubercles; scales very conspicuously granulated and provided with a larger prickle at the base, which is prominent in young examples, hut disappears more or less with age. From 31 to 39 scales in a transverse series running from the origin of the dorsal lin to the vent; no enlarged scales behind t he gill-opening; anterior parts of the dorsal and ana! fins much elevated, more so in the adult than in young examples; caudal subtruncate; ventral spine short, somewhat ankvlosed with the pelvic bone. Color brown, with round or ovate whitish spots, in young examples these spots more indistinct and mixed with darker spots of the same size, and pure white dots; sometimes uniform brown or uniform 'deep black (Gunther). (Description of Canthidermis rotundatug, called “Batistes maeulatus” ). The only record of Canthidermis from the Hawaiian Islands is that of Quoy and Gaimard, who described as a new species, Batistes anejutosus. The following is a translation of their description; “BalisteS, with black body; blunt snout; short sharp antrorse dorsal spine; dorsal and anal fins triangular; caudal short, rounded. “ 2C I). 23; p. 15; A. 20; C. 12. “The form of this balistes is subovoid; its forehead is broad, with a small keel in the middle; its snout rounded; its teeth are incisor-like and pointed; the mouth and the eye are small. It- is somewhat behind the latter that the short and strong spine of the first dorsal rises, which presents in front three lines of spines. “The dorsal and anal fins are elevated, triangular, obtuse, directed backward, and one is nearly as large as the other; however, the first has twenty-three rays and the second has only twenty; the lobe of the tail is quadrilateral and the fin rounded; the pectorals very small, directed upward, are composed of fifteen rays. The body is black and covered with small scattered prickles, with a trian¬ gular base ami bent backward. “The length of this fish is 3 inches; its depth 20 lines, and its thickness 6. it inhabits the waters of the Sandwich Islands.” It is perhaps different from C. rotundatus of the East Indies and <'. macu- latux of the West I tides. Batistes angulosus Quoy & Gaimanl. Voy. I 'ran ie. Zoo] . , 210. 1824, Sandwich Islands. 339. Canthidermis aureolus (Richardson). Dorsal m, 28; anal 25; lateral line 44; tail without spines or tubercles, but with indistinct raised lines along the series of scales; no enlarged scales behind the gill-opening; dorsal and anal fins not elevated, caudal truncated; ventral spine not movable, short. Uniform brownish above, sides shining golden; fins without color. Dorsal spine of young examples (1 inch) with recurved spinelets. I BULLETIN OK THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 4 1C. The only record of the occurrence of this species within our limits is that given t.y Steindachner. Its relation toother nominal species of the genus is somewhat uncertain. lirt/istt s turn itlus Richardson. Yoy. Sulphur, 12G, |>1. 59, figs. 1 and 2, 1843, East Indies?; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 215, 1870. Balistcs {Liarus) aureolas, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 ( Lay san Island). Genus 187. XANTHICHTHYS Kaup. Body oblong, covered with moderate-sized smoothish scales, those on posterior part of body usually with blunt keels; no enlarged scutes behind gill-opening; no lateral line, or only a trace at the shoulder; a groove before the eye; 3 to 5 narrow grooves on the cheek; caudal peduncle deeper than broad; dorsal spines 2, comparatively small; soft dorsal and anal moderately elevated, the tips acute; caudal lunate; mouth small, placed high, the teeth as in Ba/idcs; lower jaw much projecting; ventral flaps undeveloped, immovable, and scaled over. Chiefly American; allied to Canthhlenni but differing in several respects, especially in the grooved cheeks, projecting chin, and fewer dorsal spines. Xanlhiclithus (Kaup) Richardson, Encyclopedia Britannica, Ed. XII, 313, 1850 (curassavieus), 340. Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard). Fig. 182. Head 3.5 in length; depth 2.5; eye 4.75 in head; snout 2; interorbital 3; I). ii-i, 29; A. i, 27; scales 37, 23 from anal to origin of spinous dorsal; first dorsal spine 2 in head, equal to snout; third dorsal ra v longest, 1.0 in head, equal to longest caudal ray, last caudal ray shortest, 4.5 in longest; third anal ray 1.9 in head, 2 in soft dorsal base; last anal ray shortest, 4.5 in longest ; pectoral 2.3 in head. Body oblong, compressed, blunter anteriorly; dorsal and ventral outline similarly curved; head compressed, deep, blunt; eye small, high, posterior; snout blunt, deep, about half of head; mouth small, terminal, high, its width equal to eye; jaws unequal, the lower, below the lip, produced, making the chin prominent; teeth pale brownish, notched, incisor-like; the 2 front lower teeth not so greatly notched as the next 2, the anterior edge of the latter being produced, making t his part canine-1 ike; upper teeth not so greatly notched, smaller, and shutting outside lower teeth; groove in front of eye about equal to eye; the. 5 grooves on cheek are below eye, extending from near angle of month and below, backward to gill-opening and base of pectoral; scales comparatively large, largest on middle portion of body, those from pectoral region running downward and backward and not as those on body; a slight tubercle on center of scales on posterior portion of side, forming low lines or ridges on median part of scales; gill-opening surrounded bv small scales, no large plates; origin of spinous dorsal over gill¬ opening, first spine short, stout, wedge-shaped, roughly rugose anteriorly, top incisor-like, sometimes saw-like; second spine about half first; soft dorsal and anal concave, the rays shortening posteriorly FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 417 evenly and gradually from about the tenth; caudal lunate; pectoral short, broad, slightly falcate, almost rounded; ventral spine short, blunt, slightly movable. Color in alcohol, grayish olivaceous, lighter below, head darker, the center of each scale darker, making weak brownish gray lines on sides; the edges of the scales are also brown, making narrow oblique lines, upward and forward and upward and backward over body; grooves on head brown; spinous dorsal brown, its membrane lighter; soft dorsal, anal, and pectoral pale; caudal dusky yellowish, its margin, for about width of pupil, white; scaly base of soft dorsal, anal, and belly to ventral spine, dark brown. The above description from No. 05411, a specimen 8.25 inches long. We have other examples, No. 05412, 5 inches long. No. 05413, 7.75 inches long, No. 03557, 7.5 inches long, from Honolulu, and No. 03723, 8 inches long, from Hilo. The species is rare. We can not distinguish our specimens from others taken off the coast of Mexico. Batistes lineo-punctatus Hollard, Ann. Sci. Nat. (4th ser. ), I, 1854, 65, Reunion Island. Batistes maito Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 228. Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Group. (Type, No. 28387 U.S. N. M., Coll. Lieut. H. E. Nichols.) Xanthiehttiys menta , Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., IT, 1710, 1898. Genus 188. MELICHTHYS Swainson. This genus differs from Batistes chiefly in the presence of a series of even, white, incisor-like teeth, instead of the irregular incisors of Batistes. The tail is unarmed or the scales only slightly keeled; a groove is present before the eye .below the nostrils, and the cheeks arc wholly scaled. The vertical fins are angulated, but not produced in filaments; ventral flap small, immovable, and covered with rough scales. Tropical seas. Mclichthys Swainson, Class. Anim., II, 325, 1839 {rinyens, Bloch; not of Limueus). Mdanictitliys Gunther, Cat., VIII, 227. 1870; corrected spelling. 341. Melichthys radula (Solander). “ Ifumuhumu eleele.” Plate LXIV. Head 3.75 in length; depth 2; eye 5.25 in head; snout 1.65; D. in, 33; A. 29; interorbital 2.5; first dorsal spine 1.75; longest dorsal ray 1.3; longest anal ray 1.5; depth caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 2; scales 53, 33 from vent to anterior base of spinous dorsal. Body oblong, more bluntly shaped anteriorly than posteriorly; head short, deep; eye small, posterior, high; snout blunt; mouth small; lower jaw slightly produced; 8 teeth in each jaw, the 2 anterior ones of each jaw broad truncate, incisors without notch, the other teeth in lower jaw notched; posterior tooth of upper jaw truncate; other 2 lateral teeth but slightly notched; anterior teeth even, not notched; teeth of lower jaw with a strong horizontal backward process; origin of spinous dorsal over gill-opening; first dorsal spine strong, blunt, and heavy, its front rugose; second spine very slender, about two-thirds of first; last spine very short and blunt, its tip just even with edge of groove, easily overlooked; in the small examples it is quite evident, in large examples it is blunt and not so evident (Doctor Gilbert evidently had a large example and thought there were but 2 spines, hence called it bispinosm, a new species); the fourth dorsal and anal rays the longest, then uniformly short¬ ening posteriorly, the last one-third length of longest; caudal fin slightly convex, almost truncate, the tips produced for a distance equal to orbit; in the young the caudal is convex, no tips evident; ventral spine short, slightly movable; pectoral short, broad, and rounded; body nearly uniformly scaled, scales around mouth, eye, pectoral and ventral regions, and caudal peduncle smaller; osseous plates behind gill-opening; rough median spinous hrests on 8 or 9 rows of scales on posterior portion of body. Color in life, uniformly black, with slight show of bluish; a very distinct, conspicuous, narrow line of light blue running longitudinally on bases of dorsal and anal. Another specimen, when taken alive, was light green, with golden longitudinal narrow bands along spines of scales; stripe along base of dorsal and anal light blue; the whole fish turning black when dead. Color in alcohol, bluish black, the fins darker; a narrow white longitudinal stripe at base of dorsal and anal; a narrow white line within arch of caudal about half diameter of eye from its edge, this line not evident in the young. F. C. B. 1903—27 418 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. The above description based chiefly upon No. 03325, a specimen 9 inches long, from Honolulu, where it is common. The specimens from the offshore islands of Mexico, called Meliehthji* bispinosus , seem to be the same. We have 11 examples, 4.75 to 11.75 inches long, all from Honolulu. Recorded also from Johnston Island. Batiste* rudula Solander in Richardson, Voy. H. M. S. Samarantj, Fishes, 21, 184S, no locality. Metichthys ringcms Bleeker, Atlas, v, 10S, pi. 220, lift. 2, 1865; East Indies, not of Linnaeus. Batiste* bnniva, Gunther, Cat., VIII. 227, 1870; Streets, Bull. S. Nat. Must, No. 7, 56, 1877 (Honolulu), not of LacdpMe nor of Kisso; Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, HO (Johnston Island). Batistes ( Metomichthys ) buniua, Steindachner, Denies. Alt. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 (Honolulu and Laysan). Batistes ( Parabalistes ) ringens, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 (Laysan Island). MelietOhys bispiuosus Gilbert, Proc. U. s. Nat. Mus. 1890, 125, Clarion and Socorro Islands. Melkhthys ntdtOa, Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 483 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Hawaiian Islands). Family LXXVII. MONACANTH ll)4L Body much compressed, covered with very small rough scales, forming arough or velvety covering; males sometimes with spines on the caudal peduncle, these either robust or needle-like. Upper jaw with a double series of incisor-like teeth, G in the outer and 4 in the inner series; lower jaw with 6 similar teeth in a single series; first dorsal with a single strong spine and generally a rudimentary one behind it; second dorsal long, similar to anal; ventral tins reduced to a single osseous, fixed or movable, small appendage at the end of the long pelvic bone, this appendage often rudimentary or entirely absent; no barbel; vertebrae 7 11 to 14=18 to 21. Herbivorous shore fishes of the warm seas closely allied to the Balisliila i, differing chiefly in having the first dorsal represented by a single spine, behind which is sometimes a rudiment; scales small, spinigerous, the skin mostly rough velvety. The species are mostly small in size and are not used for food, having little flesh and that of a bitterish taste. a. Pubic bone with a small spine at its end. gill-opening short, nearly vertical; dorsal and anal moderate, each with fewer than 40 rays. b. Ventral spine immovable; dorsal spine barbed or not . . Canlherines , p. 418 bb. Ventral spine movable; dorsal spine armed with strong retrorse barbs, usually in 2 series. c. Ventral flap only moderately developed, not reaching beyond pelvic spine; no spines on caudal peduncle. Slephanolcpis , p. 420 (to. Pubic bone without spine at its end; gill-openings long, oblique; dorsal and anal long, each ot 40 or more rays. d. Caudal tin elongate, the angles rounded; upper profile of snout concave; coloration not uniform ... Osbeckia, p. 422 dd. Caudal fin short, subtruncate, anterior profile convex . . Alutera, p. 423 Genus 189. CANTHERINES Swainson. This genus differs from Monacantkus chiefly in having the venial spine immovably ankylosed to the pelvis. The barbs on the dorsal spine, if distinct, are usually in 4 series; vertebrae 19 or 20. In the genus Canlherines the gradation is perfect from those species without barbs ( Canlherines ) to those with 4 equidistant series of strong barbs {Pseudomoeincantlms). Cantherines Swainson, Nat.. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 327, 1839 (nasutus^sandu’ichknsis). Pseudomonacanthus Bleeker, Atlas, V, 134, tab. 228, fig. 2, 1865 (macrunis). Liomonacanthus Bleeker, Ned. Tydskr. Dierk., Ill, 13. 1866 (pardalis). Canthorhmus Gill: corrected spelling. a. D. t-36; A. 30; no white spots . sandmehiensis, p. 418 aa. D. it-38; A. 33; body everywhere with round white spots . albopunctatus, p. 420 342. Cantherines sandwichiensis (Quoy & Gaimard). “O’ililepa;” “ Ohua Fig. 183. Head 3.3; depth 1.9; eye 4.4; snout 1.1; interorbital 3.65; D. i-36; A. 30; P. 14. Body oblong, moderately elevated; snout long; mouth low, below axis of body; anterior profile rising in a slightly concave line to dorsal spine, a little convex in front of eye; from dorsal spine to caudal peduncle the dorsal outline is in a long low curve; ventral outline slightly convex from tip of snout to pelvic plate, thence in a straight line to origin of anal fin; base of anal gently and evenly rounded; upper jaw with an outer series of 8 strong close-set incisors, the 6 anterior ones rather pointed, the lateral one on each side much broader, lower jaw with a single series of 6 similar teeth fitting inside the upper in the closed mouth; teeth white; the tips brownish; lips thin; eye high up, FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 419 the interorbital space strongly convex; nostrils in a rounded shallow pit; gill-slit slightly oblique upward and backward, its lower end in front of upper base of pectoral, its length 1.5 times diameter of orbit. Body uniformly rough sand papery (2 rows each of 2 short, recurved spines on caudal peduncle in males, none in females.) Dorsal spine long, slender and somewhat roughened, its insertion slightly anterior to middle of orbit, its length 1.2 in head; dorsal groove deep anteriorly or shallow posteriorly, not quite reaching soft dorsal; distance between origin of soft dorsal and posterior base of dorsal spine slightly greater than snout to eye; anterior dorsal rays somewhat elevated, their length a little more than half head; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays about equally long; caudal when spread slightly convex; pectoral short, its edges nearly parallel, its length 2.3 in head; pelvic spine short, stiff, not movable. Color in life, but somewhat faded (No. 03352), uniform rich brownish black; jaws whitish; dorsal spine olive-brown; soft dorsal with the rays rich orange, the membranes pale; caudal with membranes pale, flesh color, the rays brownish black, tipped with reddish orange; anal like soft dorsal; pectoral with the membranes colorless, the rays rich orange; iris dirty greenish. Fig. 183. — Cantherincs sandvncldcnsis (Quoy tfc claimant). Color in spirits variable, but usually a dull satiny brown, uniform over head and “body; dorsal spine dusky; the series of scales sheathing the bases of dorsal and anal abruptly brownish black ; the tins yellowish white; caudal dusky brown; pectoral yellowish white, the base dark brown; side of body and head sometimes with scattered small round black spots, these showing on only one (No. 05418) of our specimens. This species is represented in our collection by 14 specimens, 1 from Hilo, the others from Hono¬ lulu; of the latter 5 were collected by Doctor Jenkins and 4 by Doctor Wood. Other examples were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu and at Puako Bay, Hawaii. Also recorded from Socorro Island. Batistes sandwichicnsis Quoy & Guimard, Voy. 1'Uranie, Zool., 214, 1824, Sandwich Islands. Cantherincs nasut us Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class, Fishes, II, 327, ls:I9; substitute for li. sandwichicnsis Quoy & Gaimard. Monacanthus pardalis RiiDpell, N. W. Fisch., 57, pi. 15, fig. 3, 1855; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 230, 1870, in part; Steindaehner, Denks, Alt. Wiss. Wien., LXX, 517 (Honolulu). Cantherincs carolte Jordan & McGregor in Jordan & Evcrmann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., IT, 1713, 1898, Clarion Island, by error; Socorro Island meant (type, No. 11995, Stanford Univ. Mils. Coll. li. C. McGregor); Jordan & McGregor, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., XXIV, 1898 (1S99), 281, PI. 6, Socorro Island. Cantherincs sandwichicnsis , Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 514 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Hull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 484 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii). 420 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 347. Cantherines albopunctatus (Seale). Head 3 in length; D. n-38; A. 33; P. 15; eye 5 in head; snout 1.2, its profile concave. First dorsal spine long and strong, about equal to snout, with 4 rows of small barbs directed down, insertion of spine directly over anterior half of eye; uneven cutting incisors in each jaw; a single row of 3 on each side of lower jaw; an additional row of small inner teeth in upper jaw; caudal peduncle with 4 short round spines on each side; skin without distinct scales, but everywhere rough with a velvety feeling to the touch; caudal rounded, its longest ray 1.75 in head;, ventral spine coalesced to the pelvic bone, the membrane rather well developed, extending slightly beyond the spine; dorsal and anal rays of about equal length; base of the anal 1.2 in base of dorsal; pectorals short, 2.5 in head. Color light gray, with slight silvery gloss, everywhere covered with scattered round, white spots about size of pupil; on lower half of body a small number of scattered black dots, smaller than the white dots; dorsal and anal with the basal fourth black, the remaining yellowish white; caudal dusky ; iris white. Honolulu (Seale); also recorded from Tahiti. Monocant.hu s albopunctatus Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mas., I, No. 4, 13, fig. 0, 1901. Honolulu (type, no. fill", B. P. B. M.). Pseudomunacanthusmultimaculatus Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. bond., II, Part II, 1902 (Nov.), 29S, pi. xxv. fig. 1, Tahiti. Genus 190. STEPHANOLEPIS Gill. This genus differs from Monacanthus in having the ventral flap, even in the adult, only moderately developed, not. reaching beyond pelvic spine, and in having no recurved spines, On caudal peduncle. Stephanolepis dill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.i. Phila. 1861, 78 ( sclifcr ). u. No enlarged spines on caudal peduncle; body and head not white spotted. b. Body with minute but distinct spinuliferous scales; dorsal rays 38; anal 34; body color yellow or olive with dark bars on head and spots on body . spilosonms. p. 420 bb. Body prickly, without distinct scales; dorsal rays 39; anal 36; body color silvery, clouded, without spots excepting a row of 3 from behind eye downward toward base of pectoral . . . . pricci , p. 421 345. Stephanolepis spilosomus (Lay & Bennett). “Oili uwim.” Plate LXY. Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.1; eye 3.7 in head; snout 1.3; interorbital 3.3; height of spine over eye equal to snout; D. 38; A. 34. Body oblong, deep, strongly compressed, covered with minute scales, the posterior edge of each scale with 1 to 3 little spines, the center one the largest, these spines larger posteriorly over the peduncle, forming a cardiform patch, all hooked forward; mouth very small, teeth incisor-like, broadest in the sides of the jaws; outline of head, from snout to dorsal spine, slightly concave; dorsal spine rough anteriorly, its posterior edges each armed with a row’ of rather long retrorse barbs or spines; ventral spine small, movable, armed similarly to dorsal; caudal rounded. Color in life (No. 03499, taken at Hilo), ground-color of body yellow; black spots of various sizes and shapes closely set in irregular rows on tail and back, those on belly being more sparse; nape and base of dorsal dark brown; a pale patch about size of suborbital space over the abdominal cavity, the black spots in this patch being paler than those on the yellow ground, this white patch probably absent in most living examples; interorbital and suborbital regions dark yellowish-brown, with black streaks running obliquely from ridge to pectoral region; armed dorsal spine orange-yellow, purplish- black spots on the membrane; ridge of snout very dark, obscuring all marks if there were any; lips flesh or pale pinkish color; a yellow streak with bright purple spots running along the median line of throat to ventral spine; from the ventral spine to vent a bright yellow line on the edge of keel, and 2 bright bluish-purple lines running along with the yellow one; space between 2 latter lines pale black; ventral spine yellow with purple spots; soft dorsal yellow, with 10 or 11 pale purple bars of equal width running longitudinally throughout entire length of fin; caudal fin bright yellow, the proximal half with black spots in rows, these spots becoming oblong as they spread toward the end, and forming more distinct rows, gradually fading into bright orange, and filling up the yellow ground color, imparting to the entire fin a bright orange aspect; rays yellow at base, merging into orange near the end; a black bar near tip of fin, a thin purple streak running through the black bar near its outer margin; a bright yellow streak along tip of fin; anal same as* soft dorsal. STEPHANOLEPIS PRICEI SNYDER. BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903 PLATE 48 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 421 Another specimen had the following coloration in life: Head and belly pearly blue, shading into light brassy, the color of other parts of the body; head and body with lines and spots of brownish black; membrane of dorsal deep orange with brownish black spots, the spine bluish ; dorsal and anal banded with lemon and pearly blue; caudal deep orange, narrowly bordered with lemon; a subterminal band of black; fin spotted with black; iris brassy; teeth orange. An example from Hilo, when fresh, was mottled olive-green with traces of lighter horizontal light olive streaks, about 5 in number; fins soiled olive; caudal with 2 blackish bars; iris golden yellow; jaws flesh-color. General color in alcohol, brownish olivaceous, darker above; body covered with small spots as large as pupil and smaller, arranged in about 14 or 15 irregular lengthwise series; over the cheek these spots formed into lines making 6 or 7 small narrow lines running upward and forward; dorsal spine with small dark spots on its anterior portion, pale posteriorly; soft dorsal pale, with about 10 narrow dusky stripes; caudal white, a dark band, width of pupil, on its edge, this band tipped with white, about 10 rows of small dark spots arranged in bars; anal similar to soft dorsal; pectorals pale. Description chiefly from a specimen (No. 2557) 5.25 inches long, from Honolulu. According to Mr. Johann Hering, of Hilo, this fish comes occasionally in great numbers, but other¬ wise is very rare. The natives believe its appearance to prophesy the demise of some great personage, such as a king or chief. There is another red fish, which seems, according to Mr. Hering’s descrip¬ tion, to be a species of Holocentrus, w'hose appearance is viewed with the same belief. . Our collection contains 26 specimens from Honolulu and 1 from Hilo, ranging from 2.14 to 5.4 inches in length. The Albatross obtained specimens at Honolulu; at station 4180, near Niihau, from the stomach of a Coryphaena; at Xecker Island, carried in by a bird; at station 4147, near Bird Island, in 26 fathoms; at station 4167, near Bird Island, in 18 to 20 fathoms, and at station 4148, near Bird Island, in 26 to 33 fathoms. Monacan thus spitosoma Lay & Bennett, Zool. Beeehey’s Voy., 70, pi. '22, fig. 1, 1839, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Cat.. VIII. 243, 1870 (Hawaiian Islands); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 514 (Hawaiian Islands); Steindachner, Dents. Ak. Wis. Wien, LXX, 517 (Laysan Island). Stcplianolcpis spilosomus , Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 484 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu; Albatross Station 4180, Niihau; Necker Island; stations 4117, 4148, 4167, near Bird Island). 346. Stephanolepis pricei Snyder. Plate 48. Head 3 in length measured to base of caudal fin; depth between insertion of dorsal and anal 2.6; eye 3.3 in head; interorbital space 3.3; snout 1.4; depth of caudal peduncle 2.4; I). 39; A. 36. Snout rather pointed, upper and lower contours concave; gill-slit small and narrow, its height equal to width of base of pectoral, two-thirds diameter of eye; ventral flap notably narrow, its width equal to half diameter of eye; dorsal spine inserted above pupil, its length equal to distance between angle of mouth and upper edge of gill-opening, reaching the insertion of dorsal tin when depressed; 6 lateral spines which project downward and slightly backward; 3 or 4 small granules in a row below the spine; anterior part of spine with prickles which point upward; length of base of dorsal about equal to length of head; height of fin equal to diameter of eye; length of base of anal equal to distance between tip of snout and posterior edge of orbit; height equal to that of dorsal; rays of dorsal and anal rough on basal halves; caudal round, the alternate rays with strong prickles; length of tin equal to length of snout; length of pectoral equal to twice the length of gill-slit; ventral spine large, length of movable part about equal to length of gill-opening, the sides with large spikes which project backward; body and head evenly covered with prickles, those of the dorsal part slightly coarser than the others; no enlarged spines on caudal peduncle. Color silvery, dusky along top of head and back; membrane of dorsal spine blue-black; 3 small, round, dark spots in a line extending upward from base of pectoral; dark clouds somewhat larger than the eye extending downward at insertion of dorsal, from posterior half of dorsal, and on the caudal peduncle; a similar cloud extending upward from posterior half of base of anal. One specimen 2.56 inches long, station 4021, vicinity of Kauai, depth 286 to 399 fathoms. Type, No. 50882, U. S. Nat. Mus. Only the type known. Stephanolepis pricei Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 534, pi. 12, fig. 22, Albatross Station 4021, near Kauai. 4 22 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 191. OSBECKIA Jordan & Evermann. This genus differs from Alutera in having the caudal fin elongate and with rounded angles; colora¬ tion not uniform, the head and body with irregular blue spots and lines, besides small round black spots; upper profile of snout concave. 0lsbeckia jJ®dan & Evermann, Check-List Fishes, 424, 1896 ( scripta ). 346. Osbeckia scripta (Osbeek). “O’ ililepa;” “Ohua.” Fig. 184. Head 3.7 in length; depth 2.9; eye 6.5 in head; snout 1; I), i— 17; A. 49; C. 12; P. 14. Body oblong, compressed, tapering, the greatest depth, which is over vent, greater than eye .and snout by an eye’s diameter; snout produced, the anterior profile concave; dorsal profile convex from in front of spine to caudal peduncle, a broad angle at beginning of soft dorsal which is midway between tip of snout and base of caudal fin: ventral outline evenly and less convex; caudal peduncle compressed, its least width 3.2 in its least depth, which is 2 in snout; chin prominent; teeth white, broad incisors, strongly einarginate in lower jaw, more pointed in the upper; gill-opening oblique, 1.6 times diameter of orbit ; interorbital' high, the sides forming an acute angle. Dorsal spine short, slender, shorter than eye, granular, inserted over middle of orbit; soft dorsal with the margin rounded, none of the rays produced, length of middle ones 4 in snout; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays somewhat shorter; caudal fin rounded, longer than head, about 2.6 in body; pectoral short, 3.6 in snout; no ventral spine. Color in life (No. 03006, a specimen 23 inches long, taken June 8), olivaceous; head and body with numerous irregular lines and spots of sky blue, the lines most numerous on head and near bases of dorsal and anal fins, the round spots most numerous on middle of side and on head; scattered smaller brown spots on the interspaces; lips black; dorsal and anal pale yellow; caudal dusky, paler at tip; iris yellowish silvery, dark above. Color in alcohol, dusky olivaceous, the blue spots and lines faded to pale blue or brownish. In some examples the color is much darker, almost dark velvety brown, the spots black. This species inhabits all tropical seas, and is common in the West Indies. It has been taken on the Atlantic coast as far north as the Carolinas, and occasionally among the islands of the Pacific coast of Mexico. It does not appear to be very common among the Hawaiian Islands, however, and was not obtained bv Doctor Jenkins in 1889, though Jordan and Snyder secured one example in 1900. We have 5 specimens, 17.5 to 25.25 inches long, all from Honolulu. Batistes scripta Osbeek, Iter Chinensis, I, 144, 1751, China Seas. Batistes moncceros seriptus Ginelin, Syst. Nat., 1463, 1788; after Osbeek. fj.ija trompa Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., 46, pi. 22, fig. 1, Havana. Batistes forts Bloch, Ichthyol., XII, 65, pi. 414, 1795, Morocco; Tranquebar. Batistes liturosus Shaw, General Zool. V, 405, 1804, Tahiti. Batistes ornatus Marion de ProcG, Bull. Soe. Philom., 131, 1822, Isle Waigiou. Ain teres patera Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., II, Part 1, 106, 1830, Tahiti. f Mouacanthumproboseideum Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. So. Inst. Bolton.. V. 1842, 8, Brazil. Alllterus venosus Bollard, Ann. Se. Nut., Ser. 4, IV. 1855, I t, pi. 1. fig. 3, New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago (Coll. Lesson and Garnot). FISH ES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 423 ? Alutera picturata Poey, Prof. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 183. Cuba. Mon acanthus scriptus, Giintfier, Cat.. VIII. 252, 1ST0 (Zanzibar, Pinang, Ambovna, Siam). Alutera scripta, Jordan A Evermann. Fishes North and Mid. Amer. II, 1719, pi. 260, fig. 637, 1898 (Clarion Island; Venados Islands); Evermann A Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico, 261, fig. 73, 1900. Osbechia scripta, Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903). 181 (Honolulu). Genus 192. ALUTERA Cuvier. Bod y elongate, strongly compressed; covered with minute scales; shout short, the anterior profile convex; mouth and teeth essentially as in Monacanthus, but the lower jaw more pro¬ jecting, so that the lower teeth are directed obliquely upward and backward. Gill-opening an oblique slit, longer than eye, situated below and in advance of eye, its posterior end behind base of pectorals; pelvic bone long, falcate, movable under the skin, without spine at its extremity; dorsal spine small, inserted over the eye, rough, but without barbs; soft dorsal long and anal long, each of 45 to 50 rays; caudal fin short, shorter than head, almost truncate, the middle rays little produced; pectorals small. Size large. Les Aluti.rcs Cuvier, R5gne Anim., ed. I, 153, 1817 ( mono - ccros). Alutera Agassiz in Spix, Pise. Brasil., 137, 1829 (monoccras) . Materia, Alutcriu s, etc., corrected spelling. 347. Alutera monoceros (Osbeek). “ Ltmlu. ” Fig. 3.85. Head 3.6; depth 2.4: D. i, 49; A. 51. Body oblong, much compressed, and skin with a fine velvety touch. Head very deep, convex both above and below; snout slightly produced upward; eye small, not much above the mouth, 5 in snout, 5.67 in head, 1.67 in space between its upper margin and origin of spinous dorsal, and 1 in space between its lower margin and upper margin of gill-opening; teeth broad, emarginate, the middle mandibular pair pointed; lips thin and narrow, smooth; nos¬ trils small, in front of upper part of eye; gill¬ opening rather long, oblique forward until a little anterior to the nostrils, 2.67 in snout and equal to pectoral; origin of spinous dorsal over anterior edge of eye, and midway between tip of snout and origin of soft dorsal; soft dorsal and anal with the anterior rays the longer, the longest in both tins equal; caudal damaged; pec¬ toral inserted below mouth and a little behind middle of eye; caudal peduncle compressed, equal to one-third the distance from posterior margin of eye to tip of snout. Color in alcohol, uniform brown, mottled ■ seen by us. A painting in the collection of Mrs. Dillingl East Indian species. It bears the native name < cith darker, the fins all plain-colored and pale. Not m made in Honolulu represents this widely diffused Loulu. 424 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Capriscins murium dentibus mi imtis Klein. Ichth. Missus, III, 25, 1742, pi. ill, fig. 9, very bud, no locality. Batistes munoccros Osbeok, Iter Chinensis, 144, 1751. China; Linnauis. Svst. Nat., lOtli ed„ I, 327, 1758 (after Osbeek). Batistes oblongiusculus, etc., Gronotv, Zoophyl., 1763. 52, Indian seas. ■n.ijn barbuda Parra, Dif. Pirns Hist. Nat., 48, pi. XXII. lit'. 2. 1787, Habana. Batistes Meinii Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1172, 1788, Indian seas (after Gronotv and Klein). Batistes barbatus Walbaum, Artedi Piseium, III, 464, 1792 (after Klein). Batistes monoceros var. unicolor Bloch A Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 463, 1801 (after Gmelin). Batistes scrniticomis Freminville, Nouv. Bull. Sc. Soe. Pliiiom., No, 67, 1813, 249. pi. iv. tig. 1. Alutcrcs berardi Lesson, Voyage Coquille. Zool., 10.8, pi. vii. 1828; New Guinea. Alutera cinerea Schlegei, Fauna Japon.. I’oiss.. p. 292. pi. rxxxi. fig. 1. 1850, Nagasaki. Alutarius oblitcratus Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 353. 1850, Pinang. Alutarius amphacanthus Blocker, Verb. Bat. Gen., Balist.. XXIV. 1852 . 23. pi. ii, fig. 5, East Indies. Alutarius macracanthus Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gelt., Balist., XXIV. 1852, 22, pi. ill. fig. 7. East Indies. Batistes linguatula Gronotv. Cat., Ed. Gray, 35, 1854. Indian seas; after Batistes oblongiusculus, etc., of Gronotv. Aluterus anginosus Holland, Ann. Sci. Nat., IV, 1855, 11. East Indies. Batistes wnieomus Basiletvsky, Nouv. Mem. Soe. Nat. Moscon, X. 1855, 263, North China. '’Alutera gwdhcrkma Poey. Proc. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863. 184. Habana. Monocanthus monoceros , Gunther, Cat., VIII, 251 , 1870 (Zanzibar. Pinang. Amboyna, China. Japan i ; Nystrom, Bihang. Svensk. Vet. Handl., Band 13, pt. IV, No. 4, 1887, 47 (Nagasaki). Alutera monoceros, Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North and Mid. Amor.. II, 1720,1898; Smith Bull. U.S Fish Comm. 1898,273, pi. 64 (Woods Hole) Mass.). Suborder GYMNODONTES. Plectognaths without a spinous dorsal, with the body short and with the belly inflatable; the scales typically spinifornr, with root-like insertions, and with the jaws enveloped in an enamel-like covering, without distinct teeth. This group contains degraded Plectognaths, which have lost the scales, spinous dorsal, and distinct teeth. In the extreme forms the pelvis, ribs, and caudal vertebra are also lost, the species depending on their dermal armature, leathery skin, or inflatable belly for protection from enemies, while little power of active movement remains. a. Caudal region normally developed, with a caudal peduncle. b. Upper and lower jaw each divided by a median suture; maxillaries and dentaries each curved outward behind the premaxillaries. c. Back broadly rounded; frontal bones articulated with the supraoecipital: head broad; nostrils various. Tetraodontidic . p. 424 ee. Back more or less sharply ridged; frontal bones separated from the supraoecipital by the postfrontals which meet in the middle; nostrils obsolete or very small . Canthigasteridiv, p. 430 hi). Upper and lower jaw each undivided, the premaxillary and dentary bones coossified into sutureless arches; maxil- laries extended laterally behind; body covered with stout rooted spines . . Diodontidu’, p. 435 act. Caudal region of body aborted, the body truncated behind the dorsal and anal; jaws each without median suture. 0 Mol idle, p. 439 Family LXXYI11. TETRA0DONTID4-. The Puffers. Body oblong or elongate, usually little compressed, sometimes very broad; head and snout broad; belly capable of great inflation; skin scaleless, usually more or less prickly, the spines or prickles usually weak and movable, not rooted; rarely the skin is armed with bony scutes forming a sort of carapace; each jaw confluent, forming a sort of beak, which in each jaw is divided by a median suture; maxillaries curved outward behind the premaxillaries; lips full; nostrils various. Spinous dorsal and ventral fins wanting, the fins composed of soft rays only; dorsal fin posterior, opposite and similar to anal; caudal fin distinct; no ventral fins, the pelvic bone undeveloped; no ribs; pectoral fins short and broad, ttie upper rays longest; caudal fin and caudal vertebrae normally developed; medifrontals articulated with the supraoecipital, the postfrontals confined to the sides, the ethmoid more or less projecting in front of frontals; post f rentals extending outward as far as frontals; proethmoid short and narrow, little prominent to the view above; vertebra few, 7 or 8 i 9 to 13; gill-openings small, placed close in front of pectorals; air-bladder present. Fishes of sluggish habits, inhabiting warm seas, noted for their habit of filling the belly with air. When disturbed they float on the surface, belly upward. They are not much used as food, even in Hawaii, the flesh being ill-flavored and sometimes reputed poisonous. a. Dorsal and anal fins each comparatively long, falcate; caudal lunate; nostrils sessile or nearly so; a ridge along lower part of side . Lagorcphalus, p. 425 aa. Dorsal and anal fins each comparatively short, rounded; caudal rounded; nostrils at the summit of a hollow, simple papilla. b. Nostril on each side with 2 distinct openings, usually in a low tube or papilla . Spheroides, p. 426 bb. Nostril on each side with a bifid tentacle without distinct opening . Tctraodon, p. 426 Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate 49 Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann. type. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 425 Genus 193. LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson. Body comparatively elongate; skin smooth or variously prickly, the prickles most developed on the abdomen; abdomen capable of very great inflation; dorsal and anal rather long, falcate, of 12 to 15 rays each; caudal lunate; nostril without distinct papilla, each one with 2 distinct openings; mucous tubes on upper part of head and on sides of body very conspicuous; lower side of tail with a fold; vertebra* in increased number (about 8 13=21). Species reaching a rather large size, chiefly tropical, the genus intergrading fully with Spheroide s. Lagocephalus Swainson . Class. Fishes. II, 191. 328, 1839 (pcnnantii. Physugasler Muller, A bllalldl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 252, IS39 (1841 1 , lunaris) : name preoccupied. Gastropliysus Muller, Weigmann’s Archiv, IX. 1843, 330 (lunaris). Tctrodon Gill. Cat. Fish East Const North Ann., in Kept. r. S. Fisli Comm.. Part I, 1871-72 (1873), 793 (ter igatus); not of Linnseus, as properly restricted. 348. Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan A Evermann. Plate 49. Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.6; eye 4.5 in head; snout 2.4; interorbital 3.2; depth of caudal peduncle 6; D. 12; A. 12; C. 10; P. 14. Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, greatest depth at vertical of pectoral; head long; snout long, blunt at tip; the sides flattened; anterior profile from tip of snout to vertical of pectoral in a long, low, even curve; ventral outline little convex when not inflated; mouth small; teeth pointed at median line, the cutting edge sharp; nostrils separate; not in tubes, the anterior somewhat the larger, their distance from eye about half their distance from snout or about half the interorbital space; gill¬ opening vertical, 1.2 in eye, extending a little above base of pectoral, inner flap entirely hidden by outer; eye rather large, wholly above axis of body; interorbital space very little convex; cheek long; caudal peduncle nearly round, tapering, its length from anal tin equaling snout; back, upper parts of sides and head entirely smooth, no spines or prickles evident; belly covered with small 4-rooted spines, most prominent when belly is inflated, spiniferous area not extending on throat anterior to eye, nor on side above base of pectoral, but in front of anal extending upward to level of lateral fold; a line, of very small mucous pores curving above eye on interorbital space; a strong cutaneous fold on lower part of side of caudal peduncle from above anterior base of anal to lower base of caudal fin ; no dermal fold on head or anterior part of body; mucous pores inconspicuous; dorsal fin somewhat anterior to anal, pointed, anterior rays produced, their length equal to that of snout; anal similar to dorsal, its rays somewhat longer; caudal lunate, outer rays about 2 in head; pectoral broad, its length a little greater than snout, 2.3 in head. Color in life, back blackish, fading into deep steel-blue on side; side and below from level of upper edge of eye abruptly silvery -blue; sides of belly white, with round black spots about as large, as pupil, these most distinct about pectoral, before, below, and behind the fin; upper fins dusky; caudal mottled black, tipped with white; pectoral black above and behind, pale below; anal pale, broadly tipped with blackish. Color in alcohol, bluish black above; side from upper level of eye abruptly bluish silvery; back crossed by 7 or 8 narrow darker cross-streaks; belly white, with a series of about 9 to 12 small roundish black spots, chiefly below the pectoral; cheek dusky; pectoral, dorsal, and caudal dusky, tips of the latter paler; anal whitish, a little dusky at tip. A somewhat smaller example (4.5 inches long) has larger dark spots along middle of side above level of pectoral. This species is known to us from 2 small examples obtained in the market of Honolulu. It is related to Lagocephalus slellatus (Donovan) of Europe ( Te.tr odon lagocephalus of Gunther, not of Linnaeus)) but differs in the much shorter pectoral, more conspicuous spots, and rather greater extension of the prickly region of the breast. The types of Telrodon lagocephalus Linnaeus are reputed to have come from India. According to Linnaeus this species had 10 dorsal and 8 anal rays. It may have been based on Lagocephalus sceleratus or some other East Indian species, but there seems to be no evidence that it was identical with the European Lagocephalus steUatus. In any event the Hawaiian form seems different from any other yet known. Type, No. 50820, V. S. X. XI. (field No. 03379), 5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu; cotype, No. 7784, L. S. Jr. Univ. M us. (field No. 534. paper tag), 4.5 inches long, also from Honolulu. Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan it Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (April 11. 1903). 199. Honolulu. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 42fi Genus 194. SPHEROIDES Lacepede. — The Swell-fishes. Body oblong or elongate; skin variously prickly or smooth, sometimes with cirri; a single, short, simple, nasal tube on each side, with 2 rather large openings near its tip, the tube sometimes reduced to a mere rim; dorsal and anal tins of 6 to 15 rays each; caudal truncate, rounded or concave; vertebra* 18 to 21; frontal bones expanded sidewise and forming the lateral roof of the orbit, the postfrontals limited to the posterior portions. Species very numerous in warm seas. The group contains 2 or 3 strongly marked subgenera which would lie regarded as distinct genera if only extremes were considered; but the transition is very gradual from Lagocephalus, with elongate body, silvery skin, prominent lateral fold, long falcate dorsal and anal, with forked caudal, to typical Spheroides, with short fins and the form of Tetraodon. Crayracion Klein, Missus II, 18, 1742 (s pmgleri)-, nonbinomial. l,rs SpMmhta LnccpMc, Hist. Nat. Poiss. II, 22, 1800 (French name only: tuberculi). Spheroides lmmeril, Zool. Analytique. 108, 1800 (tuberculalMs =spengleri, from a drawing showing a front view). Orbidus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., ISIS, fO (substitute for fcs spheroides LacrpMe). Sphxroidcs LacrpMe, Pilot Ed., Hist. Nat. Poiss.. VI, 1831, 279 (tuberculatus^spengleri). Cirrhisomus Swainson, Class. Fishes, II, 194 and 328, 1839 ( spcnglcri ). chrilirhthns Miiller, Abhandl. Alcad. Wiss. Berlin, 1839 (1841), 252 (tcstudinais) . Unlacanthm Gronow, Syst. Nat., Ed. Gray, 23, 1851 (includes all Tetraodon! id# and DMontida )-, name preoccupied. . ! nddmruus Kaup MS., Richardson, Voy. Herald, 156, 162, 1854 ( sjiengleri , etc.). (lerieion Bibron, Revvie de Zool., 1855, 279 (maculdtum) . CdtQphrynchus Bibron, 1. c. ( lampris ). Les Promeeocephales ( Promecnrt phalus) Bibron, 1. c. ( argentatus ). Apsiccphalits Hollard, Etudes sur les Gymnodontes, in Ann. Sci. Nat. (4th Srr. ), VIII, 1857, 324 (lestudineus, etc.). Liosaccus Gunther, Cat., VIII, 287, 1870 ( cutaneus ). 349. Spheroides florealis (Cope). [). S; A. 7; eye 4.25 times in head, 2.75 in muzzle; head 3.66 in total length; anal fin behind dorsal, both subfalcate, narrow; caudal long, truncate or slightly concave; interorbital region concave, profile regularly descending; belly to vent and anterior part of sides with strong distant bristles, back to end nf pectoral fin and head above to nares, with distant weaker bristles; no dermal appendages; a groove from the orbit to. the tail on each side of the back, which is nearly connected by a medially interrupted cross groove at the occipital crest; a groove concentric with and within the superciliary margin extending to the preocular region and returning, but sending also a curved branch round the front of each nostril. Color, below immaculate white, a yellowish band on the side; above reddish brown, ground reduced to narrow lines by the innumerable small light (? white) spots with a ring of smaller spots around each, over the upper regions of the head and body. Caudal fin delicately cross-barred; other fins unicolored. Length 5 inches. Two specimens from the Sandwich Islands, obtained by I)r. J. K. Townsend 20 years ago. This species is allied to 8. alboplumbeus Richn., but differs in the fewer fin rays as well as the color (Cope). 1 n our collection from Hilo are 8 young puffers, from three-quarters to an inch in length, which we identify with this species of Cope’s, In so far as can be determined from such small examples they agree perfectly with Cope’s description and with the figure of his type, given by Fowler, having the few fin rays, slender body, and coloration of S. florealis, and we have no doubt they are the young of that species. Ti’lni'hm florealis Ci.pe, Trans. Am. Philos. Sue., XIV, 1871, 479, Hawaiian Islands (Types, Nos. 1109 and 1110, Ac. Nnl. Sri. Phils..). SphernifU* florndis, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1900, 511, pi. xx, lit;. 1 (Hawaiian Islands; Cope’s types). Genus 195. TETRAODON Linnaeus. Body rather robust, skin usually more or less prickly; nostril on each side with a tentacle, bifid to the base, its tips without opening, the branches of the large olfactory nerve ending in cup-like depressions along the inner edges of the 2 flattish lobes; dorsal and anal fins rounded, each of 7 to 14 FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 427 rays; dorsal more or less in front of anal; caudal rounded; vertebra} usually 8+10=18; a ring muscle about the eye forming eyelids; distinguished from Sphervides by the solid nasal tentacle. Tetraodon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 382 ( lineatus ). Ias Ovoides Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1797, 256 ( fasce ; French names only); based on front view of Tetraodon slcllatus. Ovum Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 530 {cominer soni); after Lacepede; name preoccupied in mollusks. Ovoides Dumeril, Zool. Analytique, 1806, after Lacepede. Oonidus Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, 90 (substitute for Ovum). Aroihron Muller, Abh. Berl. Akad. 1S39, 252 (tesiudinarius —reticularis). Les Epipedorhynques ( Epipedorhynchus) Bibron, Rev. Zool., 1855, 279. I.ts DUobomyctcres ( Dilobomyctcr ) Bibron, 1. c. ( reticularis , etc.). Les Dichotomy eteres { Dichotomy cter) Bibron, 1. c. ( Jluviatiiis ; no diagnosis). Brachyctphalus Hollard, Gymnodontes, 1867, 324. Crayracion Bleeker, Atlas Gymnod., 65, after Klein 1742; type spengleri, erroneously supposed to belong to this group. a. Interorbital space concave; dorsal ray 9; belly often with longitudinal dark or colored lines . ftispidus, p. 427 (in. Interorbital flat or convex; dorsal rays 10; body with small white spots above and below . lacrymatus , p. 429 350. Tetraodon hispidus Linnaeus. “ Odpuhue;" “ Maki-maki;” “Keke.” Plate LX VI. Head 2.9; depth 3; eye 5.75; snout 2; preorbital 2.9; interorbital 2.4; D. 9; A. 10; P. 17; C. 8. Body rather short and stout, heavy forward, tapering evenly when not inflated, to the caudal fin; head broad, its width at gill-openings about 1.3 in its length; snout moderate, broad, t he anterior profile somewhat concave; interorbital space concave, the orbital rims prominent; nostril a short, bifid ten¬ tacle in front of eye; lips tubercular, in about 3 rows, scarcely covering teeth; teeth white, strong, strongly convex anteriorly, the lower jaw slightly included; gill-opening short, about as long as eye; body covered more or less uniformly with small, slender, bristle-like prickles, generally but not always present in the young, usually disappearing more or less with age. The variations in this character are entirely too great to leave it any' morphological value. Some young examples not exceeding 3 inches in total length have the entire body profusely covered with slender, weak spines, usually longest and strongest, on the belly, and weakest on the caudal peduncle, middle of back and top of snout. Exam¬ ples similarly spiny are found among individuals of all sizes up to 7.5 or 8 inches in length. Other examples of similar range in size are almost wholly without prickles; if any at all are present they will be found in a scattered patch on each side of the vent and a few on lower jaw. In an example 13 inches long prickles are present on most of the body, the naked areas being the sides of caudal peduncle, the cheeks, snout, interorbital, and prepectoral region. In another example of the same size nearly smooth, only a few scattered prickles are evident. Dorsal fin rounded, 2.5 in head, dis¬ tance of its posterior base from caudal fin 1.6 in head; anal with its anterior rays longest, the free edge oblique, the longest rays 2.6 in head; caudal rounded, 1.75 in head; pectoral broad, 2.9 in head. Color in life of one specimen, light olive-green, with spots of pearly or bluish white which are smallest on tail; gill-openings black, with bright yellow curved streaks; belly' with parallel stripes of light olive, growing fainter below; belly sometimes plain white, sometimes with yellbw stripes cover¬ ing it completely ; prickles all white; yellow and black lines under pectoral; fins bright olive-yellow without spots except on caudal which has a few on basal portion; axil black, with a yellowish white border; posterior part of side sometimes 6 or 8 vertical white bars; no spines on snout, tail, lower jaw. or on region about vent and anal fin. Another example in life was light olive-green with pearly white spots, smallest on tail; region about gill-opening black with bright yellow curved streaks; belly with parallel stripes of faint olive growing fainter below; belly sometimes plain white; prickles all white; fins bright olive-yellow with¬ out spots except on caudal, which has a few on basal portion; snout with a small dark edged bluish spot; no spines on snout, tail, lower jaw, or on region about vent and anal fin. Another example in life was light olive-green with pearly white spots, smallest on tail; region about gill-opening black with bright yellow curved streaks; belly with parallel stripes of light olive, growing fainter below; spines all white; belly7 white, often without stripes in the y'oung; fins bright olive-yellow without spots except base of caudal; nose with a small dark edged bluish spot; no spines on snout or tail or region about vent, anal fin or lower jaw. Still another example was described in life by Doctor Jenkins as golden olive above, white below; bluish-white spots about as large as pupil over top of head and back, becoming smaller on caudal ped¬ uncle and caudal fin; 2 white concentric rings around eye; one distinct and one or two other less 428 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. distinct rings of white around base of pectoral including opercular opening; about 5 white longitudinal bands on side of belly below head and pectoral fin, alternating with a like number of olive bands; base of pectoral and region below black, and some black blotches anterior to the lower of these; dorsal dusky yellow; pectoral bright yellow; anal orange yellow; caudal dusky, the membranes yellowish with bluish-white spots. Color in spirits, head, top of body, caudal peduncle on top and sides, and most of the side, dull olivaceous, covered quite uniformly with small round bluish-white spots, these sometimes oblong, the largest much smaller than pupil, those on side somewhat larger; base of pectoral black, surrounded by a narrow bluish-white line forming a nearly complete circle, interrupted only below the (in; a white bar across base of pectoral between which and the white ring are 2 shorter ones; a broad curved black band behind the white circle, continuing forward under the fin, some of the spines on its anterior surface white; 2 or 3 broad but short, horizontal black bars on breast under cheek and the same number on belly just back of pectoral, these sometimes continuous; belly chiefly white; posterior part of side mottled black, brown and paler; base of caudal fin with a few blue-white spots; spines usually pale or whitish. The colors in alcohol are as variable as they are in life. The yellowish or blackish lines on the belly become blackish or dark brown. In some examples the dark lines continue over entire belly, in others they are limited to the sides, the middle portion being plain white. These differences are noticeable even in the very young, many of which we have ranging in total length from six-tenths of an inch to 2.75 inches. Some very small examples (5) from Cocoanut Island at Hilo are uniform rich brownish black above, and all but the smallest have each about 18 distinct horizontal lines of same color on belly from chin to anal fin, the lateral ones ceasing sooner. The spaces between these lines are dull or dusky white and equally narrow. The smallest example (six- tenths of an inch in total length ) is uniform dark brownish black on belly as well as on back and sides; fins all pale, caudal somewhat dusky. Other equally small examples from Hilo have the belly striped with brownish black and the pale interspaces broken up into spots anteriorly. Somewhat larger examples (1 inch to 1.75 inches long) from a pond at the Moana Hotel at Waikiki are usually striped underneath, the interspaces white, and the back and sides olivaceous. Some, however, are rich brown, agreeing perfectly with those from Hilo. In some cases the body is strongly papillose below and on sides, presenting the appearance of plush. In one example 1.6 inches long, from Hilo, the stripes on the belly are much broader and consequently fewer in number, there being only 12 of the dark stripes. Although there is much variation among our numerous specimens both in color and in the devel¬ opment of the prickles, they all evidently belong to the same species. This is an abundant fish in all suitable places about Honolulu, it frequenting the mullet ponds and more or less inclosed brackish water areas, and even the fresh-water ponds near the coast. Nearly all our numerous specimens were obtained from one of the smaller ponds at Moanalua, Mr. S. M. Damon’s country place. At a single haul with a 25-foot seine more than 2 bushels of these fishes were taken. As they were being hauled out upon the bank many of them became greatly inflated, in which condition they usually remained indefinitely or until returned to the water, where they would float, about for some moments helplessly on their backs, their distended bellies above the water. Finally they would collapse, right themselves and swim away. Those placed in formalin or alcohol often remained inflated for some time, some permanently. This puffer reaches a large size, our biggest examples having a total length of more than a foot. The 100 specimens in the collection from Honolulu are 1.8 to 14 inches long. In addition we have 9 small examples (1 to 1.75 inches long) from a pond at the Moana Hotel at Waikiki, and 11 examples (0.6 to 2.75 inches long), from Cocoanut Island at Hilo. The fish is thought to be poisonous, a belief expressed in one of its native names, M ild Maki, meaning deadly death. The species is of wide dis¬ tribution, having been recorded from various places in the Red Sea, the East. Indies, Japan, and Aus¬ tralia, as well as from Panama and the islands off the Pacific coast of Mexico. It has been recorded from the Hawaiian Islands only by Streets, Jenkins, and Quoy and Gaimard previous to our explorations. Tctraodon Impidus Linnaeus, Syst. Not.. 10th ed., I, 333, 1758, India; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 237 1903), 484 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu; Necker Island). Tctraodon pcrspicillaris Riippell. Atlas, Reise Nord Africa) 03, 1828, Red Sea. Tctrodon implutus Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish., 152, 1842, Keeling Island; Streets, Bull. U. S. Xal. Mils., No. 7, 56, 1877 (Honolulu). Tctraodon laterna Richardson, Voy, Sulphur, ZqoL, 124, pi. 61, tig. 2. 1843. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 429 Arotliron Interna, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Xeerl., VI, 1859, 200 (Sumatra; Solor; Timor; Batzan; Amboyna; Banrla). Orayracion laterna, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., V. 71, pi. 205, tig. 3, 1865. Crayracion implutus , Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., V, 71, 1865 (Padang, Siboga, Sumatra; Cocos; Lawajong, Solar; Kupang, Timor; Labuha, Batjan; Amboyna; Lonthoir. Banda). Tetrodon hispidus, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 297, 1870 (Red Sea: Zanzibar; Mozambique; Port Natal; Ceylon, East Indian Archipelago; Amboyna; Australia, and Aneityum). Oroides erctkizon Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 631, Panama. ? Tctraudon steltatus, Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, I. 212, id. 10, tig. 2. 1811 (Sandwich Islands). 351. Tetraodon lacrymatus (Cuvier). Fig. 186. Head 2.7; depth 2.6; eve 6.5; snout 2; preorbital 2.8; interorbital 2.8 in head, 6.5 in body; D. 10; A. 12; P. 10. Body short and stout; head short and broad; snout short; teeth in each jaw in 2 strong convex plates, produced and beak-like at line of union; lips thin, not covering teetli completely; interorbital space broad and flat, the profile from tip of snout to occiput slightly concave; orbital rim prominent; gill-opening nearly vertical, its length half the distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; nostril a short closed bifid tube. Fins broad; dorsal posterior, distance of base of anterior ray from base of caudal 1.5 in head, or 4 in body, length of base of fin 1.6 in length of fin, whose free edge is evenly rounded; caudal rounded, its length 2 in head; anal similar to dorsal, posterior to it, its base longer, Fig. 186. — Tetraodon lacrymatus (Cuvier). Type of Oroides lati/rons. its height about the same; pectoral broad, evenly rounded, its length 2.6 in head, its depth 1.2 in its length. Body more or less covered with small, simple, sebs-like spines, mostly embedded in the skin, only the tips projecting, most of them inclined backward; snout, cheeks, caudal peduncle, base of dorsal, caudal and anal tins, chin, anil a broad stripe along middle of side, and region about pectoral naked. Color in life (Xo. 03409, 13 inches long, obtained at Honolulu, July 7), raw umber, streaked with mottling in black, covered everywhere with small white spots; belly covered also with small white prominences, the general tone grayish white; edge of dorsal, anal, and pectoral grayish white, yel¬ lowish behind pectoral. Color of same specimen in alcohol, rich brownish black, profusely and quite uniformly covered with small roundish blue-white spots, varying in size from very small, mere specks, to nearly as large as pupil, those in axil, caudal peduncle, and caudal largest, the large ones on caudal being in the second and fourth fifths of the depth; set;e white, especially on belly; all the fins with numerous roundish white spots, all except the caudal narrowly edged with white. This species is close to T. setosus Smith, from the Pacific coast of Mexico, from which it differs chiefly in the smaller size of the spots. It is known to us from the type of the nominal species Ovoides 430 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Iatifrons, a specimen about 8 inches long, and 2 examples (No. 08409, 12 inches long, and No. 05574, 9.5 inches long) obtained by us at Honolulu. Tetrodon laerymatus Cuvier in Quoy & Guimard, Voy. Frame, 204, 1824, Sandwich Islands. ? Arotliron ophryas Cope, Fishes Lesser Antilles, in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV, 1871, 470, Navigator Islands. ’ Tetrodon meleagria, Smith & Swain, Proc. F. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 141 (Johnston Island); probably not of Laeepede. ? Oroides ophryaa, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 528, pi. xx, tig. 2; after Cope's type. Oroides Iatifrons Jenkins, Hull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 398, fig. 10, Honolulu. (Type, No. 49690, F. S. X. M . Coll. Dr. Jenkins.) Family LXXIX. CANTHIGASTERIDiE.- -The Sharp-nosed Puffers. This family includes small puffers, similar in external appearance to the Tetraodontkhe, but with the snout sharp and the back more or less compressed or ridge-like. The skeletal characters by which the group is defined are thus given by Doctor Gill: Medifrontals separated from the supraoecipita] by the intervention of the sphenotics, which are connected and laterally expanded, but short; the prosethmoid prominent above, enlarged and narrowed forward. Vertebrae about 8 -f 10. Plead compressed, with a projecting, attenuated snout; dorsal and anal short, few-rayed. Nostrils wanting or little developed. Tropical seas; small species; none of them reaching a length of more than 6 inches. Genus 196. CANTHIGASTER Swainson. Body short, deep and compressed, the back more or less sharply ridged; nostrils very small and inconspicuous, apparently sometimes imperforate. Ca.ntUigast.er Swainson, Class. Fishes, etc., II, 1 9-i , 1839 (diagnosis only; no type mentioned). Psilonotus Swainson, 1. <•., II, 328, 1839 ( rostratus ): substitute for Canthigaster ; not Psilonotm , a. genus of Hymenoptera of prior date. Prilonotus (Kaup MS.) Richardson. Voy. Herald. 162, 1854 ( rostratus ); a misprint. Tropidichthys Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Nederl. Ind., VI, 1854, 500 ( valentini ). Anosmius Peters, Wiegmann’s Archiv 1855, 274 ( Ueniatus ). Rhynchotus (Bibron MS.) Hollard, Etudes Gymnodontes in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. Zool., VIII, 1857, 320 ( personi ). Eumycterias Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 399 ( bitnniatus ). a. Body almost everywhere covered with small prickles; body not barred. h. Snout, with small prickles. c. Body with white spots; caudal peduncle without spinules; interorbital equal to eye, slightly concave; dorsal rays 9. jactator , p. 430 cr. Body with white and black spots; caudal peduncle with spinules; interorbital flat, wider than eye; dorsal rays 11. oahuensis, p. 432 bb. Snout, without prickles; body and head, except snout, with prickles; dorsal rays 10; body with broad dark bars. cinctus, p. 433 aa. Body mostly smooth. d. Dorsal rays more than 10; body with dark spots. e. Snout long, 1.5 in head; dorsal rays 11 . psegma, p. 433 ee. Snout about 2.5 in head; dorsal rays 13 . janthinus, p. 434 dd. Dorsal rays 10. /. Body with dark spots; small prickles on sides, caudal peduncle, belly, dorsal fin, and a patch on lower part of cheek . epilamprus, p. 434 ff. Body with two dark lines; a few minute spines on lower surface of body, otherwise smooth, .bitxniatus, p. 435 352. Canthigaster jactator (Jenkins). Fig. 187. Head 2.66 in length of body; depth of body from back to lower edge of base of pectoral 3. .83 in length. Eye equal to interorbital space, 2 in snout; I). 9; A. 10; P. 16; C. 7. Profile rising from tip of snout to middle of back where the median dorsal crest forms a prominent point; dorsal profile of head concave from tip of snout to eyes, straight, from eyes to dorsal prominence. Interorbital space very slightly concave; profile descending to a straight line from apex of hack to dorsal tin, from dorsal fin to caudal fin descending with gentle concavity; caudal peduncle deep anteriorly, depth just hack of dorsal and anal fins equal to snout; much less deep posteriorly, depth just before bases of caudal rays 2.33 in head; ventral parts of body much dilated, depth below pectoral 1.25 in depth above pec¬ toral; dorsal and anal fins very short, dorsal above anal; rays equal, about 3 in head; caudal slightly FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 431 rounded, median rays equal to snout; pectoral wide, distal edge slightly concave; upper rays longest, 2.66 in head. Body and head everywhere except on caudal peduncle covered with small asperities consisting of small, erectile, two-rooted spines directed backward; spines largest on belly. Color in alcohol, dark brown above and on sides, belly pale yellowish; dark parts with numerous, regularly distributed, pale (apparently bluish in life), round or polygonal spots; spots largest on sides where the brown ground-color appears as a network between them, obsolete on fore part of head in one specimen, extending distinct to tip of snout in a smaller one, none smaller than pupil, those on sides three-fourths of eye in diameter; dusky ring about eye, most conspicuous above; fins colorless. As was stated by Doctor Jenkins, this species is very similar to C. punetalmimiis (Gunther). Its distinction rests on a difference in the color pattern, the spots being fewer and generally more widely separated than those of C. punctali.ssimus. The distended belly, an alleged distinctive character seen in the type specimen of C. jactator, is merely the result of the specimen having been preserved while distended with air'. In 3 specimens from Laysan Island, measuring 2.56, 3.07, and 3.66 inches, respectively, the spots on the sides of the head are nearly as large as those on the body; those on the upper part of the snout are about half as large; there are 7 or 8 on a line between upper part of eye and tip of snout. Those on the snout and upper part of head and nape are narrowly bordered with dark brown. On the body there are about 13 spots in a line between the dorsal and anal fins, and 6 in a vertical line near the middle of caudal peduncle. The largest example has an indefinite dark spot below' the base of dorsal fin. In life the spots are light blue. Most of them are as large as the pupil, and so close together that the brown ground color appears as a network. Three examples from the reef at Honolulu measure 1.46 inches each. The spots on the upper part of the snout and head are very small, 5 in a line between upper part of eye and tip of snout. They are ocellated, as are also the spots along the back to the base of dorsal. There are 7 or 8 spots in a line between anal and dorsal fins, and 4 in a vertical line near middle of caudal peduncle. The cotype collected by Doctor Jenkins in Honolulu also has large spots on the snout. C. punclatimmvs, represented by 8 specimens from Panama, has from 7 to 10 small ocellated spots in a line on upper part of snout. The spots on the back from nape to base of caudal are small and have dark margins. There are from 11 to 23 spots between anal and dorsal, and from 8 to 15 on the caudal peduncle. One example has 4 short lines extending backward from the eye. A specimen from the Galapagos Islands referable to C. punctatissimus has the spots on the sides of the snout fused, forming vertical bands. There are 3 short bands or elongate spots radiating backward from the eve. The species was not obtained by us, the only specimens known being the 2 examples, 1.5 and 2.5 inches long, respectively, obtained by Dr. Jenkins at, Honolulu, and 6 examples collected by the Alba-~ trots, 3 at Honolulu and 3 at Laysan Island. Tmpidiclithys jactator Jenkins, Bull. L1. S. Fish Coram. for 1899 (June 8, 1901 i, 899, tig:. 11, Honolulu (Type, No. 49703, U. 5 Nut. Mus. Coll. O. P. Jenkins); ibid.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 485 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. eit, (Jan. 19, 1904), 535 (Honolulu; Laysan Island). Tetrodon maryaritatm wlandri, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien LXX, 19UU, 518 (Laysan); not of Richardson. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED .STATES FISH COMMISSION. 432 353. Canthigaster oahuensis (Jenkins). Fig. 188. Head 3 in length; depth 2; eye 4 in head; snout 1.5; interorbital 3; I). 11; A. 10; C. 9; P. 16. Body short, deep, and compressed, the back narrow and strongly elevated; anterior profile rising pretty evenly to a point slightly posterior to vertical of gill-opening; interorbital nearly flat; snout long, flattened laterally; teeth strong, convex, the edge sharp; eye small, high up, the supraorbital prominent; gill-opening short, slightly oblique, less than diameter of eye; nostril small and inconspic¬ uous, but evident and perforate; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth about 2 in head. Body covered more or less uniformly with small, short prickles, most prominent on snout, back, chin, cheek, belly, and under pectoral tin; caudal peduncle and posterior part of side naked; base of pectoral and other tins naked. Color of a nearly fresh example (No. 03528), 2.8 inches long, bluish gray, upper parts of head and body dusky; region from axil of pectoral fin to. dorsal fin and backward to base of caudal and below for some distance below level of chin covered with small, bright blue spots; dark brown spots below anti behind pectoral, mingled with the blue ones; 5 or 6 narrow brown lines running obliquely down¬ ward and forward on side of head, underneath which are brown spots and lines; radiating blue lines Fig. 188. — Canthigantcr ua fl uent it (Jenkins); from the type. from eye; 2 blue lines extending from upper posterior border of eye, diverging and then coming together at an eminence back of occiput in such a way as to include an irregular oval area about as large as eye; caudal dusky, with some small blue spots like those on body; dorsal and anal transpar¬ ent, with dusky liases; blue spots on base of dorsal, and some on base of anal. Color in alcohol of same specimen, dark olivaceous; body from gill-opening to caudal fin with numerous small, round, pale blush spots, among the lower of which are interspersed brownish spots; cheek with 4 or 5 narrow bluish lines separated by dark brown ones running upward and backward from chin to region in front of gill-opening; beneath and back of these are numerous brown spots and short wavy lines; short blue lines radiating forward and downward from eye; 2 similar blue lines running backward and upward from eye, coming together on nape and inclosing an oblong area about as large as eye; fins all dusky; dorsal black at base and with a few blue spots on base; basal third of anal blackish; base of pectoral black. This species is known only from the type (original No. 326), a specimen 4.5 inches long, obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and one example (No. 03528) 2.5 inches long, obtained by us at Honolulu, August 4, 1901. Tropiilic/itlu/a oahurnsis .Jenkins, Hull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 485, lig. 32, Honolulu (Type, No. 50G90, U. S. Nat. Mils.). FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 433 354. Canthigaster cinctus (Solander). Fig. 189. Head and body, except front of snout, covered with spinules; profile of snout very steep, slightly concave; interocular space concave, equaling eye; D. 10, no ocellus at its base, but a large black blotch extending under it upon the flank; abroad black band, between these blotches on the flanks, con¬ necting the pectorals; a band of the same color between the eyes, bordered in front with bluish spots; snout, side and caudal peduncle covered with smaller spots of same color, these spots equaling diameter of pupil, the spots of lower part of snout having a tendency to unite in the form of slightly curved horizontal lines; caudal bordered with black. Polynesia. Fig. 189. — Caiith igastcr ductus (Solander); from an Hawaiian example taken by the Albatross in 1902. Tetrodon cinctus (Solander) Richardson, Zool. Voy. Samarang, 19, 20, 1850, Tahiti. Tetraodon valentini Bleeker, Nat. Tijdx. Ned. Ind., IV, 1858, 130, Amboyna. Tropidichthys volenti ni, Bleeker. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., VI. 1854, 500, Amboyna. Anosmius valentini, Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Ind. Archipel., 203, 1859, Amboyna. Tetraodon ( Anosmius ) coronatus Yaillant Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3d series), III, 1875. 286, Sandwich Islands. 355. Canthigaster psegma (Jordan & Evermann). Plate 50. « Head 3 in length; depth 2; eye 4.5 in head; snout 1.5; interorbital 2.3; D. 11 or 12; A. 11; C. 8; P. 16. Body short, stout, moderately compressed; snout long, conic; anterior dorsal profile rising evenly to region above gill-opening, at which point the body is deepest; interorbital flat; gill-opening nearly vertical, short, its length less than diameter of eye; mouth low, below axis of body; teeth strong, convex, cutting edge sharp; eye small, supraorbital rim not prominent; caudal peduncle deep, its least depth about 2 in head, its least width 4 in its least depth; length of caudal peduncle from dorsal fin to base of caudal fin 1.3 in head; from base of anal fin 2 in head; dorsal prominence equally distant between tip of snout and posterior base of caudal; base of dorsal 1.5 in height of fin, which latter is 2 in head; anal similar to dorsal, its edge rounded; caudal truncate, or very slightly convex, 1.2 in head; pectoral broad, its base 2.6 in head, free edge oblique, posterior rays 1.5 in anterior ones; body mostly smooth; interorbital space and snout above and on side with small prickles; belly with a few prickles; a scattered patch also on side above pectoral. Color in alcohol, dark brown above, paler below; 3 or 4 short black lines running forward from orbit, and same number backward; lower part of side, especially posteriorly, and lower part of caudal peduncle, with small roundish black spots; snout and interorbital space crossed by about 12 narrow black lines, these extending down on side of snout; side of snout with 3 or 4 narrow black lines from chin toward eye, separated by paler lines; posterior to these, small irregular black spots covering entire cheek, dotted over with fine white specks; ends of spines, pectoral, dorsal, and anal pale whitish, their bases largely brownish black; caudal dark brownish or black. Ti'opidichthj/8 psegma on plate. F. C. B. 1903—28 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 434 This species is known from the type, No. 50885, U. S. N. M. (field No. 2561), 3.75 inches long, obtained by us at Honolulu in 1901, a second specimen recently received from Mr. Berndt at Honolulu, and from numerous specimens obtained by Doctor Jordan at Samoa. Tiopidichthyspsegma Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (July 9, 1903), 209, Honolulu. 356. Canthigaster janthinus (Vaillant & Sauvage). Dorsal with 13 rays; head without nasal tentacles; snout 2.5 in head; back rounded; profile not steep, convex, gradually merging into the dorsal outline; body without spines, except the ventral pouch, which is furnished with short, strong spines; caudal fin as long as caudal peduncle. Body slate color, some black blotches between pectoral and eye; a few large rounded black blotches at intervals along the upper part of ventral pouch; upper part of pectoral black; caudal and dorsal stronger in color; anal transparent. Hawaiian Islands; not seen by us. Known only from the record by Vaillant and Sauvage. Tetnmlon (Miiiipsmius). janthinus Vaillant & Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3d series i. III, 1876, 286, Hawaiian Islands. 357. Canthigaster epilamprus (Jenkins). “Puuolai.” Fig. 190. Head 2.8 in length; depth 2.7; eye 3.6 in head; snout 1.6; interorbital 3.5; I). 10; C. 10; P. 17. Body oblong, compressed; head long, snout pointed, its sides flattened; mouth small, the teeth strong, convex, meeting in a produced point at the center; eye high up, the supraobital rim prominent; interorbital space concave; anterior profile from tip of snout to occiput nearly straight; caudal Fig. 190. — Canlhifiaster epilamprus (Jenkins); from the type. peduncle compressed and deep, its depth 2.25 in head; gill-opening vertical, its length less than diam¬ eter of eye; nostril small, perforate, not in a projecting tube. Body chiefly smooth on sides and caudal peduncle; dorsal region between eyes and dorsal fin with small, sharp prickles; a similar patch on lower part of cheek and belly; snout and interorbital region naked; lower jaw naked; posterior part of body and caudal peduncle naked; fins moderate; dorsal with the anterior rays longest, the free edge oblique, nearly straight, height of fin 2 in head; anal pointed, its length about 2.S in head; caudal truncate, its length 1.3 in head; pectoral broad, little oblique, its length 2.6 in head. Color in alcohol, pale brownish above, paler on sides and belly; a large blackish area on side below base of dorsal; cheek and entire body covered with small roundish brown spots; 2 dark-brown lines on cheek under eye; 2 or 3 similar lines radiating backward from eye and 2 others running Bull U.S.F.C. 1903 Plate so Tropidichthys psegma Jordan & Evermann. Type FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 435 forward from eye; 5 narrow, dark lines across head between eyes; a dark median line from tip of lower jaw to vent; side of snout with 2 vertical and 2 horizontal brown lines; fins all pale, the caudal with converging light-brown lines on base. This species is known only from the type, a specimen 3.5 inches long, collected near Kihei, Maui, by Mr. Richard C. McGregor. Tropidichthys epilamprus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII. 1902 ( Sept. 23 , 1903), 485, lie. 33, Kihei, Maui. (Type, Xo. 50853, U. S. Nat. Mus., Coll. R. C. McGregor.) 358. Canthigaster bitaeniatus (Jenkins). Fig. 191. Head 2.66 in length of body; depth a little greater than head. Back compressed, culminating in a very obtuse point above middle of pectoral tin. Profile from tip of snout to before eyes somewhat concave, straight from interorbital to top of dorsal prominence, descending in a straight line from here to base of caudal fin, being interrupted, however, at middle by elevation bearing dorsal fin. Ventral outline evenly curved, no more convex than the dorsal; eye 3.33 in head; snout 1.75 in head; inter- orbital concave, slightly greater than eye, 3 in head; one nostril in each side, each a simple opening with slightly raised margin, but scarcely tubular; distance from eye to nostril 2 in distance from nostril to tip of snout; front of dorsal fin midway between dorsal prominence and base of caudal fin, outline rounded; rays 10, longest 1.5 in snout; caudal slightly rounded, median rays equal distance from tip of snout to center of pupil; anal similar to dorsal, front of its base below posterior end of base Fig. 191. — Canthigaster bitsmiatus (Jenkins); from the type. of dorsal; pectoral broad (in specimen median and lower rays on both sides broken), upper rays 2.5 in head; a few minute spines on lower surface of body; surface otherwise smooth. Color in alcohol, general color brown or dusky above, paler brownish below; a wide dusky band from base of upper rays of the caudal running forward along side of body, above base of pectoral, to upper end of gill-slit, here becoming narrow and curving downward around anterior edge of gill-slit, then backward again below it as a narrow band below base of pectoral and along side of body, parallel with the upper band, to a little belowT middle of caudal fin, a black spot on outer side of base of pectoral; bases of upper and lower caudal rays black. One specimen, 2.04 inches long, secured by Dr. Wood at Honolulu. It is apparently not distinct from the Japanese species, C. rivulatus (Schlegel). Eumycterias bitxuiatus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 400, fig. 12, Honolulu (Type, No. 49702, U. S. Nat. Mus.); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 486 (Honolulu; type specimen) . Tetrodon caudo/asciatus , Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 518, pi. m, fig. 3 (Laysan); not of Gunther. Family LXXX. DIODONTID/E. — The Porcupine Fishes. Body short, broad, depressed above; belly moderately inflatable, covered everywhere except on the lips and caudal peduncle with spines, which are usually 2-rooted or 3-rooted at their bony base; caudal peduncle short and slender; mouth moderate, terminal, each jaw covered with a bony plate like the beak of a bird, these not divided by a median suture; nostrils on each side forming a small tentacle, usually with 2 openings; eye rather large, gill-opening moderate, immediately in front of the pectoral, BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 436 whirl) is short, broad, and rounded; dorsal and anal fins short, similar to each other, rounded in form and placed posteriorly. Genera about (5; species 15. Sluggish fishes, living on the bottom among weeds and corals in tropical seas. When disturbed they swallow air and float belly upward on the water. Their capacity of inflation is very much less than that of the Tetraodontidn , from which family they differ chiefly, however, in the stronger armature and in having no division in the bony plate of either jaw. They are rarely used as food, being generally regarded as poisonous. The species are mostly well known in collections, the singular form having attracted the attention of travelers in the earliest times. a. Dermal Ossifications mostly 2 rooted; the spines rather slender, but stiff and erectile; both jaws entire . Diodon , p. 436 a a. Dermal ossifications all or nearly all 3-rooted, each with a short, stiff, immovable spine; jaws each with a median suture . Vhiloniycterus , p. 438 Genus 197. DIODON Linnaeus. Body robust, the belly moderately inflatable; dermal spines strong, stiff, most of them 2-rooted and erectile, a few 3-rooted and therefore immovable; both jaws entire; nasal tube simple, with 2 lateral openings; pectoral broad, the margin undulate, the upper lobe longest; vertical tins rounded, the dorsal and anal short, posteriorly inserted, similar to each other. Tropical seas; the few species very widely distributed. Diodon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 335, 1758 ( hystrix ). Paradiodon Bleeker, Atlas Tchth., V, 56, 1865 (hystrix); name a substitute for Diodon, transferred to another genus; the first species mentioned by Linnaeus being Diodon atinga, which was therefore taken by Bleeket* as the type. a. Frontal spines long, usually longer than post-pectoral spines, about twice as long as eye in adult. . . .holacanthus, p. 436 an. Frontal spines not longer than the post-pectoral spines. b. Dorsal rays 12, spines on forehead . hystrix, p. 437 bb. Dorsal rays 16; nO spines on forehead . nudifrons, p. 438 359. Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus. I). 12; A. 12. Very similar to Diodon hystrix, but with the frontal spines usually longer than the spines behind the pectorals, about twice as long as eye; predorsal spines not shortened, 2-rooted; erectile; about 14 to 17 spines in a series between snout and dorsal; post-pectoral spines not especially elongate, but movable; pectoral broader than long, upper lobe pointed, lower lobe rounded. Colora¬ tion much as in Diodon hystrix, but more variable, the spots fewer and larger; usually a broad black bar from eye to eye, continued below eye as a narrow bar; a broad bar across occiput; a black blotch above each pectoral; a short bar in front of dorsal, another in which the dorsal is inserted; a blotch behind the pectoral, and many small spots and blotches on the upper parts; tins with few spots, mostly immaculate in the young. Found in all warm seas, north to the Florida Keys, Lower California, and the Hawaiian Islands, its range coinciding with that of Diodon hystrix, from which it may prove to be not distinct. The differences are generally evident in the adult, but young indh^luals apparently intermediate are often found. Possibly they are the 2 sexes of the same species. Jordan and Snyder had this species from Japan and Doctor Steindaohner records it from Laysan, whence he had one specimen. It was not seen by us among the Hawaiian Islands, but the Albatross obtained at Laysan Island, a single specimen, 9.25 inches long, upon which Professor Snyder has the following note: “The tins are immaculate; 10 or 12 small dusky spots scattered over the body; a broad, dark bar, interrupted in the middle, extending between the eves; a similar bar on nape, a spot as large as eye above and behind pectoral, a median brown bar on back anterior to dorsal, and a blotch surrounding base of dorsal.” Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 335, 1758, India (based on Artedi; misprint for holacanthus) ; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 535 (Laysan Island). Diodon titurosus Shaw, Gen. Zool., v. 436, 2, 1804; after Lc Diodon tachete Lac6p6de. Diodon spinosissimus Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist.. Nat., IV, 134, 1818, no locality. Diodon novemmaculatus Cuvier, op. eit., IV, 136, pi. 6. 1818, no locality. Diodon sexmaculatus Cuvier, op. eit., IV, 136, pi. 7, 1818, no locality. Diodon multimaculalus Cuvier, op. eit., IV, 137, 1818, no locality. Diodon quadHmacidatus Cuvier, op. eit., IN', 137, pi. 6, 1818, Tahiti. Diodon melanopsis Kaup, Weigmann’s Arehiv, 1855, 228. FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 437 Paradiodon novemmaculatus, Bleeker, Allas Iehth., V, 57, pi. 206, fig. 3,1865 (Priamnn, Sumatra; Batu; Nias: Singapore: Badjoa, Manado, Celebes; Ivajeh-, Buro; Amboyna: New Guinea). Paradiodon quadrimaculatus, Bleeker. op. eit., 58 pi. 212, fig. 2, 1865 (Lawajong, Solor. Amboyna). Diodon maculatus Gunther, Cat., VIII, 307, 1870, St. Croix, Jamaica, Panama, South America, Sandwich Islands, China, Sooloo Sea, Indian Ocean, East Indies, Amboyna, Cape of Good Hope, Bourbon, Formosa; Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 518 (Laysan). Diodon kolacanthns, Jordan and Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., II, 1716, 1898 (La Paz). 360. Diodon hystrix Linmcus. Fig. 192. Head 2.9; deptli 4; eye 4.5; snout 2.5; preorbital 4; interorbital 1.4; width of head 1.1; width of body at, base of pectorals 1.1; D. 12; A. 12; C. 10; I'. 23. Body stout and heavy forward, tapering posteriorly; anterior profile from tip of snout to inter¬ orbital region concave; interorbital very broad and nearly fiat, scarcely convex; eyes large, oblique, farther apart posteriorly ; mouth broad, its width 3 in head; dental plates strong, the edge blunt and rough, not much convex at. middle; gill-opening vertical, short, w ith a broad anterior flap; nostril in a short, simple lube with 2 openings, one smaller and more lateral than the other. Body covered with strong, sharp, erectile spines, longest in the post -pectoral region, wdiere they equal distance from eye to gill-opening; those on nape about 2 in eye; those on belly usually short hut more slender than those on back; those on posterior part of back and on tail short and 3-rooted, and therefore not erectile; snout naked; sides of caudal peduncle naked; about 6 spines on dorsal side of caudal peduncle back of dorsal fin and 2 on ventral surface posterior to anal fin. Color in alcohol, light brown, pale or yellowish-white below; entire upper part of head and body and also sides covered thickly with small round or roundish black spots, smallest and most numerous on snout, fewest on caudal peduncle; belly with a few small dark spots on belly; a broad dark band across under side of head, convex forward; fins all profusely marked with small dark spots. Occasionally taken among the Hawaiian Islands. We have examined a specimen 20 inches long' taken by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1896, one 25 inches long, and another of 10 inches obtained in 1889 by Doctor Jenkins; and 2 examples 20 and 21 inches long, respectively, secured by us at Honolulu, where other examples were collected by the Albatross in 1902. Smith and Swain record it also from Johnston Island. Diodon hystrix Linn?eus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 335, 1758, India (after Artedi); .Smith & Swain. Proc. P. S. Nat. Mils., v, 1882, 141 (Johnston Island); Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., II. 1745, 1898; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 489 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 535 (Honolulfl). Diodon atinga , Bloch, Ichthyologie, IV, 75, pi. 125, 1787; not of Linnaeus. Diodon plumicri Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II. 10, pi. 3, fig. 3. 1800. Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier. Diodon brachial us Bloch A Schneider, Syst. Iehth.. 513, 1801. Diodon punctatns Cuvier, Mem. Hist. Nat., IV, 132, 1818, no locality. Diodon echinus Rafinesque in Bonaparte, Cat. Met. Pise. Eur., 87, 1846, Mediterranean; no description. Diodon attinga Riippell, Verzeiclrn. Senckcnb. Mus. Samml. Fische, 35, 1852. Holocanthm hystrix Gray, Cat. Fish, Coll. Gronow, 27, 1854 (African and American oceans). Paradiodon hystrix Bleeker, Atlas Iehth., V, 56, pi. 207, fig. 2, 1865 (Batavia, Java; Telokbetong, Sumatra; Batu; Makassar, Celebes; Larantuka, Flores: Timor; Ternate; Amboyna; Wahai, Ceram; Banda)? ? Diodon spinosissinius, Gunther, Cat., Till, 307, 1870 (Cape of Good Hope; Siam). 438 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 361. Diodon nudifrons Jenkins. “Oopukawa.” Fig. 193. D. 15; A. 12; forehead sloping upward from snout at angle of about 45°; interorbital 1.3 in head; Spines mostly short, not longer than eye, except those back of pectoral, the longest of which are equal to length of pectoral and about 2 in head; no spines on forehead below level of upper margins of eyes; foremost spines of head few and short; head, back, sides, all the fins and the membranous sheaths of the spines closely covered with small, roundish, black spots, much smaller than pupil; below pale; a brown band from below gill-opening forward along lower angle of head to below eye, then across throat continuous with corresponding band of opposite side. Known only from one specimen, 21 inches long, obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu,, and from several examples recently seen in the Waikiki aquarium. Diodon nudifrons Jenkins, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 488, lie. 35, Honolulu (type, No. 50854, r. S. N. M.; coll. O. P. Jenkins). Genus 198. CHILOMYCTERtJS Bibron. — The Burr-fishes. Body broad, depressed, moderately inflatable; dermal spines short, stout, immovable, triangular, each with 3 roots; nasal tube simple, with 2 lateral openings; the tube sometimes rounded, sometimes flattened, and with the partition feeble and easily torn, so that the tentacle appears divided; caudal peduncle short; fins small, formed as in Diodon; jaws without median suture. Species numerous, of smaller size than those of Diodon, the spines broader and lower, their bases forming a coat of mail. Only one species known from the Hawaiian Islands. Ckilomycterus Bibron in Barneville, Rev. Zoologique 184(1, 140 (r